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"Perkembangan zaman telah banyak mengubah gaya hidup manusia saat ini sehingga menimbulkan banyak permasalahan penyakit degeneratif. Tumor otak merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif yang perlu diwaspadai. Dalam penanganan kasus tumor otak, diperlukan pemindaian kepala menggunakan MRI, CT-Scan, dan beberapa metode pencitraan lainnya. Namun demikian, biaya penggunaan perangkat ini dirasakan cukup mahal bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Selain itu, perangkat MRI dan CT-Scan cukup besar dan membutuhkan perlakuan khusus. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan teknologi pencitraan tumor otak yang mudah dan murah, salah satunya menggunakan gelombang mikro. Penggunaan antena untuk transmisi dan penerimaan gelombang mikro pada aplikasi pencitraan tumor otak ini bekerja pada rentang frekuensi yang sangat panjang, yaitu 3,1 - 10,6 GHz. Pemilihan rentang frekuensi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan resolusi citra yang dihasilkan, ukuran yang efektif, dan efisiensi daya. Antena yang akan dirancang bangun adalah antena dipol tercetak dengan teknik pencatuan pandu gelombang koplanar. Untuk mengetahui karakteristik antena pada saat diaplikasikan pada tubuh manusia, digunakan media phantom model kepala manusia. Antena telah disimulasikan pada ruang bebas dan phantom model kepala manusia di rentang frekuensi 3,1-10,6 GHz. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran pada ruang bebas dan kepala seorang sukarelawan, antena telah bekerja dengan baik pada rentang frekuensi 3,1-10,6 GHz tersebut. Pola radiasi diukur pada tiga bidang utama pola radiasi antena, yaitu bidang-xy, -yz, dan -xz pada frekuensi-frekuensi tertentu, yakni 3,1 GHz, 5,8 GHz, 7,5 GHz, dan 10,6 GHz.

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The times have changed people’s lifestyle so there are so many degenerative disease cases around the world. Brain tumour is one of degenerative diseases that have been concerned by doctors and researcher to be investigated. In case of brain tumours, the doctors usually do head scanning on the patient using MRI, CT-Scan, and other common techniques. Even though those techniques provide accurate and high resolution result, however cost of the MRI or CT-Scan is still high for Indonesian people generally. Therefore it is necessary to develop new brain imaging techniques that is easy to operate, inexpensive and non-invasive by using microwaves. The use of antenna for transmitting and receiving microwaves on brain imaging application is working at ultra wide band frequency range, which is at 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The selection of this ultra wide band is aimed to increase the image resolution, to minimize the antenna’s size and to make the power efficiently. The proposed antenna is a printed dipole with coplanar waveguide feeding. This research uses head equivalent phantom to investigate characteristics of the antenna when exposed to head. The antenna has been simulated in free space and head equivalent phantom at 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. Based on measurement results in free space and on a volunteer’s head, it can be investigated that the antenna has worked properly at 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz as desired. The radiation patterns have been measured on three main planes, they are -xy, -yz, and -xz at selected frequencies 3.1 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 7.5 GHz and 10.6 GHz."

"Pengurangan jumlah penderita tumor otak yang meninggal dapat dicegah dengan salah satunya melakukan diagnosis sedini mungkin. Penanganan dalam mendiagnosis lokasi dari tumor tersebut dapat dilakukan secara non-intrusive tanpa memasukkan alat dan non-invasive tanpa merusak yang merupakan syarat untuk mencitrakan objek di dalam tubuh pada bidang kedokteran. Pencitraan gelombang mikro dapat diaplikasikan pada tomografi gelombang mikro. Untuk mencitrakan seluruh jaringan otak mampu didapatkan dengan menggunakan forward problem saja sehingga letak objek yang diinginkan tumor dapat dideteksi juga. Forward problem dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan sistem akuisisi data dengan metode rotasi dan pseudo-rotasi. Pada penelitian skripsi ini akan dirancang sebuah perancangan sistem untuk aplikasi pencitraan gelombang mikro menggunakan algoritma Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ART dengan menggunakan metode rotasi dan pseudo-rotasi. Sistem akuisisi data ini memanfaatkan dipole antenna berfrekuensi 3 GHz dan phantom berbentuk lingkaran sebagai objek. Perangkat keras yang digunakan dalam pengimplementasian sistem akuisisi data yang digunakan adalah menggunakan Signal Hound dan Switching Relay. Sistem antena yang telah dibuat dengan hasil fabrikasi memiliki nilai S11 lebih baik dibandingkan dengan hasil simulasi. Rekonstruksi citra hasil simulasi memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan hasil pengukuran, namun hasil pengukuran memberikan hasil yang lebih baik ketika piksel citra ditambahkan dari matriks 15 x 15 menjadi matriks 60 x 60.

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Reducing the number of brain tumors that die can be prevented by one of them make a diagnosis as early as possible. Handling in diagnosing the location of the tumor can be done non intrusively non invasive and non invasive non destructive which is a requirement for imaging of objects in the body in medicine. Microwave imaging can be applied to microwave tomography. To imaging the entire issues brain can be obtained by using the forward problem only so that the location of the desired object tumor can be detected as well. Forward problem can be achieved by using data acquisition system with rotation and pseudo rotation method.

In this thesis research will be designed a design system for the application of microwave imaging using Algebraic Reconstruction Technique ART algorithm using rotation and pseudo rotation method. The data acquisition system utilizes a 3 GHz dipole antenna and a cylindrical phantom as an object. The hardware used in implementing data acquisition system used is using Signal Hound and Switching Relay.

The antenna system that has been made with the fabrication result has a S11 value better than the simulation result. The simulated image reconstruction gives better results than the measurement results, but the measurement results gives better results when the pixel image is added from the 15 x 15 matrix to the 60 x 60 matrix."

"ABSTRAKKanker payudara adalah kanker yang paling sering didiagnosis di kalanganwanita. Teknik microwave imaging khususnya pencitraan radar UWB (UltraWideband) adalah teknik yang mempunyai gelombang mikro yang non-pengion,lowcost, dan efisien untuk wanita yang lebih muda.Antena yang dirancang adalah antena printed wide slot ukuran 24 × 24 ×1,6 (mm) dengan frekuensi kerja 3,1 GHz – 10,6 GHz, lebar pita > 7,5 GHz.Bahan substrat FR4 dengan tebal 1,6 mm, sedangkan bahan untuk feed, patch danground nya adalah cooper, relative permitivity 4,3 dan loss tangent 0,025. Antenadirancang berdasarkan tiga kondisi yaitu antena tunggal, antena tunggalkonfigurasi 2 (dua) tanpa phantom dan antena tunggal konfigurasi 2 (dua) denganphantom. Phantom yang digunakan adalah phantom homogen berbentuk setengahbola dengan diameter 10 cm. Nilai konstanta dielektrik (εr) dan konduktivitas (σ)phantom pada frekuensi 6 GHz.Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran dari ketiga kondisi yaitu antena tunggal, antenatunggal konfigurasi 2 (dua) tanpa phantom dan antena tunggal konfigurasi 2 (dua)dengan phantom mampu pada frekuensi 3,1 - 10,6 GHz. Antena tunggal memilikibandwidth 2,63 – 10,77 GHz. Antena tunggal konfigurasi 2 (dua) tanpa phantommemiliki bandwidth 2,62 – 10,82 GHz. Antena tunggal konfigurasi 2 (dua)dengan phantom memiliki bandwidth 2,51 – 10,6 GHz. Antena memiliki dimensi24 x 24 x 1,6 [mm]. Nilai VSWR dari ketiga kondisi < 2. Nilai Mutual Couplingdari ketiga kondisi < -20. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, besarnya nilai impedansimasukan antena di frekuensi kerja 6 GHz untuk pencitraan kanker payudaraadalah 27,55 – j2,09, berdasarkan nilai impedansi tesebut antena lebih bersifatkapasitif. Pola radiasi diukur pada dua bidang yaitu bidang xz dan bidang yz. Nilaigain hasil pengukuran pada frekuensi kerja 6 GHz untuk pencitraan kankerpayudara untuk ketiga kondisi yaitu antena tunggal, antena tunggal konfigurasi 2(dua) tanpa phantom dan antena 2 (dua) dengan phantom berturut-turut sebesar2,42 dBi, 3,05 dBi dan 1,27 dBi.

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ABSTRACTBreast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women.Microwave imaging technique specifically radar imaging UWB (Ultra Wideband)is a technique that has a microwave non-ionizing, lowcost, and efficient foryounger women.Designed antenna is printed wide-slot antenna size of 24 × 24 × 1.6 (mm)with a frequency of 3.1 -10.6 GHz, bandwidth > 7.5 GHz. FR4 substrate materialwith 1.6 mm thick, while materials for feeds, patch and ground is cooper, relativepermitivity 4.3 and loss tangent 0.025. The antenna is designed based on threeconditions, there are single antenna, two single antenna configuration withoutphantom and two single antenna configuration with phantom. Homogeneousphantom used is hemispherical with a diameter of 10 cm. Value of the dielectricconstant (εr) and conductivity (σ) at a frequency of 6 GHz.Based on the results of measurements of the three conditions, there aresingle antenna, two single antenna configuration without phantom and two singleantenna configuration with phantom able to work in the frequencies 3.1 to 10.6GHz. Single antenna has a bandwidth of 2.63 to 10.77 GHz. Two antenna singleconfiguration without phantom has a bandwidth of 2.62 to 10.82 GHz. Twosingle antenna configuration with phantom has a bandwidth of 2.51 to 10.6 GHz.Antenna has dimensions of 24 × 24 × 1.6 [mm]. VSWR values of the threeconditions < 2. Mutual coupling values of three conditions < -20. Based on themeasurement results, the value of the input impedance of the antenna at 6 GHz forbreast cancer imaging is 27.55 - j2.09 Ω, antenna is capacitive. Radiation patternis measured at two field there are xz-plane and yz-plane. Gain vaulues of theantenna at 6 GHz for breast cancer imaging for tree condition, there are a singleantenna, two single antenna configuration without phantom and two singleantenna configuration with phantom, respectively for 2.42 dBi, 3.05 and 1.27 dBi."

"ABSTRAKKanker adalah salah satu penyebab kematian terbanyak dan otak termasuk salah satu organ yang rentan terkena kanker. Deteksi dini tumor otak dapat mengurangi resiko terkena kanker. Scanner seperti Computed Tomography (CT) Scan dan Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) adalah alat yang digunakan deteksi dini dan diagnosis tumor otak. Namun, modalitas tersebut berbiaya tinggi, berukuran besar, dan memiliki efek samping terhadap kesehatan. Pencitraan gelombang mikro menawarkan metode pemindaian tumor untuk deteksi dini dengan biaya rendah, ukuran kecil, dan risiko rendah terhadap kesehatan. Compressive Sensing (CS) memungkinkan rekonstruksi citra gelombang mikro dengan data yang sparse. Penelitian ini mengusulkan pengembangan Compressive Sensing dengan Low-Rank Compressive Sensing. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode Low-Rank CS dapat memberikan hasil rekonstruksi yang sama, bahkan lebih baik secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dibandingkan dengan metode Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART), CS murni, maupun CS dengan regularisasi Total Variation (TV). Parameter kualitatif diukur dengan perbandingan visual dan kontur aktif dari citra yang direkonstruksi, sedangkan parameter kuantitatif diukur dengan MSE dan SSIM. Penelitian ini juga telah merancang dan membuat sebuah framework yang mengemas metode Low-Rank CS. Framework tersebut merupakan komponen controller dan image reconstructor untuk produk pendeteksi tumor otak portabel berbasis gelombang mikro yang bersifat open source dan universal (multi-plartform).

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ABSTRACTCancer is one of the leading causes of death and the brain is one of the organs vulnerable to cancer. Early detection of brain tumors can reduce the risk of cancer. Scanners such as Computed Tomography (CT) Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are tools for early detection of brain tumors. However, those modalities are high cost, big size, and has a side effect risk to health. Microwave imaging offers a novel cancer scanning method for early detection with low cost, small size, and low risk to health. The Compressive Sensing (CS) enables the reconstruction of microwave images with a sparse data. This research proposes the development of Compressive Sensing with Low-Rank Compressive Sensing. Experiment shows that the Low-Rank CS method can give the same, even better qualitatively and quantitatively reconstruction results compared to the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART), pure CS, as well as CS with Total Variation (TV) regularization. Qualitative parameters are measured by visual comparison and active contours of the reconstructed image, while quantitative parameters are measured by MSE and SSIM. This research also designed and created a framework that packs the Low-Rank CS methods. The framework is a component of the controller and image reconstructor for a portable microwave-based brain tumor detector products that are open source and multi-platform."

"buku ini membahas tentang bahaya tumor otak dan peranan pencitraan dalam otak."

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, aplikasi Ultra-Wide Band mengalami peningkatan yang cukup pesat seperti radar penembus tanah, radar pendeteksi, sistem pencitraan medis, penginderaan jauh, komunikasi satelit hingga sistem komunikasi nirkabel. Tentunya aplikasi ini membutuhkan antena yang memiliki bandwidth yang lebar, gain dan directivity yang tinggi, serta dimensi yang tidak terlalu besar. Salah satu antena yang paling banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi Ultra-Wide Band adalah antena Antena Antipodal Vivaldi (AVA) karena karakteristiknya yang dapat bekerja secara broadband, memiliki gain tinggi, serta efisiensi radiasi yang sangat baik. AVA yang didesain memiliki dimensi 59 x 62 x 1,6 mm menggunakan substrat FR-4. Modifikasi dilakukan berupa penambahan korugasi dan elemen parasitik dilakukan untuk meningkatkan gain dan directivity dari antena ini. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, AVA ini dapat bekerja di frekuensi 2,9-11,2 GHz dengan gain dan directivity yang tinggi setelah dilakukan modifikasi yang masing-masing memiliki range 5,6-8,5 dB dan 5,6-8,6 dB. AVA ini memiliki pola radiasi direksional dan juga efisiensi total yang tinggi yaitu sekitar 87-98%. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, AVA dapat bekerja pada frekuensi 2,9-11,4 GHz dan memiliki gain sebesar 4,7-8,3 dB serta pola radiasi direksional. Hasil pengukuran ini menunjukkan performa AVA modifikasi yang sudah sangat baik. Dengan demikian, rancang bangun AVA yang telah difabrikasi dapat dikatakan cocok untuk digunakan pada aplikasi UWB.

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In recent years, Ultra-Wide Band applications have experienced a fairly rapid increase such as ground-penetrating radar, detection radar, medical imaging systems, remote sensing, satellite communications, and wireless communication systems. Of course, this application requires an antenna that has a wide bandwidth, high gain and directivity, and dimensions that are small enough. One of the most widely used antennas in Ultra-Wide Band applications is the Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) antenna because of its characteristics that can work in broadband, high gain, and excellent radiation efficiency. The AVA is designed to have dimensions of 59 x 62 x 1.6 mm using the FR-4 substrate. Modifications were made in this antenna form by adding corrugation and parasitic element to increase its gain and directivity. Based on the simulation results, this AVA can work at a frequency of 2.9-11.2 GHz with high gain and directivity which has a range of 5.6-8.5 dB dan 5.6-8.6 dB, respectively after modification. This AVA has a directional radiation pattern and high total efficiency around 87-99%. Based on the measurement results, AVA can work at a frequency of 2.9-11.4 GHz which has gain of 4.7-8.3 dB, and directional radiation pattern. The results of this measurement show that the modified AVA performance is good enough. Thus, the fabricated AVA is suitable for use in UWB applications."

"Otak dan FungsinyaOtak yang saya maksud ialah otak Homo Sapiens, manusia yang sekarang hidup menguasai permukaan sebuah planet dalam salah satu tata surya galaksi Bima Sakti yang disebut bumi. Menurut teori evolusi, di bumi ini sepuluh juta tahun yang lalu telah ada, makhluk golongan Antropoid yang kemudian berkembang bercabang dua, golongan Hominoid dan golongan kera. Kurang lebih satu juta tahun yang lalu, Hominoid terpecah lagi menjadi dua golongan yaitu. Hominid dan Pongid. Dari golongan Pongid berkembang kera-kera besar seperti gorilla, simpanse, orang utan, gibon. Golongan Hominid berkembang menjadi Homo dengan cabang-cabangnya Homo Makapan, Swartkrans, Java, Peking dan lain-lain. Kira-kira 100.000 tahun yang lalu berkembang cabang Neanderthal dan Cromagnon dan kemudian Homo Sapiens.Pengetahuan mengenai makhluk-makhluk pra Homo Sapiens ini didapat dan penelitian sisa rangkanya yang ditemukan. Tengkorak kepala makhluk-makhluk purba ini berbeda bentuknya dari tengkorak '' Homo Sapiens. Makin purba makhluknya;. makin banyak kemiripannya dengan tengkorak golongan kera, antara lain bagian dahinya lebih rendah,. Volume tengkorak pada umumnya lebih kecil, Volume tengkorak Homo Java, Homo Erectus yang didapatkan di Trinil misalnya ialah 815 cm3. Volume tengkorak Horrid-Sapiens, 1300-1500 cm3: (18).Tengkorak berisi otak yang rnerupakan jaringan yang terurai bila makhluknya mati. Bagaimana bentuk dan besar otak makhluk purba hanya dapat diperkirakan dengan membuat cetakan isi tengkorak. Studi perbandingan otak manusia dilakukam dengan menggunakan otak hewan yang terdapat saat ini."

"Perkenankan pula saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Pemerintah Indonesia, kepada Bapak Presiden serta Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan yang telah memberi kepercayaan kepada saya untuk bertugas sebagai Guru Besar Tetap Ilmu Neurologi. Pada kesempatan ini saya memilrh judul pidato:"Peranan Stimulasi yang Berdasarkan Konsep Spesialisasi Dua Belahan dan Plastisitas Otak pada Peningkatan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia"Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Tabap II berlandaskan pembangunan ekonomi dan bertumpu pada peningkatan kualitas hidup dan sumber daya manusia (SDM). Faktor-faktor peningkatan sumber daya manusia terletak antara lain pada aspek ekonomi, kesehatan, pendidikan dan iptek. Peningkatan kesehatan dan pendidikan berarti pula peningkatan kemampuan otak, baik otak yang mengalami gangguan maupun otak yang sehat dan normal.Dua prestasi manusia yang paling menonjol dalam abad ini adalah "Quantum Cosmology" (sains tentang semesta) dan "Neuroscience" (sains tentang otak). Yang pertama adalah studi tentang awal hidup manusia dan yang kedua tentang perjalanan nasib hidup manusia. Neurosains menjadi begitu pentingnya hingga mantan Presiden Bush dari Amerika Serikat mencanangkan tahun 1990-2000 sebagai "The Decade of the Brain".Dalam era globalisasi ini -mau tidak mau- Indonesia harus menengok ke dunia luar, antara lain terhadap dekade otak tersebut. Betapa pentingnya otak dapat disimak dari banyaknya masalah yang dapat ditimbulkannya, yaitu sekitar 650 jenis masalah, mulai dari masalah yang berat dan fatal seperti stroke, trauma susunan saraf, dan sebagainya sampai pada masalah pembelajaran dan kesulitan belajar. Semua itu menyebabkan kerugian besar secara sosial dan, ekonomis.Para pakar neurosains dari berbagai disiplin ilmu mempelajari otak dan masalahnya karena menyadari bahwa otak manusia merupakan struktur hidup yang paling kompleks dalam jagad raya ini. Bayangkan bahwa otak dikemas oleh milyaran sel neuron dan bahwa setiap sel neuron saling berkomunikasi rata-rata dengan 10.000 sel lainnya. Komunikasi itu dilakukan melalui sinyal biolistrik dan kimiawi, dan sampai sekarang telah ditemukan paling sedikit 40 jenis zat kimiawi yang disebut sebagai neurotransmiter (3).Teknik dan pendekatan canggih yang memungkinkan adanya penelitian langsung tentang mekanisme otak telah membuka cakrawala baru tentang hubungan di antara perilaku (behavior) dan struktur serta fungsi otak manusia. Pengetahuan yang berawal pada tahun 1910 dan disebut sebagai "behaviorism" berkembang pesat dan kini disebut dengan berbagai istilah, seperti Behavioral Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, dan Higher Corti-cal Functions. Dalam pada itu Bagian Neurologi FKUI/RSCM menggunakan nama Fungsi Luhur (Fungsi Kortikal Luhur)(10,14,23,25). PeriIaku dalam konteks ini mencakup fungsi bahasa, memori, visuospasial, emosi, dan kognisi (6)."

"[ABSTRAKTumor otak (TO) merupakan penyebab kematian kedua darisemua kanker yang terjadi pada anak. TO memiliki gambaran klinis, radiologisdan histopatologis yang sangat bervariasi karena proses pengembangan sel-seljaringan otak masih berlanjut sampai usia 3 tahun. Data penelitian mengenai TOpada anak masih sedikit.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui gambaran klinis, radiologis, histopatologis dan faktorprognostik TO di Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI/ RS. Dr.Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta periode tahun 2010 - 2015.Metode Penelitian: Kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada semua anak dengan TOprimer yang berobat/dirawat di Departemen Ilmu Kesehahatan Anak FKUI/RSDr. Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta.Hasil: Didapatkan 88 pasien TO primer, terdiri dari 16 pasien berusia kurang dari3 tahun dan 72 pasien berusia lebih dari 3 tahun, laki-laki 53% dan perempuan47%. Anak usia kurang dari 3 tahun mengalami gejala sakit kepala (63%) dankejang (56%), berdasarkan radiologis letak TO yang terbanyak adalah di cerebralventrikel (25%) dan cerebellum (24%), berdasarkan histopatologis jenis TO yangterbanyak adalah Astrositoma (31%) dan Medulloblastoma (25%). Anak usialebih dari 3 tahun mengalami gejala sakit kepala (81%) dan gangguan penglihatan(65%), berdasarkan radiologis letak TO yang terbanyak adalah di cerebellum(24%) dan suprasellar (10 %), berdasarkan histopatologis jenis TO yangterbanyak adalah Medulloblastoma (21%), Astrositoma (18%) dan Glioma (17%).Angka kehidupan TO adalah 37 %. Tidak didapatkan faktor prognostik TO yangbermakna.Kesimpulan: Gejala TO tersering adalah sakit kepala, berdasarkan radiologisletak tumor terbanyak adalah di cerebellum serta berdasarkan histopatologis jenistumor terbanyak adalah Medulloblastoma dan Astrositoma. Tidak didapatkanfaktor prognostik TO pada anak.

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ABSTRACTPrimary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.;Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor., Background: Primary brain tumors rank second as the most frequent neoplasm inchildren. The lesions occurring in neonates or infants have been reported to differfrom those in older children in terms of their clinical presentation, radiology andhistopathology features.Objective To clarify the clinical presentation, radiology, histopathology features.and prognostic factor of primary brain tumors in Child DepartmentCiptomangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta in 2010 - 2015.Method: Retrospective cohort using medical records and neuroradiological danhistopathological studies, we analyzed each patient?s clinical presentation, tumorlocation, histopathological diagnosis and treatment then we compared betweenunder 3 years of age and more 3 years of age . The patients were followed untiltheir death or until the end of October 2015.Result: 88 patient of primer brain tumor that consist of 16 patients with under 3years of age and 72 patients with more 3 years of age. Boys are 53% and girlsare 47% . The most symptoms of children under 3 years of age is headache (63%)and seizure (56%), based on radiology the most location tumor is cerebralventrikel (25%) and cerebellum (24%), based on histopathology the predominanttumor is Astrositoma (31%) and Medulloblastoma (25%). The most symptomsof children more 3 years of age is headache (81%) and visual difficulties (65%),based on radiology the most tumor location is cerebellum (24%) and suprasellar(10 %), based on histopathology the predominat tumor is Medulloblastoma(21%), Astrositoma (18%) and Glioma (17%). The life expectancy rate is 37 %.There is no prognostic factor of brain tumor.Conclusion: The most symptom of brain tumor is headache, based on radiologythe most tumor location is cerebellum, and based on histopathology thepredominant tumor is Medulloblastoma and Astrositoma. There is no prognosticfactor of brain tumor.]"

"Tumor supresor gen p53 (TP53) merupakan salah satu marker yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi terjadinya mutasi pada sel kanker. Sampel Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) merupakan metode penyimpanan sampel untuk jangka panjang. Sampel FFPE mengandung materi genetik dan protein. Namun, DNA yang terkandung pada sampel FFPE sering mengalami degradasi yang menyebabkan rendahnya konsentrasi DNA yang dapat diamplifikasi dengan metode PCR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimal PCR dalam amplifikasi gen target TP53 pada sampel FFPE yang telah tersimpan lebih dari satu tahun. Terdapat dua primer yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu primer referensi dari penelitian sebelumnya dan primer yang dirancang sendiri. Kemampuan deteksi dari primer referensi dievaluasi menggunakan satu kali PCR. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan amplifikasi gen target TP53 menggunakan dua metode PCR yaitu nested PCR dan two round PCR. Selanjutnya dilakukan perbandingan ketebalan pita amplikon pada kedua metode tersebut. Evaluasi primer referensi menunjukkan bahwa primer dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi ekson 2 hingga 11 dari gen TP53. Hasil visualisasi produk PCR dari metode nested PCR yang dibandingkan dengan metode two round PCR menunjukkan bahwa pita ekson gen TP53 lebih tebal apabila deteksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode two round PCR.

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Tumor suppressor gene p53 (TP53) is one of the markers used to detect mutations in cancer cells. Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples are a method of storing samples for the long term. FFPE samples contain genetic material and protein. However, the DNA contained in FFPE samples is often degraded which causes a low concentration of DNA that can be amplified by the PCR method. This study was conducted to determine the optimal PCR conditions for the amplification of the TP53 target gene in FFPE samples that have been stored for more than one year. There were two primers used in this study, namely reference primers from previous studies and self-designed primers. The detectability of the reference primers was evaluated using one-time PCR. Then continued with the amplification of the TP53 target gene using two PCR methods, namely nested PCR and two round PCR. Furthermore, a comparison of the thickness of the amplicon tape in the two methods was carried out. Evaluation of the reference primers showed that the primers could be used to detect exons 2 through 11 of the TP53 gene. The results of visualization of PCR products from the nested PCR method compared with the two round PCR method showed that the exon band of the TP53 gene was thicker when the detection was carried out using the two round PCR method."