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"This article traces the pattern of conflict, collaboration, and compromise among trade unions, employers, political parties, executive branches, and economic research institutes in Germany, all of which have different stances regarding the introduction of a general statutory minimum wage there. This article examines the degree of political intervention in collective bargaining autonomy. First, it identifies the factors that bring about differences in stance. Second, it addresses the issue of actor independence—in particular, that of service trade unions—despite the placing of institutional factors, to establish a reference standard for the debate behind forming social movement alliances. Third, it examines the manner in which the policy's economic legitimacy is earned. We conclude that the emergence of a statutory minimum wage in Germany reflects the dynamic mix of postwar political practices in its own context with the effects of modern neoliberal economic policies."

"Eksistensi penderogasian HAM melalui penyederhanaan partai politik dalam dialektika negara hukum (rechstaat) mulai banyak dikaitkan dengan konsep ketatanegaraan yang demokratis, baik dalam masa demokrasi tidak langsung (undirect democration) atau pada masa demokrasi langsung (direct democration) di Indonesia, realitas ini ditandai dengan munculnya Parlimentary Treshold dalam UU Pemilu dan UU partai politik. Untuk memfokuskan pembahasan diatas, terutama yang berkaitan dengan korelasi HAM dan Partai Politik dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia. maka perlu dibatasi dengan metode yuridis normatif dengan menelaah kepustakaan dan perundang-undangan yang berhubungan dengan HAM dan Partai politik, serta mempertajam analisa secara komprehensif untuk memberikan solusi terhadap kebuntuan ketatatanegaraan Republik Indonesia saat ini dengan menggunakan Metode preskriptif evaluatif. Berhubungan dengan penegakan HAM melalui penyederhanaan partai politik akan banyak menimbulkan permasalahan ditengah maraknya sistem multi partai. Disatu sisi banyaknya partai politik dalam sistem presidensial akan berimplikasi terhadap efektifitas kinerja parlemen dan Presiden dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya. Disisi lain adanya pembatasan partai politik ditengarai sebagai bentuk pembatasan HAM terhadap setiap indifidu yang justru bertentangan dengan semangat hak asasi untuk terlibat dalam pemerintahan. Tidak cukup hanya berdasarkan atas Konvenan Internasional Pasal 4 yang melegitimasi adanya pemabatasan terhadap hak sipil politik atau bersandarkan kepada Pasal 28 J yang menagtur pembatasan HAM, melainkan dibutuhkan perundang-undangan yang mengatur lebih teknis tentang mekanisme penderogasian terhadap partai politik, baik melalui syarat pembentukan partai dan/atau syarat masuknya partai politik ke parlemen sehingga akan berdampak pada kinerja di parlemen dan efektifitas sistem presidensial yang sudah ada. Konsep penderogasian tersebut, tidak hanya berhenti melalui penderogasian terhadap partai politik melainkan dilanjutkan dengan penyederhanaan fraksi di parlemen sebagai wujud balances system di parlemen. Pembentukan dua fraksi, posisi dan oposisi sangat penting dilakukan untuk efektifitas pemerintahan dalam sistem presidensial dengan sistem multi partai seperti Indonesia ini.

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The Existence of Human Rights derogation through political party simplification in Law State (rechstaat) dialectics has been started to be associated with the democratic constitutional concept, either in indirect democracy era or direct democracy era in Indonesia. This reality is marked by the emergence of Parliamentary Threshold in Election and Political Party Laws.

To make focus the above discussion which is primarily about the correlation between Human Rights and Political party in Indonesian Constitutional System, the limitations are made. The research is limited by means of Juridical Normative Method by reviewing the literature and the laws that are related to Human Rights and Political Party. Moreover, it is also important to sharpen the analysis comprehensively to give the solution towards the impasse of current Indonesian Constitutional System by using Prescriptive Evaluative Method.

Human Rights establishment through the simplification of political party will trigger many problems in the midst of multi-party system. On one side, the amount of political parties in presidential system will have an implication towards the effectiveness of parliamentary performance and president in running their duties and functions. On the other side, the existence of political party limitation is suspected as the form of Human Rights restraint towards each individual which is contradict with the spirit of right to involve in governmental ruling. The 4th article of international covenant which is legitimate the existences of the political civil right limitation or the 8th J article of Human Rights restriction Laws are not enough. In spite of that, the laws which regulate about derogation mechanism more technically toward political party are needed. They are needed either through the requirement of party establishment and/or the requirement of political parties? inclusion into parliament, thus it will have an impact towards their performance in the parliament and the effectiveness of the current presidential system.

That derogation concept is not only stopped through the political parties derogation but also continued with the simplification of factions in the parliament as the form of balanced system in the parliament. The establishment of two factions, position and opposition is very important for government effectiveness in presidential system with multi-party system such as in Indonesia."

"Penelitian tentang "Peranan Partai Politik Era Reformasi Terhadap Integrasi Nasional yang metigambil studi kasus PDT Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera" ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan peranan parpol dalam mengintegrasikan aspirasi masyarakat didalam menjaga kohesifitas bangsa Indonesia; Mengkaji peranan PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera dalam meningkatkan aspek integrasi nasional; Serta mengkaji implikasi reformasi bagi ketahanan nasional dimana PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera menjadi aktor demokrasi yang diakui secara konstitusional.Penelitian memakai metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan permasalahan secara asosiatif kepada PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera dimana sumber data berasal dart sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan indikator ideologi, pola rekrutmen, pola pengorganisasian, sebaran dukungan, kebijakan dari kedua partai terutama yang terkait dengan integrasi nasional.Adapun teori atau pendapat para ahli yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian berkisar seputar teori peranan, partai politik, integrasi nasional, dan ketahanan nasional, sehingga diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Fertama, Parpol era reformasi melaksanakan peran integrasi nasional melalui fungsinya sebagai sarana komunikasi, sosialisasi, rekrutmen politik, dan pengatur konflik serta tetap menjadi sarana artikulasi dan mengaggregasi kepentingan. Namun peranan parpol era reformasi terhadap integrasi nasional mengalami pent roan kualiths karena perluasan partisipasi masyarakat tidak berbanding lures dengan kemampuan sumberdaya parpol, termasuk lembaga-lembaga negara lainnya; Kedua, PDI Perjuangan dan PK Sejahtera memiliki peran panting bagi terwujudnya integrasi nasional. PDI Perjuangan sebagai partai terbuka dapat menunjang penguatan aspek integrasi nasional Indonesia sebagai bangsa majemuk. Begitu pula dengan PK Sejahtera, karena ia mengikuti kaidah - kaidah demokrasi didalam memperjuangkan tujuan idiilnya; Ketiga, Euforia politik selama reformasi menjadikan negara pada posisi tidak stabil akibat ledakan partisipasi rakyat yang tidak mampu dikelola oleh institusi politik yang ada. Hal demikian disadari oleh partai - partai politik era reformasi, karma itu ia melalui kadernya di badan legislatif mulai membuat regulasi jurnlah partai melalui pemilu agar bisa menciptakan iklim yang lebih kondusif bagi ketahanan nasional bersendikan demokrasi. Artinya, parpol era reformasi insyaf akan pentingnya sistem multi partai terbatas (proporsional) dalam rangka konsolidasi demokrasi sehingga tercipta kohesi sosial dengan melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat.Terkait dengan temuan penelitian ini, peneliti merekomendasikan agar peranan parpol era reformasi terhadap integrasi nasional bisa lebih optimal, maka setiap parpol perlu segera berbenah did dengan meningkatkan sumber days yang dimiliki sehingga dapat mengelola partisipasi masyarakat dan mampu melembagakan konflik atau kepentingan yang sating bersaing. Oleh sebab itu, parpol juga perlu mengetahui lingkup serta intensitas perbedaan agama dan etnis, kesenjangan antara kelompok tradisional dan kelompok modem, kesenjangan antara perkotaan dan pedesaan, termasuk ideologi - ideologi yang saling bersaing. Karena semua itu hams diagregasi dan diartikulasikan oleh parpol yang eksis dalam pentas politik nasional. Apalagi jumlah parpol selama transisi demokrasi sangat tergantung pada fragmentasi yang terjadi ditengah-tengah masyarakat. Dengan begitu, parpol era reformasi melalui lembaga legislatif dan eksekutif hazes memastikan bahwa ia melaksanakan perannya dalam memperkuat integrasi nasional dimana secara gradual mengurangi emosentrisme yang mengancam integrasi nasional melalui Undang-undang tentang partai politik dan pemilihan umum.

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The research about " The Role Of Political Party Era Reform To National Integration taking case study of PDI Perjuangan and PK Sejahtera conducted with the objective as a mean to describe the role of political party in integrating society aspiration in taking care of Indonesian nation cohesively; Studying the role of PDI Perjuangan and of PK Sejahtera in improving the national integration aspects; And also to study the reform implication to national resilience whereas PDI Perjuangan and of PK Sejahtera become democracy actors confessed constitutionally.

The research uses qualitative method by using approach of analysis description where the source of data came from the primary and the secondary sources. The research conducted by using ideology indicator, pattern of recruitment, organizational pattern, dispersion support, policy of both party - especially which related to national integration.

As for opinion or theory of experts used to conduct research gyrate in around role theory, political party, national integration, and national resilience. So that it obtained the following conclusion: First, political parties in reform era has been doing the role of national integration through communication medium function, socialization, political recruitment, conflict management, and remain consistent in being articulation medium and interest of aggregation. But the quality of the role of political parties in reform era to national integration is declining because the expansion of people participation is not directly proportional with capability and capacity of parties resources, including other state institutions; Second; that both parties have their important roles to form the National integration. PDI Perjuangan as an open party can support reinforcement of national integrity aspects to Indonesia as a plural nation. So does with the PK Sejahtera, because it follows democracy methods in achieving its ideal target; Thirr Political Euphoria during reform will make unstable state on course effect of people participation explosion which unable to be managed by existing political institution. This condition is realized by political parties in reform era; therefore, through their cadre in legislative institution, they begin to make regulation of parties number through the election in order to create more conducive climate of national resilience based on democracy. It means that political parties have realized the importance of definite multi parties (proportional) in order to make democracy consolidation so it can be created social cohesion that involve people participation.

Related to the invention of this research, the researcher recommends that in order to make the role of political parties in reform era to national integration more optimum, each party needs to improve themselves by increasing their resources so they are capable to manage people participation and also able to institute the conflicts or compete interests. Therefore, political parties need also to know the scope and the intensity of ethnic and religion diversity, the gap between traditional and modem group, the gap between city and rusticity, including the compete ideologies, because those all factors must be aggregated and articulated by political parties that exist in national political stage. Moreover, number of political parties within democracy transition is much depend on the fragmentation happened between society. Therefore, political parties in reform era through Legislative and executive institution must ensure that they can implement their role in strengthening national integration and gradually decreasing that menace national integration through political party regulations and general election."