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"Negara-negara Nordik adalah sekelompok negara yang dianggap sukses membangunnegaranya. Di tiga area kajian ilmu Hubungan Internasional, yakni Politik-Keamanan,Ekonomi-Politik, dan Sosial-Budaya, negara-negara Nordik tidak luput dari posisipuncak indikator keberhasilan. Dalam praktiknya, negara-negara Nordik ini menganutgagasan pembangunan welfare state model Nordik. Meski welfare state model Nordiksudah berhasil memajukan negara-negara Nordik, gagasan ini belum mendapat perhatianserius dalam literatur-literatur ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Tulisan ini mengkajibagaimana literatur melihat faktor-faktor penunjang kesuksesan gagasan pembangunanwelfare state model Nordik. Literatur berpendapat bahwa kesuksesan welfare state model Nordik didukung oleh dua faktor yang berbeda, yakni karakteristik masyarakat yangmuncul secara alamiah dari masyarakat, dan kebijakan institusional yang dipengaruhisecara signifikan oleh negara. Dalam praktiknya, kedua faktor ini tidak terpisah secara eksklusif, melainkan memengaruhi satu sama lain memperkuat keunikan welfare statemodel Nordik itu sendiri. Menggunakan metode taksonomi, pemetaan literatur dilakukanberdasarkan dua faktor tersebut. Kajian literatur menemukan adanya lima karakteristikmasyarakat Nordik dan empat kebijakan institusional khas negara Nordik yangmenunjang kesuksesan welfare state model Nordik. Lima karakteristik masyarakatNordik tersebut adalah solider, percaya pada negara sebagai solusi masalah sosial,memiliki kesamaan pandangan ideasional, dan egaliter. Sedangkan empat faktorkebijakan institusional khas negara Nordik yang ditemukan dalam literatur adalahdekomodifikasi hak sosial, pajak progresif, collective bargaining antar aktor, dan aktifmengadvokasi perdamaian dan pembangunan di tingkat internasional. Berdasarkan kajianliteratur, perspektif literatur tampak masih kuat akan bias Barat. Hal ini menjadi salahsatu celah riset utama, selain celah riset lainnya seperti kajian mendalam tiap-tiap faktor dan kajian komparatif penerapan gagasan welfare state model Nordik di negara-negaranon-Nordik.

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Nordic countries are considered successful in their developmental programs. In the three areas of International Relations studies, namely Political-Security, Political Economy, and Socio-Cultural, the Nordic countries oftenly gets better scores than the rest of the world. In practice, these Nordic countries adhere to the Nordic model of Welfare State development ideas. Although the Nordic model of Welfare State has succeeded in

advancing Nordic countries, this idea has not received serious attention in the International Relations literature. This paper examines how the literature captures the

factors supporting the success of the Nordic model Welfare State development ideas.

Literature argues that the success of the Nordic model of Welfare State is supported by

two different factors, namely the characteristics of society that arise naturally from the people, and institutional policies that are significantly influenced by the state. In practice, these two factors are not exclusively separated, but instead influencing one another to strengthen the uniqueness of the welfare state of the Nordic model itself. Using the taxonomic method, literature mapping is based on these two factors. Literature finds five characteristics of the people of Nordic and four unique Nordic states institutional policies that support the Nordic model of Welfare State. The five characteristics of the people of Nordic are solidarity, trusting the state as a solution to societal problems, having similar ideational views, and egalitarian. Whereas the four Nordic institutional policies factors

found in the literature are decommodification of social rights, progressive taxes,

collective bargaining between actors, and actively advocating for peace and development

at the international level. Based on the literature examined, the literature perspective seems to be still strong in Western bias. This has become one of the main research gaps, in addition to other research gaps such as an in-depth study of each factor and a comparative study of the application of Nordic model of Welfare State ideas in non-

Nordic countries."

"ABSTRAKThe establishment of state-sponsored militia has raised concerns of human rights violations in non-international armed conflict in Indonesia. Most of the state-sponsored militia have been formed and tacitly supported by the Indonesian National Defense Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) mostly based on the implementation of a concept called the Total Peoples Defense and Security System (sistem pertahanan rakyat semesta-sishankamrata­). The Total Peoples Defense and Security System is the grand strategy adopted based on Indonesias experience during Indonesias physical revolution or armed struggle for independence (1945-1949) and recognized under the Second Amendment to the 1945 Constitution. This article will elaborate on, first, the constitutional history and ideology of total peoples defense which contributes to the political ideology of the military and its relations with the existence of militia groups; and second, the active encouragement of militia abuses by the Indonesian military as part of a campaign to maintain control of regions seeking independence, along with the constraints imposed by the military itself on the manner in which it conducts such campaign."