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"Salah satu contoh penelitian yang dilakukan di dunia medis adalah membandingkan mean suatu variabel pada dua treatment yang berbeda. Jika penelitian seperti itu dilakukan beberapa kali, baik oleh peneliti yang berbeda, waktu yang berbeda, tempat yang berbeda, maupun menggunakan sampel yang berbeda, maka ada kemungkinan akan didapatkan kesimpulan yang berbeda pula. Bisa saja ada penelitian yang menghasilkan kesimpulan adanya perbedaan mean, ada pula penelitian yang menghasilkan kesimpulan tidak adanya perbedaan mean. Karenanya perlu dicari inferensi gabungan untuk beda mean. Metode yang digunakan adalah meta-analisis untuk beda mean. Tugas akhir ini membahas meta-analisis guna mencari inferensi gabungan untuk beda mean.

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One kind of research which often done in medical field is to compare variable mean between two different treatments. If this kind of research is done for several times, observed by different researchers, time, place, and/or using different samples, then statistical inferences for ‘mean differences’ in each research are not necessarily the same. This research may lead us to the two types of conclusion: the difference in the mean and no differences mean. Therefore, it is necessary to find a joint statistical inference for mean differences. The method used was a meta-analysis of mean differences. This final project discussed the meta-analysis for mean differences."

"The subject of the book is advanced statistical analyses for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis), and selected practical issues relating to research synthesis. Specifically the book describes multivariate analyses for several indices commonly used in meta-analysis (e.g., correlations, effect sizes, proportions and/or odds ratios), will outline how to do power analysis for meta-analysis (again for each of the different kinds of study outcome indices), and examines issues around research quality and research design and their roles in synthesis. For each of the statistical topics we will examine the different possible statistical models (i.e., fixed, random, and mixed models) that could be adopted by a researcher. "

"Modern meta-analyses do more than combine the effect sizes of a series of similar studies. Meta-analyses are currently increasingly applied for any analysis beyond the primary analysis of studies, and for the analysis of big data. This 26-chapter book was written for nonmathematical professionals of medical and health care, in the first place, but, in addition, for anyone involved in any field involving scientific research. The authors have published over twenty innovative meta-analyses from the turn of the century till now. This edition will review the current state of the art, and will use for that purpose the methodological aspects of the authors' own publications, in addition to other relevant methodological issues from the literature.Are there alternative works in the field? Yes, there are, particularly in the field of psychology. Psychologists have invented meta-analyses in 1970, and have continuously updated methodologies. Although very interesting, their work, just like the whole discipline of psychology, is rather explorative in nature, and so is their focus to meta-analysis. Then, there is the field of epidemiologists. Many of them are from the school of angry young men, who publish shocking news all the time, and JAMA and other publishers are happy to publish it. The reality is, of course, that things are usually not as bad as they seem. Finally, some textbooks, written by professional statisticians, tend to use software programs with miserable menu programs and requiring lots of syntax to be learnt. This is prohibitive to clinical and other health professionals."

"Pendahuluan. Adenoma pituitari atau pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET)meliputi 10% hingga 15% dari seluruh tumor intrakranial. Sekitar 30%-40% pasienadenoma pituitari membutuhkan tatalaksana pembedahan. Dari pasien yangdilakukan operasi tersebut sekitar 25%-40% memiliki luaran yang kurang baikseperti menginvasi secara lokal, resisten terhadap terapi konvensional, memilikitingkat rekurensi yang tinggi serta dapat mengalami metastasis. Tujuan penelitianini untuk mengetahui apakah faktor-faktor klinikopatologi tertentu yaitu ukuranadenoma, tipe/ subtipe adenoma, sifat invasif, sifat proliferatif (Ki-67, mitosis, danp53), dan grade adenoma mempengaruhi luaran yang agresif pada adenomapituitari pasca operasi.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi meta analisis dengan menggunakan sumberdata elektronik maupun pencarian manual. Studi-studi yang disertakan adalah studiobservasional. Pemilihan studi didasarkan pada strategi penelusuran literatur sesuaipanduan PRISMA dan kriteria eligibilitas yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.Variabel bebas yang dinilai antara lain ukuran adenoma, tipe/ subtipe, sifat invasif,sifat proliferatif, ki-67, tingkat mitosis, p53, dan grade. Luaran yang dinilai adalahagresivitas pasca operasi yang terdiri atas rekurensi atau progresi. Penilaian kualitasdan risiko bias pada tiap studi terpilih mengunakan perangkat Newcastle OttawaScale. Analisis data dilakukan baik secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Semuatahapan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan oleh setidaknya 2 peneliti.Hasil. Dari 736 studi awal yang terjaring terdapat 10 studi terpilih. Jumlah subjekpenelitian 2727 orang dengan 632 orang kasus. Durasi pemantauan berkisar antara3 hingga 11 tahun. Seluruh studi memiliki kualitas sedang hingga baik. Metaanalisis dilakukan pada masing-masing variabel bebas terhadap agresivitasadenoma pituitari pasca operasi dengan hasil ukuran adenoma ≥10mm dengan<10mm OR 1,79 (CI 1,29-2,48), tipe kortikotrof dengan non kortikotrof OR 1,91(CI 1,41-2,58), sifat invasif dengan non invasif OR 3,67 (CI 1,95-6,90), sifatproliferatif dengan non proliferatif OR 4,78 (CI 3,61-6,32), Ki-67 ≥ 3% dengan <3% OR 4,13 (CI 2,94-5,81), tingkat mitosis > 2 dengan ≤2 OR 3,91 (CI 2,74-5,57),p53 positif dengan negatif OR 1,92 (CI 1,28-2,90), dan grade 2b dengan non 2bOR 4,56 (CI 3,0-6,91).Simpulan. Faktor-faktor klinikopatologi tertentu yaitu ukuran adenoma, tipe/subtipe adenoma, sifat invasif, sifat proliferatif (Ki-67, mitosis, dan p53), dan gradeadenoma mempengaruhi luaran yang agresif pada adenoma pituitari pasca operasi.

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Introduction. Pituitary adenoma/ pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET)

comprise of 10% up to 15% of intracranial tumor. About 30%-40% of pituitary

adenoma patients need surgery. For those who have undergone surgery about 25%-

40% will have bad outcomes like locally invasive, resistant to conventional

treatment, high rate of recurrence, and malignant tendency. The aim of this study

was to determine whether certain clinicopathologic factors consisting of size, type/

subtype, invasiveness, proliferative (ki-67, mitotic rate, and p53), and grade

influenced the aggressive outcome of post-operative pituitary adenoma.

Methods. This meta-analysis study used electronic and manual data source.

Included studies were observational studies. Study selection was based to literature

searching strategy according to PRISMA guideline and predetermined eligibility

criteria. Independent variables reviewed were size, type/ subtype, invasiveness,

proliferative, ki-67, mitotic rate, p53, and grade. Outcome reviewed were postoperative

aggressiveness comprised of recurrence or progressive. Quality and risk

of bias assessment to each study included were based on Newcastle Ottawa Scale.

Data analysis was carried out both qualitatively and quantitatively. All stages in this

study were carried out by at least 2 reviewers.

Results. Of the 736 initial studies, 10 were selected. The number of research

subjects were 2727 people with 632 cases. The duration of monitoring ranged from

3 to 11 years. All studies had moderate to good quality. Meta-analysis were carried

out on each independent variable on the aggressiveness of post-operative pituitary

adenoma with the results were size ≥10mm vs <10mm OR 1,79 (CI 1,29-2,48),

corticotroph vs non-corticotroph OR 1,91 (CI 1,41-2,58), invasive vs non-invasive

OR 3,67 (CI 1,95-6,90), proliferative vs non proliferative OR 4,78(CI 3,61-6,32),

Ki-67 ≥ 3% vs < 3% OR 4,13 (CI 2,94-5,81), mitotic rate > 2 vs ≤2 OR 3,91 (CI

2,74-5,57), p53 positive vs negative OR 1,92 (CI1,28-2,90), and grade 2b vs non

2b OR 4,56 (CI 3,0-6,91).

Conclusions. Certain clinicopathologic factors consisting of size, type/ subtype,

invasiveness, proliferative (ki-67, mitotic rate, and p53), and grade influenced the

aggressive outcome of post-operative pituitary adenoma."

"ABSTRAKTujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk memprediksi secara empiris volatilitas instrumen kebijakan moneter dan pengaruhnya terhadap pasar saham syariah dan konvensional di Indonesia. Perubahan nilai tukar, suku bunga, dan jumlah uang beredar dan pengaruhnya terhadap pasar saham diuji dengan menggunakan model Generalized Autoregressive Heteroskedasticity (GARCH). sebagai negara yang menganut sistem ekonomi terbuka yang pasar modalnya rentan terhadap guncangan moneter global, maka tingkat suku bunga negara Amerika Serikat juga dimasukan ke dalam model GARCH. Penelitian ini mendokumentasikan bahwa, kecuali suku bunga Amaerika Serikat, volatilitas semua variabel kebijakan moneter yang terdiri dari suku bunga, nilai tukar, dan jumlah uang beredar ditemukan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap volatilitas pasar saham syariah dan konvensional. Temuan ini menunjukan bahwa volatilitas pasar saham syariah dan konvensional memiliki faktor penentu yang sama. Dalam menstabilkan pasar saham, variabel kebijakan moneter harus dikendalikan oleh pembuat kebijakan. Setiap rancangan kebijakan moneter yang diterapkan di Indonesia akan memilki efek yang sama baik terhadap saham konvensional maupun saham syariah."