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"ABSTRAKPatirthān merupakan peninggalan arsitektur bangunan atau kolam penampunganair yang memiliki fungsi profan yakni sebagai pemenuh kebutuhan air dan sakralyakni sebagai sarana pendukung kegiatan keagamaan. Patirthān muncul danberkembang dari masa klasik tua hingga masa klasik muda. Berbeda denganbangunan candi, bangunan patirthān tidak memiliki pedoman pembangunan yangbaku, sehingga tidak diketahui ciri, gaya serta penataan dari bangunan tersebut.Penelitian ini membahas 11 patirthān yang ada di wilayah Jawa Tengah danYogyakarta guna mengetahui ciri, gaya serta penataan dari bangunan patirthāndan membandingkannya dengan patirthān masa klasik muda di Jawa Timur.

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ABSTRACTPatirthān is one of architectural remains or a sacred pool which believed havingprofane function as a daily needs and sacred function as part or ritual. In ancientJavanese period, Patirthān can be found both in early classic and late classicperiod. Patirthān can be distinguished from Candi, especially in guiding aspectand manual books, Most of Patirthān do not have some sort of manual book. Thisconcept, then implicate the form and style of Partithān’s architecture. Thisundergraduate thesis will deliberate 11 Patirthān located in Central Java andYogyakarta for the purpose acquiring characteristic, style, and placing fromPatirthān and comparing from Patirthān in Ancient Javanese Late Period."

"ABSTRAKSitus kepurbakalaan Ratu Boko memiliki kondisi lingkungan yang terbatas, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, masyarakat pada masa lalu yang tinggal di atasnya harus mengupayakan sesuatu. Dengan pendekatan environmental possibilism, penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa dengan kondisi lingkungan yang terbatas, kebudayaan manusia dapat mengatasi lingkungan dan memanfaatkan sumber daya alam yang ada dengan baik. Berdasarkan materi kebudayaan yang ditinggalkan, pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang dilakukan di antaranya adalah meratakan bukit, mendirikan bangunan sesuai karakter satuan batuan, menampung air hujan, memanfaatkan air rekahan, memanfaatkan air sungai, memanfaatkan batu andesit Kali Opak, memanfaatkan batu putih dan batuan induk, dan membuat sawah di wilayah subur sekitar bukit Boko.

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ABSTRACTEnvironmental conditions of Ratu Boko is limited that the people who lived there in the past must have done something to fulfill their needs. With environmental possibilism approach, this research shows that even though environmental conditions are limited, human culture can cope with that and utilizing the resources wisely as well as intelligently. Regarding the material culture remains, it is obvious that the natural resources being utilized were in the form of flattening the hill land surface with cut-and-fill technique, so people could live on it, using of rocks that are available around, rain water collecting by making water ponds as reservoirs, utilizing andesite rocks from Opak River, and making the fertile area around Boko hill as rice fields. "

"Masjid merupakan bangunan tanpa aturan yang kaku sehingga membuat masjid menjadi bangunan yang dinamis. Masjid dapat menunjukkan pengetahuan masyarakat pembuatnya. Melalui Masjid Perempuan diharapkan dapat memperlihatkan ciri khas Masjid Perempuan Yogyakarta dan Surakarta. Penelitian ini membahas tentang Masjid Perempuan Kauman, Yogyakarta dan Masjid Perempuan Keprabon, Surakarta. Analisis dilakukan dengan melakukan kajian perbandingan terhadap Masjid Umum abad 18 dan 20.Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat tujuh ciri yang muncul pada Masjid Perempuan antara lain; berpondasi masif, beratap tumpang, tidak memiliki pawestren atau ruang untuk laki-laki, tidak memiliki mimbar, memiliki bangunan tambahan berupa dapur dan gudang, memiliki ornamen hias kaca es pada pintu atau jendela, dan memiliki kanopi. Melalui kajian terhadap Masjid Perempuan maka tampak bahwa perempuan muslim pada masa itu telah memiliki kedudukan yang kuat dalam masyarakat dan mampu menunjukkan keberadaan dan identitas mereka.

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The mosque is a building without the rigid rules that make a mosque to be dynamic building. Mosques can demonstrate knowledge of the society. Through the Women's Mosque is expected to show typical of Woman Mosque at Yogyakarta and Surakarta. This research discusses about the Women's Mosque at Kauman, Yogyakarta and Women's Mosque at Keprabon, Yogyakarta, Surakarta. Analysis is performed by a comparison of the 18th and 20th century Common Mosque.The results showed that there were seven characteristics that appear in Women's Mosque among others ; has a massive structure, overlapping roof, do not have pawestren or space for men , do not have a pulpit , having additional buildings such as kitchens and warehouses, has stained glass decorative ornament on the door or window, and has a porch gate. Women's Mosque suggests that Muslim women in the past have had a strong foothold in the community and be able to demonstrate the existence and identity."

"ABSTRAKThe issue of globalization is booming recently, but it is not really a new thing in the history of human civilization. However, the issue of globalization in the past, -particularly in Archaeological perspective- is not too much discussed among social sciences in Indonesia. This paper aims to open the isolation by understanding the processes of globalization and its correlation to the maritime trade through archaeological data based on human remains from Leran burial site, Rembang, Central Java. Research method used in this paper is Bioarchaeological approach based on dental metric and non-metric characters analysis which performed to determine the biological affinity of Leran people in comparison with some samples from surrounding area. The result could be seen that the Leran population has a fairly diverse biological affinity which correlated to the strategic position of this site in the ancient global network of maritime trade. "

"ABSTRAKKauman is one of the oldest settlement and part of the bureaucratic structure of Yogyakartas palace. The old buildings in Kauman were interesting topics to many research there. Mean while on the other hand, artifacts as anothersupporting data of the daily life there have never been revealed. This paper aims to look at the connection between the artifacts findings with the Kauman settlement as well as Yogyakartas palace. Analytical descriptive method is used to describe and analyze the artifacts to see the development of Kauman itself. "

"Perjudian merupakan kegiatan bertaruh atau mempertaruhkan sesuatu yang berharga. Perjudian biasanya melibatkan beberapa faktor penting diantaranya adalah pelaku perjudian, lokasi perjudian, dan kegiatan perjudian itu sendiri. Perjudian pada masa lalu memiliki jejak rekam sejarah melalui prasasti. Prasasti yang menyimpan rekaman sejarah tersebut adalah prasasti sima, selain prasasti sima juga terdapat data pendukung yang lain speerti naskah dan juga relief. Data pendukung tersebut juga memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai perjudian pada masa Jawa kuno. Berdasarkan perbandingan data utama dengan isi naskah sastra maka perjudian memang ada dan muncul pada masa Jawa Kuno namun perjudian pada naskah belum ditemui pada prasasti yang sezaman. Teori-teori masuknya budaya dan agama India ke Indonesia tampaknya tidak diikuti oleh masuknya perjudian ke dalam budaya Indonesia. Data etnografi juga menunjukkan bahwa perjudian tradisional yang ada sekarang ini berbeda dengan perjudian di India. Berdasarkan data itu juga memperkuat asumsi bahwa perjudian tradisional seperti sabung ayam, adu kambing, dan adu babi masih berlangsung hingga kini. Bentuk-bentuk perjudian adu hewan yang berlangsung hingga saat ini merupakan usaha dan upaya masyarakat dalam mempertahankannya. Sabung ayam yang bertahan diseluruh pelosok Jawa dan Bali, adu kambing atau domba masih dilestarikan oleh masyarakat Jawa Barat, adu babi masih dilestarikan oleh masyarakat Sumedang dan adu balap burung dara oleh masyarakat Jawa Barat merupakan bentuk budaya yang masih bertahan hingga kini.

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Gambling is an activity bet or risking something of value. Gambling usually involves several important factors including the perpetrators of gambling, gambling location, and gambling itself. Gambling in the past has a track record history through inscriptions. Inscriptions keep the historical record is the inscription sima, sima inscription in addition there are also other supporting data speerti script and also relief. The supporting data also provide a clear picture of the future of gambling in ancient Java. Based on comparison of key data to the content of literary texts, the gambling exists and appears in ancient Javanese period but gambling on the manuscript has not been found in contemporary inscriptions. Theories entry of culture and religion of India to Indonesia does not seem to be followed by the entry of gambling into the culture of Indonesia. Ethnographic data also show that the current traditional gambling is different from gambling in India. Based on that data also reinforces the assumption that traditional gambling such as cock fighting, fighting goats, and pigs fighting has continued until now. The forms of gambling animal fights that took place today is a business and community efforts to maintain it. Cockfighting sustained throughout the corners of Java and Bali, fighting goats or sheep are still preserved by the people of West Java, the pig race is still preserved by the people of Soil and race racing pigeons by the people of West Java is a form of culture that still survives to this day."

"This study is determine the story engraved on Candi Kesiman Tengah?s relief and explain the style of depiction and position of the reliefs. The repeated Relief depictions in each side associated with the concept of Vastupurusamandala that often used in the construction of a temple. The purpose of this research is find out religiousity and religious concepts which is existing within the Majapahit. Results of this study is to know the myths or stories in relief that is connected with itspositioning, and some other relief function which shows the position the gods at the temple which is used by the religionist as a medium in carrying out their religious activities.

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Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui cerita yang dipahatkan pada relief Candi Kesiman Tengah serta menjelaskan gaya penggambaran dan keletakan relief. Penggambaran relief yang berulang di setiap sisinya dikaitkan dengan konsep vastupurusamandala yang sering digunakan dalam pembangunan sebuah candi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkapkan nafas keagamaan serta konsep keagamaan yangberkembang di lingkungan Majapahit. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah dengan mengetahui mitos atau cerita pada relief dan dihubungkan dengan keletakannya maka terdapat fungsi relief lainnya yaitu menunjukkan keletakan para dewa pada sebuah candi yang digunakan sebagai media kaum agamawan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan keagamaan."

"ABSTRAKGenerally in Indonesia and especially in Java, until now, in East Java dolmens are known to be found in, which is in Bondowoso and Besuki. Lately, it is known that dolmen are also found in the area of Banyuwangi Regency. One of the monuments from this megalithic tradition found in the area of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII Malangsari, Banyuwangi, East Java. Based on information from the local community it is estimated that the Malangsari plantation area is the Dolmen Tomb Site. Physically, construction of the dolmen in this area only has a few interference because it is buried between 50-60 cm and covered by a coffee plantation which owned by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII. However, some of the dolmens have been excavated by people looters. They were able to open the dolmen tomb simply by opening a stone without unpacking its construction. Dolmen that was found from the excavation at Petak D 55 Sidomaju Block, Afdeling Mulyosari, Malangsari, are still intact if it is seen physically and from the construction, but both the human remains and artifacts ware not found. It is a proof that this dolmen has been opened before. Nevertheless, Malangsari dolmen is a very interesting object to conduct research, because of its wide distribution area and there has not been done a comprehensive research for this object. In the future, this object is important to investigate, both for the development of archaeological research, as well as for the benefit of archaeological resource management in Indonesia. "

"The strategic significance of the Dariali Gorge, the main pass across the central Caucasus, has long been recognised. It forms a border today as it has done for much of the past 2000 years. But how was an effective military force sustained in an isolated Alpine environment? Excavations, osteoarchaeology and landscape survey have revealed that the Early Middle Ages saw as much investment in controlling this key route as there was in Antiquity. Guarded by the same Muslim-led garrison for at least a quarter of a millennium, its survival in a harsh environment was made possible through military effort and long-distance food supplies."