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"Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi khamir phylloplane Broussonetia papyrifera asal Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis dan Sukadanu), dan Trowulan, menguji kemampuan khamir antagonis dari daun B. papyrifera asal Desa Sukadanu dan Desa Tunggilis, Garut, Jawa Barat yang berpotensi sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap kapang-kapang penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen serta mengetahui viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80 oC. Sebanyak 2.543 isolat khamir diperoleh dari empat wilayah sampling menggunakan metode washing dan membrane filter method. Pemilihan 82 isolat khamir representatif berdasarkan kemiripan morfologi koloni. Identifikasi khamir dilakukan berdasarkan sequence pada daerah internal transcribed spacer regions ribosomal DNA. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa isolat khamir tersebut terdiri atas 17 genera dan 32 spesies: sebanyak 11 genera termasuk ke dalam Ascomycota (Saccharomycetes dan Dothidiomycetes), dan sebanyak enam genera termasuk Basidiomycota (Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, dan Ustilaginomycetes). Tiga kapang representatif berdasarkan hasil isolasi dari buah tomat dan uji patogenitas dapat menyebabkan kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen, yaitu Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, dan Syncephalastrum racemosum. Enam spesies khamir antagonis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan sporulasi A. alternata, L. theobromae, dan Syn. racemosum yaitu Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. Khamir antagonis dari B. papyrifera memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan kapang A. alternata dan L. theobromae penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pada suhu 26--28oC selama 15 hari inkubasi. Khamir C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (100%) disebabkan kapang A. alternata. Khamir C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (67%) yang disebabkan L. theobromae. Hasil pengujian viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80oC selama 180 hari menunjukkan metode tersebut baik untuk preservasi jangka panjang empat spesies khamir potensial agens biokontrol pada buah tomat, yaitu khamir C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475, C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492, Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513. Seluruh strain yang diuji menunjukkan viabilitas yang tinggi (rerata CFU . 1x 108/ml). Jumlah sel khamir antara lain: C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76 x 108 CFU/ml), dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml).

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The study was aimed to isolate and identify phylloplane yeasts from Broussonetia papyrifera plants from Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis and Sukadanu), and Trowulan; to investigate the yeasts with antagonistic abilities against moulds which attack post-harvest tomato fruits; and to observe the yeast viability after preservation at a temperature of -80 oC. Two thousand five hundred and forty-three yeast isolates were obtained using the washing method and the membrane filter method. Eighty-two representative yeast isolates were selected based on similarity of colony morphology. Identification was based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA).

The identification result showed that the 82 representative isolates were consisted of 17 genera and 32 species. Eleven of these genera are belong to Saccharomycetes and one genus belongs Dothidiomycetes (Ascomycota). Six genera are belong to Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Ustilaginomycetes (Basidiomycota). Three representative moulds obtained from the pathogenicity test were able to cause serious damage on post-harvest tomato fruits. These moulds were identified as, i.e. Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Six antagonistic yeasts were able to inhibit growth and sporulation of post-harvest tomato moulds, i.e. Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. The antagonistic yeasts were tested for their abilities to inhibit growth of A. alternata and L. theobromae which cause fruit rot on post-harvest tomatoes at 26--28oC for 15 days. Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 was able to inhibit growth of A. alternata and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (100%). Candida saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 were able to inhibit growth of L. theobromae and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (67%).

The yeast viability was observed after being preserved at -80oC on day-1 (H1), day-7 (H7), day-14 (H14), day-30 (H-30), and day-180 (H-180). The results showed that all strains do not lose their viability after freezing at -80oC for 180 days. The number of cells for each strain after revival from preservation after 180 days were counted: C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76x 108 CFU/ml), and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml)."

"Pisang Cavendish (Musa acuminata Colla) merupakan salah satu kultivar pisang yang menghadapi ancaman serius berupa serangan penyakit layu Fusarium yang disebabkan oleh infeksi kapang patogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Penyakit layu Fusarium menyebabkan penurunan penurunan kaualitas dan produksi tanaman pisang. Penggunaan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol dapat dikembangkan untuk alternatif fungisida dalam pengendalian penyakit layu Fusarium di tanaman pisang. Streptomyces spp. diketahui mampu memproduksi senyawa metabolit yang bersifat antifungi dan menekan pertumbuhan patogen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh, mengetahui aktivitas biokontrol, dan mengidentifikasi isolat yang diduga sebagai Streptomyces spp. yang diisolasi dari PT Green Giant Pineapple (GGP), Lampung Timur. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengujian secara in vitro yang meliputi uji aktivitas enzim protease, kitinase, selulase, peroksidase, siderofor, amonia, HCN, dan katalase. Pengujian dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi secara molekuler dan uji kompatibilitas antarisolat. Isolat 1H31, 2H44, 3H32, 3H42, dan 5H5 berhasil diisolasi dari tanah Perkebunan pisang. Isolat terseleksi mampu menghambat kapang Foc dan saling kompatibel. Isolat 3H42 dan 5H5 menunjukkan aktivitas biokontrol yang paling baik yang diketahui dari hasil positif yang ditunjukkan pada semua uji aktivitas biokontrol yang dilakukan. Kelima isolat terseleksi diketahui memiliki kemiripan secara morfologis dan filogenetik dengan S. malaysiensis, S. scabei, S. cameroonensis, S. abikoensis, dan S. katrae.

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Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata Colla) is one of the banana cultivars that faces a serious threat in the form of Fusarium wilt disease caused by infection with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Fusarium wilt disease causes a decrease in the quality and production of banana plants. The use of microorganisms as biocontrol can be developed as an alternative to fungicides to control Fusarium wilt disease in banana plants. Streptomyces spp. is known to produce metabolite compounds that are antifungal and suppress pathogen growth. The purpose of this study was to obtain, determine the biocontrol activity, and identify isolates suspected as Streptomyces spp. isolated from PT Green Giant Pineapple (GGP), East Lampung. The method used in this research is in vitro testing which includes enzyme activity tests of protease, chitinase, cellulase, peroxidase, siderophore, ammonia, HCN, and catalase. The test was continued with molecular identification and compatibility test between isolates. Isolates 1H31, 2H44, 3H32, 3H42, and 5H5 were successfully isolated from banana plantation soil. The selected isolates were able to inhibit Foc mold and were mutually compatible. Isolates 3H42 and 5H5 showed the best biocontrol activity known from the positive results shown in all biocontrol activity tests conducted. The five selected isolates are known to have morphological and phylogenetic similarities with S. malaysiensis, S. scabei, S. cameroonensis, S. abikoensis, and S. katrae."

"lants provide insects with a range of specific foods, such as nectar, pollen, and food bodies. In exchange, they may obtain various services from arthropods. The role of food rewards in the plant-pollinator mutualism has been covered broadly. This book addresses another category of food-mediated interactions, focusing on how plants use foods to recruit arthropod "bodyguards" as a protection against herbivores." "Many arthropods with primarily carnivorous lifestyles require plant-provided food as an indispensable part of their diet. Only recently have we started to appreciate the implications of non-prey food for plant-herbivore-carnivore interactions. Insight into this aspect of multitrophic interactions is not only crucial to our understanding of the evolution and functioning of plant-insect interactions in natural ecosystems, it also has direct implications for the use of food plants and food supplements in biological control programs.". "This edited volume provides essential reading for all researchers interested in plant-insect interactions."--BOOK JACKET."

"Indonesia needs approximately 2.20 tons of soybean per year. The domestic production only meets 35-40% of the demand and the remaining 60-65% are imported from foreign countries...."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan antagonisme khamir filum Ascomycota dari tanaman saeh (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) terhadap kapang patogen tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) dengan metode co-culture. Khamir Aureobasidium pullulans UICC Y-527, Aureobasidium sp. UICC Y-516, Aureobasidium sp. UICC Y-528, Candida orthopsilosis UICC Y-533, Meyerozyma caribbica UICC Y-518, dan Mey. caribbica UICC Y-529 ditumbuhkan dengan kapang Aspergillus spp. UICC di medium Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) selama empat hari pada suhu 28° C. Khamir menunjukkan kemampuan antagonisme terhadap kapang A. niger UICC, A. ochraceus UICC, dan A. terreus UICC yang ditunjukkan dengan ketiadaan pertumbuhan hifa atau miselium dan sporulasi pada permukaan medium, mortalitas kapang sebesar 100%, reduksi ukuran hifa kapang sebesar 3%--85%, peningkatan jumlah sel khamir sebesar 1,81%--50,09%, peningkatan panjang sel khamir sebesar 2%--17% dan lebar sel khamir sebesar 1%--24%.

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The research aim was to investigate the antagonism activity of Ascomycota yeasts from saeh plant (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) from Trowulan against moulds pathogen in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with co-culture method. Aureobasidium pullulans UICC Y-527, Aureobasidium sp. UICC Y-516, Aureobasidium sp. UICC Y-528, Candida orthopsilosis UICC Y-533, Meyerozyma caribbica UICC Y-518, and Mey. caribbica UICC Y-529 were incubated with Aspergillus spp. UICC in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium for four days in 28° C.

The results showed that the yeasts have antagonism activity against A. niger UICC, A. ochraceus UICC, and A. terreus UICC shown by mycelial growth inhibition and sporulation, 100% mortality, hyphal size reduction 3%--85%, increased number of the yeast cell 1.81%--50.09%, and increased yeast cell length 2%--17% and increased yeast cell width 1%--24%."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan antagonisme enam spesies khamir filum Basidiomycota dari tanaman saeh (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) asal Bandung terhadap kapang Aspergillus spp. UICC. Pengujian menggunakan metode co-culture dalam medium Potato Dextrose Broth pH 5 pada suhu 30° C selama empat hari inkubasi. Khamir Cryptococcus luteolus UICC Y-461, Cryptococcus rajasthanensis UICC Y-458, Cryptococcus zeae UICC Y-463, Rhodotorula dairenensis UICC Y-457, Rhodotorula glutinis UICC Y-454, dan Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-466 memiliki kemampuan antagonisme terhadap kapang Aspergillus spp. UICC. Cryptococcus luteolus UICC Y-461 merupakan khamir antagonis paling potensial karena mengalami peningkatan panjang sel rata-rata dan lebar sel rata-rata tertinggi ketika ditumbuhkan bersama Aspergillus niger UICC yaitu sebesar 9,88% dan 14,17%, mengalami peningkatan panjang sel rata-rata tertinggi ketika ditumbuhkan bersama Aspergillus ochraceus UICC yaitu sebesar 18,43%, memiliki kemampuan tertinggi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan kapang Aspergillus spp. UICC yaitu sebesar 100% (menyebabkan mortalitas kapang sebesar 100%), dan mengalami peningkatan jumlah sel tertinggi ketika ditumbuhkan bersama Aspergillus terreus UICC yaitu sebesar 41,62% pada inkubasi hari ke-4.

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The antagonism activity of six species of Basidiomycota yeasts from saeh plant (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) from Bandung against Aspergillus spp. UICC were investigated. The antagonism test was carried out by using co-culture method in Potato Dextrose Broth of pH 5 for four days at 30° C. Result showed that Cryptococcus luteolus UICC Y-461, Cryptococcus rajasthanensis UICC Y-458, Cryptococcus zeae UICC Y-463, Rhodotorula dairenensis UICC Y-457, Rhodotorula glutinis UICC Y-454, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-466 were antagonists. Cryptococcus luteolus UICC Y-461 is the most potential antagonistic yeast because of the highest increase in average cell length and average cell width when grown with Aspergillus niger UICC by 9.88% and 14.17%, the highest increase in average cell length when grown with Aspergillus ochraceus UICC by 18.43%, the highest inhibition of growth of Aspergillus spp. UICC by 100% (caused 100% mortality of moulds), and increase the number of yeast cells when grown with Aspergillus terreus UICC by 41.62% at day-4."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui kemampuan antagonisme enam khamir epifit filum Basidiomycota koleksi UICC yang diisolasi dari daun tanaman Saeh (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) asal Trowulan terhadap kapang Aspergillus spp. UICC. Keenam khamir tersebut, yaitu Cryptococcus flavescens UICC Y- 515, Cryptococcus flavescens UICC Y-525, Cryptococcus flavus UICC Y-534, Rhodotorula glutinis UICC Y-520, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-522, dan Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-531. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode co-culture pada medium PDB pH 5, selama empat hari inkubasi pada suhu 28°C. Keenam spesies khamir memiliki kemampuan antagonisme yang ditunjukkan melalui peningkatan jumlah sel khamir sebesar 26,91--98,76%, peningkatan ukuran sel vegetatif khamir (panjang sel rata-rata meningkat sebesar 1,11--19,59% dan lebar sel rata-rata sebesar 0,82--19,42%), penghambatan waktu sporulasi hingga inkubasi hari ke-3, reduksi lebar hifa kapang sebesar 7,84-- 20,26%, dan mortalitas kapang sebesar 100% pada inkubasi hari ke-4.

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A study has been conducted to determine the antagonism activity of six epiphytic yeast species from phylum Basidiomycota against Aspergillus spp. UICC. The yeasts were isolated from Saeh plants (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) from Trowulan. The yeasts were Cryptococcus flavescens UICC Y-515, Cryptococcus flavescens UICC Y-525, Cryptococcus flavus UICC Y-534, Rhodotorula glutinis UICC Y-520, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-522, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-531. Antagonism test was carried out by co-culture in PDB pH 5 for four days at 28°C. Results showed that all yeast species were antagonists and indicated by an increase in the number of yeast cells by 26.91--98.76%, an increase in the size of vegetative yeast cells (average cell length by 1.11--19.59% and an increase of the average cell width by 0.82--19.42%), inhibition of sporulation by day 3 incubation, reduced width of the hyphal mold by 7.84--120.26%, and mortality of molds by 100% at day 4 incubation."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan antagonisme khamir Filum Ascomycota dari tanaman saeh (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) asal Bandung terhadap Aspergillus spp. UICC dari tanaman tomat terinfeksi menggunakan metode co-culture. Seluruh khamir yang diuji (Candida quercitrusa UICC Y-470, Debaryomyces nepalensis UICC Y-456, Pichia burtonii UICC Y-468, Saccharomycetales sp. UICC Y-462, Saccharomycetales sp. UICC Y-471, dan Wickerhamomyces anomalus UICC Y-455) bersifat antagonis terhadap Aspergillus spp. UICC. Saccharomycetales sp. UICC Y-462 merupakan khamir antagonis paling potensial karena memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan mereduksi lebar hifa kapang A. terreus UICC sebesar 56,90% hingga inkubasi hari ke-3.

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This research investigated the antagonism activity of Phylum Ascomycota yeasts of saeh plant (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.) from Bandung against Aspergillus spp. UICC from infected tomato plant using co-culture method. All the yeasts (Candida quercitrusa UICC Y-470, Debaryomayces nepalensis UICC Y-456, Pichia burtonii UICC Y-468, Saccharomycetales sp. UICC Y-462, Saccharomycetales sp. UICC Y-471, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus UICC Y-455) are antagonists. Saccharomycetales sp. UICC Y-468 is the most potential antagonistic yeast by inhibiting the growth of hyphae and reducing hyphal length of Aspergillus terreus UICC up to 56.90% at day-3."

"This book provides a comprehensive account of interaction of host and its pathogens, induced host resistance, development of biological control agents for practical applications, the underlying mechanism and signal transduction. The book is useful to all those working in academia or industry related to crop protection."