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"Latar Belakang: Manajemen jalan nafas alternatif dengan menggunakan Laryngeal Mask (LM) yang dilakukan perawat sebagai penolong pertama yang melakukan resusitasi jantung paru (RJP) pada situasi henti jantung didalam rumah sakit sebelum tim resusitasi datang. Penelitian ini meneliti perawat dengan pengalaman minimal melakukan manajemen jalan nafas akan lebih mudah melakukan pemasangan Laryngeal Mask Supreme pada manekin dibandingkan dengan pemasangan Laryngeal Mask Unique. Metode: Sebanyak 86 perawat dengan pengalaman manajemen jalan nafas minimal ikutserta sebagai subyek penelitian. Materi tentang anatomi jalan nafas, teknik, demonstrasi dan latihan pemasangan LM Supreme dan LM Unique pada manekin diberikan sampai subyek penelitian mampu memasang alat tersebut. Data penelitian diambil setelah pemberian materi selesai. Kemudahan pemasangan ditentukan jika memenuhi semua kriteria dari variabel keberhasilan pemasangan, jumlah upaya pemasangan < 2 kali dan lama waktu pemasangan < 30 detik. Hasil: Pemasangan LM Supreme yang mudah didapatkan sebesar 82 (52,6%) dan LM Unique 74 (47,4%). Pemasangan LM Supreme yang tidak mudah didapatkan sebesar 4 (25,0%) dan LM Unique 12 (75,0%). Uji statistik dengan uji Chi Square didapatkan perbedaan bermakna dalam hal kemudahan pemasangan (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Pemasangan LM Supreme yang dilakukan oleh perawat pada manekin lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan pemasangan LM Unique.

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Background: Alternative airway management using the Laryngeal Mask by nurses who performed the first cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the situation in hospital cardiac arrest before resuscitation teams arrived. This study examined nurses with minimal experience doing airway management will be easier to perform the insertion of the Laryngeal Mask Supreme on manikins compared with Laryngeal Mask Unique insertion.

Methods: Eighty six nurses with minimum experience of airway management were participate in the study. The material on airway anatomy, technique of insertion, demonstration and practice insertion of Supreme Laryngeal Mask and Unique Laryngeal Mask on the manikins is given until subjects were able to insert the tool. The data were taken after the administration of the material is complete. Ease of installation is determined if it meets all the criteria of the variable success of the insertion, the number of attempts <2 times and installation time <30 sec.

Results: Insertion of the Supreme Laryngeal Mask easily obtained for 82 (52.6%) and Unique Laryngeal Mask 74 (47.4%). Insertion Supreme Laryngeal Mask that is not easy to come by 4 (25.0%) and LM Unique 12 (75.0%). Statistical test Chi Square test found a significant difference in terms of ease of insertion (p <0.05).

Conclusion: Insertion of the Laryngeal Mask Supreme performed by nurses on a manikins easier than the insertion of the Laryngeal Mask Unique."

"[Tujuan. Tujuan pertama yaitu mengetahui kemudahan pemasangan Laryngeal Mask Airway(LMA) dengan teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah. Tujuan kedua yaitu mengetahui perbandingan kemudahan pemasangan LMA antara teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah dan teknik baku. Latar Belakang. Laryngeal Mask Airway merupakan alat bantu jalan nafas untuk mengatasi kesulitan jalan nafas. Teknik terbaru pemasangan Laryngeal Mask Airway berdasarkan penelitian Roodneshin dkk yang dipublikasikan pada Tanaffos 2011 yaitu teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah memberikan angkakeberhasilan pemasangan 100%(tingkat keberhasilan paling tinggi pada penelitian LMA). Pemasangan LMA diharapkan mulus dan berhasil dalam pemasangan pertama tanpa menimbulkan trauma tetapi dalam prakteknya, pemasangan LMA bisa lebih dari satu kali. Penelitian ini dilakukan di RSUPN-Cipto Mangunkusumo sebagai penelitian perbandingan pertama dari penelitianRoodneshin dkk dengan beberapa penyesuaian. Metode. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 80 pasien dewasa yang menjalani operasielektif dengan anestesia umum menggunakan Laryngeal Mask Airway. Secara random, 40 pasien mengalami pemasangan LMA dengan teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah dan 40 pasien mengalami pemasangan LMA dengan teknik baku. Upaya pemasangan dan kemudahan pemasangan LMA dicatat dan dinilai. Pemasangan mudah bila kurang atau sama dengan 2 kali pemasangan LMA. Komplikasi pemasangan LMA berupa noda darah, nyeri menelan dan nyeri tenggorokan dicatat dan dinilai. Analisa statistik dilakukan dengan uji Chi-square dan Fisher Exact. Batas kemaknaan yang digunakan untuk semua uji adalah p<0,05. Hasil. Perbandingan proporsi keberhasilan upaya pemasangan pertama kali antara kelompok teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah dan teknik baku adalah 87,5% dibandingkan 65%. Perbandingan proporsi keberhasilan upaya pemasangan maksimal dua kali antara kelompok teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah dan teknik baku adalah 100% dibandingkan 97,5%. Secara statistik, perbandingan upaya pemasangan, kemudahan, komplikasi nyeri menelan, komplikasi nyeri tenggorokan antara teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah dan teknik baku, tidak berbeda bermakna.Kesimpulan. Pemasangan Laryngeal Mask Airway dengan teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah tidak lebih mudah dibandingkan teknik baku(100% dibandingkan 97,5%). Kekerapan komplikasi yang berbeda bermakna berupa noda darah (0% pada teknik baku disertai penekanan lidah dibandingkan 6,2% pada teknik baku).

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Purpose, The objective of this study is to know easiness of inserting Laryngeal Mask Airway(LMA) with the classic approached combined with tongue supression technique. Secondly, the study is to compare the success rate between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique. Background, Laryngeal Mask Airway is a device to overcome the difficulty of the airway management. Novel technique of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion based on Roodneshin et aI research, publicised in Tanaffos 2011 was the classic approached combined with tongue supression technique resulted in 100% succes rate of insertion(highest success rate based on LMA research or study). LMA insertion is expected to be smooth and successful in the first attempt without inflicting trauma but in daily practice, insertion LMA can be more than once. This research is done at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hosptal, as the first comparison of research Roodneshin et al with some adjustments. Methods, The study was done at 80 adult patients who underwent elective surgery with general anesthesia. A total of 80 adult patients was scheduled for elective operation with general anesthesia using Laryngeal Mask Airway. In random, 40

patients undergoing LMA insertion with classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and 40 patients undergoing LMA insertion with classic approached technique. The effort and success rate of LMA insertion was noted and evaluated. The easiness is if the insertion is attempted maximally twice. Complications of LMA insertion such as blood stains, sore throat, dysphagia was noted and evaluated. Statistical analysis conducted by test Chi-square and Fischer Exact. P<0,05 was considered significant. Result, Comparison proportion first attempt of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique was 87,5% compared with 65%. The proportion maximally twice attempt of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique was 100% compared with 97,5%. Statistically, comparison attempt, success rate, dysphagia, sore throat between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique, not significantly different Conclusion, Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion with classic approached combined with tongue supression technique no more easy compared with classic

approached technique(100% compared with 97,5%). Complication which statistically significant different was blood stains(0% with classic approached combined with tongue supression technique compared with 6,2% classic approached technique).

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Purpose, The objective of this study is to know easiness of inserting Laryngeal Mask Airway(LMA) with the classic approached combined with tongue supression technique. Secondly, the study is to compare the success rate between classic

approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique. Background, Laryngeal Mask Airway is a device to overcome the difficulty of the airway management. Novel technique of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion based on Roodneshin et aI research, publicised in Tanaffos 2011 was the classic approached combined with tongue supression technique resulted in 100% succes rate of insertion(highest success rate based on LMA research or study). LMA insertion is expected to be smooth and successful in the first attempt without inflicting trauma but in daily practice, insertion LMA can be more than once. This research is done at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hosptal, as the first comparison of research Roodneshin et al with some adjustments. Methods, The study was done at 80 adult patients who underwent elective surgery with general anesthesia. A total of 80 adult patients was scheduled for elective operation with general anesthesia using Laryngeal Mask Airway. In random, 40

patients undergoing LMA insertion with classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and 40 patients undergoing LMA insertion with classic approached technique. The effort and success rate of LMA insertion was noted and evaluated. The easiness is if the insertion is attempted maximally twice. Complications of LMA insertion such as blood stains, sore throat, dysphagia was noted and evaluated. Statistical analysis conducted by test Chi-square and Fischer Exact. P<0,05 was considered significant. Result, Comparison proportion first attempt of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion

between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique was 87,5% compared with 65%. The proportion maximally twice attempt of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique was 100% compared with 97,5%. Statistically, comparison attempt,

success rate, dysphagia, sore throat between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached technique, not significantly different Conclusion, Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion with classic approached combined with tongue supression technique no more easy compared with classic

approached technique(100% compared with 97,5%). Complication which statistically significant different was blood stains(0% with classic approached combined with tongue supression technique compared with 6,2% classic approached technique)., Purpose, The objective of this study is to know easiness of inserting Laryngeal

Mask Airway(LMA) with the classic approached combined with tongue supression

technique. Secondly, the study is to compare the success rate between classic

approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached

technique.

Background, Laryngeal Mask Airway is a device to overcome the difficulty of the

airway management. Novel technique of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion based

on Roodneshin et aI research, publicised in Tanaffos 2011 was the classic

approached combined with tongue supression technique resulted in 100% succes

rate of insertion(highest success rate based on LMA research or study). LMA

insertion is expected to be smooth and successful in the first attempt without

inflicting trauma but in daily practice, insertion LMA can be more than once. This

research is done at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hosptal, as the first comparison of

research Roodneshin et al with some adjustments.

Methods, The study was done at 80 adult patients who underwent elective surgery

with general anesthesia. A total of 80 adult patients was scheduled for elective

operation with general anesthesia using Laryngeal Mask Airway. In random, 40

patients undergoing LMA insertion with classic approached combined with

tongue supression technique and 40 patients undergoing LMA insertion with

classic approached technique. The effort and success rate of LMA insertion was

noted and evaluated. The easiness is if the insertion is attempted maximally twice.

Complications of LMA insertion such as blood stains, sore throat, dysphagia was

noted and evaluated. Statistical analysis conducted by test Chi-square and

Fischer Exact. P<0,05 was considered significant.

Result, Comparison proportion first attempt of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion

between classic approached combined with tongue supression technique and

classic approached technique was 87,5% compared with 65%. The proportion

maximally twice attempt of Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion between classic

approached combined with tongue supression technique and classic approached

technique was 100% compared with 97,5%. Statistically, comparison attempt,

success rate, dysphagia, sore throat between classic approached combined with

tongue supression technique and classic approached technique, not significantly

different Conclusion, Laryngeal Mask Airway insertion with classic approached combined

with tongue supression technique no more easy compared with classic

approached technique(100% compared with 97,5%). Complication which

statistically significant different was blood stains(0% with classic approached

combined with tongue supression technique compared with 6,2% classic

approached technique).]"

"[ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang. Manajemen jalan nafas merupakan salah satu tahap yang paling penting dalam bidang anestesiologi. Salah satu jenis Alat bantu jalan nafas yang telah dipergunakan secara luas adalah Laringeal Mask Airway (LMA/Sungkup Laring). Pada pemasangan sungkup laring tanpa menggunakan pelumpuh otot membutuhkan kedalaman anestesi yang cukup, Tes klinis yang mudah, akurat dan aplikatif diperlukan untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan trapezius squeezing test dan jaw thrust sebagai indikator kedalaman anestesi pada pemasangan sungkup laring dengan propofol sebagai agen induksi

Metode. Sebanyak 128 pasien di randomisasi ke dalam 2 kelompok yaitu jaw thrust dan trapezius squeezing test. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan premedikasi dengan midazolam 0.05 mg/kgBB dan Fentanyl 1 mcg/kgBB. Induksi menggunakan propofol titrasi. Manuver jaw thrust dan trapezius squeezing test dilakukan setiap 15 detik. Saat respon motorik hilang dilakukan pemasangan sungkup laring. Dicatat keberhasilan pemasangan, dosis propofol, tekanan darah, laju jantung, dan insiden apneu.

Hasil. Keberhasilan pada kelompok jaw thrust 93.8%, sedangkan trapezius squeezing test yang 90.6%. Penggunaan rerata propofol pada kelompok jaw thrust yaitu sebesar 120.34 mg, sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test yaitu sebesar 111,86 mg. Insiden apneu yang pada kelompok jaw thrust terjadi pada 10 (15.6%) pasien, sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test sebesar 11 (17.2%) pasien. Tidak terdapat perubahan hemodinamik yang berarti pada kelompok jaw thrust sedangkan sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test terdapat perubahan hemodinamik yang berarti di menit ke 3 dan ke 4

Kesimpulan. Trapezius squeezing test tidak lebih baik daripada jaw thrust sebagai indikator klinis dalam menilai kedalaman anestesia pada insersi sungkup laring.

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ABSTRACT

Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.

Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.

Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.

Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion.;Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.

Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.

Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.

Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion., Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.

Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.

Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.

Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion.]"

"Pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada usia dewasa, yang disebabkan oleh agen infeksius seperti bakteri, mycoplasma, dan virus, termasuk Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) yang saat ini menjadi pandemic. Klinis pasien dengan pneumonia akibat infeksi Covid-19 adalah demam, batuk, kesulitan bernapas, dan keluhan sesak memberat. Salah satu masalah keperawatan yang adalah ketidakefektifan bersihan jalan napas dikarenakan akumulasi sekret berlebih sebagai akibat reaksi inflami jaringan paru, yang ditandai dengan batuk, keluhan susah mengeluarkan dahak, terdengar ronchii, hingga timbulnya sesak napas. Tujuan penulisan Karya Ilmiah Akhir Ners ini adalah untuk menganalisis asuhan keperawatan pada pasien pneumonia terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19, dengan penerapan fisioterapi dada dan batuk efektif sebagai upaya meningkatkan bersihan jalan napas. Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan secara reguler dan kontinyu yaitu 2kali dalam sehari (pagi pukul 06.00 dan sore pukul 16.00) maka terjadi perbaikan kondisi dan masalah teratasi di hari ke III rawat inap dibuktikan dengan frekuensi napas 20x.menit, irama napas reguler, kedalaman napas normal, suara napas vesikuler, tidak terdapat keluhan sesak, dan pasien mampu melakukan batuk efektif dengan baik dan benar. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Fisioterapi Dada dan Batuk Efektif dapat diberikan pada pasien Covid-19 dan menjadi intervensi mandiri bagi perawat isolasi kepada pasien sesuai indikasi.

Pneumonia is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in adulthood, caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, mycoplasma, and viruses, including Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) which is currently becoming a pandemic. Clinical signs of patients with pneumonia due to Covid-19 infection are fever, cough, difficulty breathing,and severe shortness of breath. One of the nursing problems is the ineffective airway clearance caused by accumulation of excess secretions as the result of the reaction of lung tissue inflami, which is characterized by coughing, difficulty in expelling phlegm, sound of ronchii, to the onset of shortness of breath. This paper aims to analyze nursing care in patients with pneumonia confirmed positive for Covid-19, with the application of chest physiotherapy and effective-cough as the nursing intervention for improving the airway clearance. After regular and continuous nursing intervention, which 2 times a day (morning at 6:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. in the afternoon), there was an improvement in the conditionThe problems resolved in the third day of hospitalization evidenced by the frequency of breath 20x.minutes, regular breathing rhythm, normal breathing depth, vesicular breath sounds, no complaints of shortness of breath, and the patient is able to cough effectively properly and correctly. This shows that chest physiotherapy and effective-cough can be given to Covid-19 patients and become an independent intervention for isolation nurses to patients as indicated."

"Inadequate humidification of inspired gases can cause a variety of serious problems, and humidification has accordingly become an important aspect of modern intensive care medicine. This book is designed to serve as a practical guide for clinicians, providing information on the theoretical background of humidification, the equipment, and its optimal use. The book starts by examining the physiological basis of humidification. Current devices are then discussed, with careful attention to factors influencing their performance and methods to evaluate their effectiveness. The two scenarios of mechanical and non-mechanical ventilation are considered, and the issue of ventilator-associated pneumonia is addressed in detail. Further chapters focus on such topics as humidification following tracheostomy, humidification of the artificial airway during secretion management, measurement of inspired gas temperature in the ventilated neonate, and humidification in the home care setting."

"Latar BeJakang: Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) telah diterima secara umum sebagai alat jalan napas. Pada praktik klinis, insersi LMA pada percobaan pertama dengan waktu sesingkat mungkin merupakan kondisi yang diharapkan sehingga efek samping agen anestesi minimal tanpa menimbulkan komplikasi demi keselamatan pasien. Dosis kecil atrakurium sebelum induksi dipilih untuk operasi dengan durasi singkat, agar tidak menunda pemulihan akibat pelumpuh otot namun perlu diperhatikan efek samping gejala kelemahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian atrakurium sebelum induksi dosis 75 dan 150 rncglkgBB terhadap keberhasilan percobaan pertama dan waktu insersi sehingga dapat menjadi standar dosis atrakurium untuk insersi LMA. Metode: Penelitian uji klinis acak tersamar ganda ini mengelompokkan 150 pasien dewasa yang mendapat layanan anestesia di ruang operasi RSCM rnenjadi 2 kelompok. Setelah koinduksi midazolam dan fentanyl, pasien kelompok eksperimen diberikan atrakurium dosis 75 mcglkgBB, sedangkan kontrol 150 mcglkgBB. Setelah 1 menit, diamati gejala keJernahan, yaitu ptosis, diplopia, dan sesak napas sebelurn induksi propofol. Insersi LMA dilakukan setelah pasien tidak respon terhadap jaw thrust setelah 90 detik pemberian propofol. Diambil data keberhasilan percobaan pertama dan waktu insersi, selain itu dicatat nilai rasio TOF sebelurn insersi, respon hernodinamik, dan komplikasi pascainsersi. Hasil: Keberhasilan insersi pertama kedua kelornpok tidak berbeda signifikan, yaitu 90,7% pada kelompok eksperimen dibandingkan 93,3% kontrol (p=0,547). Begitu pula waktu insersi 36,05±16,98 detik dan 33,75±13,55 detik untuk dosis 75 dan 150 mcglkgBB berurutan (p=0,359). Kornplikasi insersi pada kelompok ekspersimen 90,7% dan 93,3% kelompok kontrol. Gejala kelemahan ditemukan harnpir 2 kali lipat di kelompok kontrol dengan nilai rasio TOF yang juga lebih rendah. Respon hemodinamik setelah insersi LMA mirip di kedua kelompok. Simpulan: Penggunaan atrakurium dosis 75 mcglkgBB sama baiknya dibandingkan 150 mcglkgBB dalam memudahkan insersi LMA.

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Background: In clinical practice, success on first attempt of LMA insertion with the shortest times is aimed to achieve minimal adverse eventfrom. Small dose of atracurium given beJore induction is chosen Jor brieJ duration procedure therefore has minimal or no effect to recovery from neuromuscular blocking agent, but the consequences of partial paralysis before induction should be a concern. This study aims to compare the success onfirst attempt and insertion time oJLMA between 75 and 150 mcglkgBWatracurium, given beJore propofol induction in search for standard dose of atracurium to ease LMA insertion. Methotl: This double-blind randomized clinical trial divided 150 adult patients who received anesthesia procedllre in Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital operating theatres into two groups. After coinduction with midazolam and Jentanyl, patients in the study group received 75 mcglkgBWalracurium, meanwhilefor the control group was 150 mcglkgB W After 1 minute all the samples were evaluated for paralysis symptoms of ptosis, diplopia and shortness oj breath before propofol induction. LMA insertion then attempted after no response to jaw thrust manuever evaluated after 90 seconds from propoJol injection. Success on first attempt and time of insertion were the main outcomes evaluated, beside TOF ratio, hemodynamic responses and complications. Result: Success on first attempt rate was not significally worse, which was 90.7% for experiment group compare to 93.3% in .control (p=0,547). Insertion time was 36.05±I6,98 and 33,75±i3,55 second Jor respective group (p=0.359). Postinsertion complication in experiment group were higher but the paralysis symptoms were lower. Conclusion: Low dose oJ 75 mcglkgBW atracurium is equal compared to 150 mcglkgBW 10 ease LMA insertion."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Pemasangan sungkup laring tanpa menggunakan obat pelumpuh otot membutuhkan tingkat kedalaman anestesia yang cukup untuk mendepresi refleks jalan napas sehingga menghindari tersedak, batuk dan laryngospasm. Tes klinis yang mudah, akurat dan aplikatif diperlukan untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi seperti di atas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keefektivan trapezius squeezing test sebagai indikator kedalaman anestesia saat pemasangan sungkup laring dihubungkan dengan Bispectral Index.Metode : Setelah lolos kaji etik dan mendapatkan persetujuan klinik, 105 pasien ASA 1-2 dilakukan pemasangan sungkup laring dengan trapezius squeezing test sebagai prediktor kedalaman anestesia. Semua pasien mendapatkan premedikasi midazolam 0,05mg/kgBB dan fentanyl 1 mcg/kgBB. Induksi dilakukan dengan propofol titrasi, dengan kedalaman anestesia diukur dengan trapezius squeezing test. Pemasangan sungkup laring dilakukan bila trapezius squeezing test negatif. Dicatat keberhasilan pemasangan sungkup laring. Tekanan darah, laju nadi dan nilai Bispectral Index juga didokumentasikan.Hasil : Sungkup laring berhasil dipasang pada 88 pasien sedangkan 14 pasien gagal dilakukan pemasangan sungkup laring walaupun trapezius squeezing test negatif. Nilai median Bispectral Index saat trapezius squeezing test negatif adalah 35.Kesimpulan : Trapezius squeezing test merupakan indikator klinis yang dapat diandalkan untuk menilai kedalaman anestesia saat pemasangan sungkup laring.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Laryngeal mask insertion without using muscle relaxant requires a level of depth of anesthesia sufficient to depress airway reflexes to avoid choking, coughing and laryngospasm. Easy, accurate and applicable clinical tests are required to avoid complications as above. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the trapezius squeezing test as an indicator of the depth of anesthesia when inserting laryngeal mask airway associated with Bispectral Index. Methods : After ethical clearance and receive informed consent, 105 ASA 1-2 patients were done laryngeal mask insertion with trapezius squeezing test as a predictor of anesthesia depth. All the patient were receive premedication midazolam 0,05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 mcg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration with anesthesia depth is measured by trapezius squeezing test. Laryngeal mask were inserted when trapezius squeezing test negative. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded. Blood pressure, pulse rate and Bispectral Index score were also documented.Result :Larygeal mask successfully inserted in 88 patients while 14 patients failed despite the negative results of trapezius squeezing test. The median score of Bispectral Index when trapezius squeezing test negatif was 35.Conclusion : Trapezius squeezing test is a reliable clinical indicator to assess the depth of anesthesia during laryngeal mask insertion."

"ABSTRAKPneumonia merupakan peradangan pada parenkim paru yang sering terjadi pada masaanak-anak dan masa bayi. Peradangan tersebut menyebabkan sputum terkumpul diparu, yang membuat sulit untuk bernafas. Salah satu cara untuk mengeluarkansputum adalah CPT. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruhchest physiotherapy (CPT) terhadap status pernafasan anak balita pnemonia. Desainpenilitan ini menggunakan quasi eksperiment post test only dengan grup kontrol.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh CPT terhadap suara nafas (pvalue= 0,008), retraksi dada (p value= 0,008), frekuensi pernafasan (p value= 0,001)dan saturasi oksigen (p value= 0,01) pada balita. Penelitian ini merekomendasikanCPT sebagai intervensi keperawatan untuk memperbaiki status pernafasan anak.

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ABSTRACTPneumonia is an inflammantory condition of the lung. Child and infant included agroup that have risk to get pneumoni. The inflammantion causes pulmonary sputumcollection and this make difficult to breath. One of the ways to take out the sputum isby doing chest physiotherapy (CPT). The purpose of this research was to find out theeffect of chest physiotherapy (CPT) toward respiratory status of children pnemonia.Design of this study used quasi eksperiment post test only non equivalent group. Theresult of the study showed there was significant effect of CPT againts breath sounds(p value= 0,008), chest retraction (p value= 0,008), respiratory rate (p value= 0,001)and oxygen saturation (p value= 0,010) on children. This research recommend CPTas a nursing intervention to recover children respiratory status."