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"ABSTRACTIn the classic study of revolution, The Anatomy of Revolution, by Crane Brinton, (Vintage Books, New York, 1938/1952), the author identified a number of uniform factors as a cause of all great revolutions. In my study of black liberation and the role of the black church, I have focused on three of those uniform factors associated with liberations in history because they seem to surface repeatedly in the subject of the role of the black church in black liberation. These three uniformities are Leadership, Organization, and Ideology, and to be more specific, my hypothesis is that BY AND THROUGH THE BLACK CHURCH, ESPECIALLY THROUGH ITS IDEOLOGY, ORGANIZATION, AND LEADERSHIP, BLACKS EVENTUALLY SUCCEEDED IN LIBERATING THEMSELVES IN AMERICA. This tentative statement will be proved by the data which I obtain from the books I have read in libraries. The hypothesis is in line with the topic of the paper. The reason I chose this topic is: 1. It is and was a fact that in the black community the church is the only. legitimate institution by and through which the blacks are and were improved. 2. The church allows opportunities for training in leadership and independence.(McPherson,1972:81).This means that the church provides opportunities for black clergies to preach, and their preachings in.-the church reflect their leadership, and. serve as a training ground to air their independent thought to lead their people to gain independence. 3. The church functions as the "fountainhead" for the improvement of blacks' social life.(Thompson, 1986: 98). All the great revolutions of history required all three factors in a well-developed stage. In my readings on the Black Church in American history, it too seems to focus on these same three factors. Definition of terms: According to the Grolier International Dictionary, the terms "ideology", "organization", and "leadership" are explained as follows: Ideology is "the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture" (William Morriss, 1981: 654). Organization is "a number of persons or groups having specific responsibilities and united for some purpose or work" (Morriss, 1981 ; 926). Leadership is "capacity to be a leader; ability to lead; whereas a leader is one in command of others, or The head of political party or organization; or One who has an influential voice in polities" (Morris, . 1981: 743) What I would like to show is how the above three concepts were used by Black Leaders over time in order to form a successful black liberation movement in the United States. Leadership: It was explained that leaders of a revolution are "often of striking respectability and excellent social standing" (Brinton, 1952:1067107). They are not political innocents; instead, "they have experience in leading organizations and even' pressure groups"(. Brintan, 1952: 109-110). As men in their thirties and forties, "they are not newcomers to the world. They are idealists with a streak of realism. The men who act as political prophets are usually "men of words" who are gifted orators" (Brinton, 1952: 124) and "are skilled in the teaching of propaganda" (Brinton, 1952: 163-164). Despite their idealism, they are also capable of "managing organizations which can get things done" (Brinton:1952:166).They seek "to spread their liberating gospel" (Brinton, 1952: 202) and are convinced that "they are the elect who are destined to carry out liberating will of God" (Brinton, 1952: 203). Organization: It is argued that revolutions are "the product of careful organization and propitious circumstances" (Brinton,1952: 90). The key to the success of revolutions "lies in their monopoly of control over liberating organizations" (Brinton, 1952:156), Without organizations capable of "collecting the funds, followers, and attention for their political cause, there can be no revolution" (Brinton, 1952: 164,151). Ideology: All revolutionary movements need "... an ideology, symbols, or myth" (Brinton, 1952: 49)?Revolutions are about ideals and dreams. Brinton says, "Revolutions contrast the current illegitimate, existing world with the good and inevitable world of the world to come" (Brinton, 1952: 150)? "

"Watergate merupakan Skandal yang melibatkan Richard M. Nixon sebagai Presiden Amerika. Terungkapnya Skandal ini berawal dari gagalnya usaha penyadapan oleh lima orang di kantor Partai Demokrat. Dalam persidangan terdakwa mengakui bahwa secara tidak langsung ada keterlibatan Presiden Nixon. Pengunduran diri Richard M. Nixon sebagai Presiden Amerika serikat ke 37 bukan karena dampak dari Skandal Watergate. Namun pengunduran tersebut karena alasan pribadi, seperti gagalnya lobbi yang dilakukan staf gedung putih terhadap FBI dan CIA, pemberitaan media yang mengarah terhadap impeachment, tidak adanya dukungan dari Partai Republik dan pengunduran dua Staf terbaik Gedung Putih yakni Elhrilchman dan Haldeman yang terlibat dalam skandal Watergate. Akibat merasa ditinggalkan sendirian dalam menghadapi masalah Watergate, akhirnya pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1974 Richard M. Nixon mengundurkan diri sebagai Presiden Amerika ke 37. Sesuai konstitusi di Amerika maka Wakil Presiden Ford menggantikan Presiden Nixon sebagai Presiden Amerika ke 38 pada tanggal 9 Agustus 1974. Presiden Ford dengan kekuatan konstitusi Pasal 2 ayat 2 memberikan pengampunan terhadap Nixon atas segala kesalahan dan tindakan pelanggaran hukum selama dia menjabat sebagai Presiden Amerika.

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Watergate is a scandal that involves Richard Nixon as the president of America. The scandal was revealed when five people from Republic failed to tap Democrat office. In the trial, the suspect confessed that president Nixon was involved inderictly. The resignation of Richard Nixon as the 37th president of USA was not because of the Watergate Scandal. Instead the resignation is because of private reaseon such as the failure of lobbying by white house staff to FBI and CIA, the news wich tends to view as impeachment, the absence of support from republican and the resignation of two of the best staff in white house and they are Elhrilchman and Haldeman which involved in the Watergate Scandal, Richard M. Nixon eventually resigned on the 8th of August 1974 as the 37th of America President. According to the contitution, vice presdident replaced President Nixon as the 38th President of the United States on the 9th of August 1974. President Ford with the power of constitution article 2 section 2 gave remission to Nixon for every mistakes and offense that he had done since he became president."

"Skripsi ini merupakan kajian budaya arisan yang diteliti melalui aspek filsafat. Dengan membahas neo-pragmatisme lewat proses pengolahan informasi yang terdapat dalam komunikasi intrapersonal, maka terbentuklah konsep keuntungan yang merupakan imbas dari kepentingan subjektif manusia. Munculnya budaya arisan menjadi konsekuensi yang cukup logis atas dasar pengetahuan manusia yang berbeda satu sama lain. Meskipun demikian, perbedaan itulah yang justru membuat kegiatan arisan penting untuk disepakati dan kemudian dapat memenuhi berbagai kepentingan subjektif. Pada budaya arisan, ditemukan beberapa faktor yang menjelaskan alasan kegiatan ini tetap berlangsung hingga sekarang. Tujuan skripsi ini adalah menjelaskan bahwa budaya arisan merupakan kegiatan yang dilakukan masyarakat demi pemenuhan kepentingan subjektif.

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This thesis is a study which examined social gathering culture through the philosophical aspects. By discussing the neo-pragmatism through the processing of the information contained in the intrapersonal communication, the concept of profit, which is the impact of subjective human interests, is formed. The emergence of arisan culture become a quite logical consequence on the basis of human knowledge that are different from each other. However, it is the differences that make arisan an important social gathering event that needs to be agreed, to meet the varied subjective interests. In the culture of arisan there are a number of factors which explain why this activity is still ongoing until now. The purpose of this thesis is to explain that the arisan culture is a social interaction that is done to fulfill subjective interest."