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"Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis polistirena-ko-poli(etil akrilat) dengan metode Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi stabilisator dan inisiator terhadap solid content dan viskositas, serta mempelajari pengaruh variasi komposisi monomer terhadap temperatur transisi gelas (Tg). Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi stabilisator dan inisiator maka solid content dan viskositas akan semakin tinggi, dan pada variasi komposisi monomer tidak memberikan kecenderungan pada temperatur transisi gelas yang dihasilkan. Terbentuknya polistirena-ko-poli(etil akrilat) ditunjukkan oleh hasil karakterisasi dengan Fourier Transform Infra Red dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry yang terlampir dalam penelitian ini dan memiliki hasil tidak terbentuk homopolimer dari masing-masing monomer.

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In this research, the synthesis of polystyrene-co-poly(ethyl acrylate) by the method of Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) has been done to study the effect of the concentration of stabilizers and initiators on the solid content and viscosity of them. Then, this experiment also studied the effect of variations of monomers composition on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene-co-poly(ethyl acrylate). The result showed that the higher concentration of stabilizers and initiators were, the higher the solid content and viscosity of the copolymer was obtained. In addition, the monomers composition did not affect the glass transition temperature of the resulting copolymers. The formation of polystyrene-co-poly(ethyl acrylate) was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red and Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the results showed that the formation of two homopolymers did not appeared."

"Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis polistirena-blok-poli(etil akrilat) dengan metode atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) untuk mempelajari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi inisiator terhadap berat molekul dan indeks polidispersitas (PDI) makroinisiator, serta mempelajari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi monomer terhadap sifat termal kopolimer blok. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh semakin tinggi konsentrasi inisiator, berat molekul dan nilai indeks polidipersitas yang didapat semakin kecil. Komposisi optimum untuk sintesis makroinisiator polistirena didapat saat konsentrasi inisiator 1,6%, dengan rata-rata berat molekul sebesar 3613 g/mol dan diperoleh nilai indeks polidispersitas sebesar 1,07. Terbentuknya polistirena-blok-poli(etil akrilat) ditunjukkan oleh hasil karakterisasi dengan nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). Munculnya puncak kuartet pada 4,2 ppm menunjukkan serapan dari metil ester poli(etil akrilat). Hasil karakterisasi dengan gel permeation chromatography (GPC) juga menunjukkan bertambahnya berat molekul menjadi 4098 g/mol. Dengan demikian polistirena-blok-poli(etil akrilat) telah berhasil disintesis.

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Within this research, polystyrene-block-poly(ethyl acrylate) synthesis is done by using the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method to study the effects of various initiator concentration towards the molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) macroinisiator, also to study the effects of various monomer concentration towards the thermal properties of block copolymers. The conclusion resulted from this research is that the higher the concentration initiator, the smaller the molecular weight and PDI number obtained. The optimum composition to synthesize polystyrene macroinisiator is obtained when the initiator concentration is 1,6% with the average molecular weight of 3613 g/mol and the polydispersity index number 1,07. The formation of polystyrene-block-poly(ethyl acrylate) is shown by the result of characterization with nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The emergence of maximum quartet at 4,2 ppm indicates the uptake from methyl esters of poly(ethyl acrylate). The result of characterization with permeation chromatography (GPC) also shows the increase of molecular weight, becoming 4098 g/mol. Therefore, polystyrene-block-poly(ethyl acrylate) has successfully been synthesized."

"Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis polistirena melalui polimerisasi radikal terkontrol menggunakan metode Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) serta mempelajari pengaruh variasi waktu reaksi, variasi konsentrasi ligan, katalis, dan inisiator terhadap persen konversi, distribusi berat molekul, dan indeks polidispersitas. Variasi kondisi reaksi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan komposisi optimum sintesis polistirena dengan persen konversi tinggi, distribusi berat molekul sempit, dan indeks polidispersitas kecil (≈1). Polistirena telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode ATRP menggunakan ligan PMDETA, katalis CuBr, inisiator EBiB, dan pelarut sikloheksanon. Parameter keberhasilan dilihat dari persen konversi dan berbagai hasil karakterisasi seperti FTIR, GPC, dan DSC. Komposisi optimum sintesis polistirena yaitu pada konsentrasi ligan 4%, katalis 2%, dan inisiator 4% terhadap 100% mol stirena. Persen konversi polistirena pada komposisi optimum mencapai 91,4% dan diperoleh nilai indeks polidispersitas sebesar 1,17, rata-rata berat molekul 3.526 g/mol, dan suhu transisi gelas 72,42°C.

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This research has been conducted synthesis of polystyrene through controlled radical polymerization by using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) method and also studied about the influence of variation of time reactions, variation of ligand, catalyst, and initiator concentrations toward conversion percentage, molecular weight distribution, and polydispersity index. The condition of variation reactions has been done to obtain the optimum composition of reaction thus it got polystyrene with higher conversion percentage, a narrow range of molecular weight distribution, and small index of polydispersity (≈1). Polystyrene has been successfully synthesized by ATRP method using PMDETA as ligand, CuBr as catalyst, EBiB as initiator, and cyclohexanone as solvent. The parameter of successful can be seen from the percentage of conversion and various results of characterization such as FTIR, GPC, and DSC. The optimum composition to synthesis of polystyrene where the concentration of ligand is 4%, catalyst is 2%, and initiator is 4% against 100% mol of styrene. The conversion percentage of polystyrene at the optimum composition reached 91.4% and obtained the result of polydispersity index by 1.17, the average molecular weight is 3.526 g/mol, and the glass transition temperature is 72.42°C."

"Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis poli(metil metakrilat)/PMMA dengan metode polimerisasi radikal bebas terkontrol yaitu metode Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). Variasi yang dilakukan yaitu variasi waktu, suhu, katalis, ligan, dan inisiator untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum dengan persen konversi yang tinggi dan distribusi berat molekul sempit atau indeks polidispersitas yang mendekati 1. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh semakin tinggi suhu dan semakin lama waktu maka semakin besar pula persen konversi yang dihasilkan. Dari variasi komposisi yang dilakukan, komposisi optimum sintesis poli(metil metakrilat) yang diperoleh yaitu dengan perbandingan monomer: katalis : ligan : inisiator (100 : 2 : 4 : 1) dan dihasilkan persen konversi sebanyak 64,6%. Terbentuknya poli(metil metakrilat) ditunjukkan dengan karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR yaitu dengan hilangnya puncak C=C pada bilangan gelombang 1636 cm-1. Hasil polimerisasi dengan komposisi optimum dikarakterisasi menggunakan GPC untuk mengetahui distribusi berat molekul dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan DSC untuk mengetahui suhu transisi gelas (Tg). Tg PMMA yang diperoleh yaitu 80,7oC. Indeks polidispersitas PMMA yang diperoleh dari komposisi optimum yaitu 2,6 dengan rata-rata berat-berat molekul (Mw) 9026 g/mol.

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In this research the synthesis of poly methyl methacrylate PMMA has been done by the method of controlled radical polymerization Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ATRP Variations that has been done in this study were variation of time variation of temperature variation of catalyst ligand and initiator concentration to get the optimum condition with the high conversion and the narrow molecular weight distribution or polidispersity index close to one The conclusion resulted from this research is that the higher temperature and time the higher conversion obtained From variations of composition that has be done the optimum composition of synthesis poly methyl methacrylate is obtained when the comparison of monomer catalyst ligand initiator is 100 2 4 1 produced conversion 64 6 The formation of poly methyl methacrylate is shown by the result of characterization with FTIR peak of C C disappeared in wavenumber 1636 cm 1 The result of polymerization with optimum composition charactherized by Gel Permeation Chromatography GPC to know the molecule weight distribution and characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC to know the temperature of glass transition Tg Tg PMMA is known 80 7oC Polidispersity index PMMA with optimum composition in this research is 2 6 with weight average molecular weight Mw is 9026 g mol."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis polimer suspensi poli[stirena-ko-(butil akrilat)] melalui polimerisasi radikal bebas untuk mempelajari pengaruh komposisi monomer stirena dan butil akrilat terhadap temperatur transisi gelas (Tg) kopolimer, serta mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi inisiator benzoil peroksida terhadap solid content, viskositas dan ukuran partikel kopolimer. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa, komposisi monomer mempengaruhi nilai Tg kopolimer, dengan semakin banyak komposisi monomer stirena yang digunakan, semakin tinggi nilai Tg kopolimer yang dihasilkan. Komposisi monomer optimum diperoleh pada saat perbandingan komposisi antara stirena dengan butil akrilat 55:45, dengan Tg yang dihasilkan sebesar 38,18ºC. Konsentrasi inisiator mempengaruhi nilai solid content dan viskositas, akan tetapi tidak mempengaruhi ukuran partikel kopolimer. Konsentrasi inisiator optimum diperoleh pada saat konsentrasi inisiator 1% dari berat monomer total, dengan nilai solid content yang dihasilkan sebesar 39,34% dan viskositas kopolimer sebesar 781,25 centiPoise. Karakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, GPC dan DSC menunjukkan bahwa polimer suspensi poli[stirena-ko-(butil akrilat)] telah berhasil disintesis.

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In this research, suspension polymers of poly[styrene-co-(butyl acrylate)] synthesis was done by using free radical polymerization method to study not only the effects of various monomer composition of styrene and butyl acrylate on the glass transition temperature (Tg), but also to study the effects of various initiator concentration of benzoyl peroxide on the solid content, viscosity and particle size of copolymer. The result showed that monomer composition affected the Tg of copolymers. The more amount of styrene used, the higher value of Tg copolymers produced. Optimum monomer composition was obtained when the composition ratio between styrene and butyl acrylate 55:45, with the value of Tg of 38,18ºC. Initiator concentration affected the value of solid content and viscosity, but didn?t affect the particle size of copolymer. Optimum initiator concentration was obtained when the initiator concentration 1% from the total weight of monomers, with the value of solid content of 39,34% and the viscosity of 781,25 centiPoise. The FTIR, GPC and DSC result showed that suspension polymers of poly[styrene-co-(butyl acrylate)] has been successfully synthesized."

"Pengaruh penambahan emulsifier lesitin terhadap kestabilan campuran madu herbal madu minyak habbatussauda dan minyak zaitun telah diteliti Kestabilan campuran madu herbal diuji dengan dengan 4 macam cara yaitu sentrifugasi cycling test uji viskositas dan uji ukuran partikel Hasil uji sentrifugasi pada campuran madu herbal dengan konsentrasi lesitin di bawah 5 massa minyak tidak menunjukkan adanya pemisahan fasa Penambahan lesitin setelah batas tertentu akan meningkatkan viskositas campuran Penambahan lesitin sebesar 5 dari massa total minyak ke dalam campuran dengan konsentrasi minyak 7 5 memberikan viskositas yang minimum 4870 cp Cycling test dilakukan dalam refrigerator 4oC dan oven 40oC selama masing masing 24 jam sebanyak 3 kali Hasil cycling test tidak menunjukkan adanya kristalisasi ataupun pemisahan fasa Analisis PSA Particle Size Analyzer membuktikan bahwa penambahan lesitin menyebabkan pembesaran ukuran partikel Rata rata diameter partikel campuran madu herbal tanpa lesitin sebesar 6 3 mm sedangkan campuran madu herbal dengan lesitin sebanyak 1 dari total minyak adalah sebesar 4 67 mm Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan lesitin sebanyak 1 5 dari total massa minyak konsentrasi 7 5 10 dapat menghasilkan campuran yang stabil

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The influence of adding lecithin emulsifier on the stability of a mixture of herbal honey honey Black Seed oil and olive oil was examined Stability tested herbal honey mixture with 4 kinds of ways namely centrifugation cycling test viscosity test and the test particle size Centrifugation test results in a mixture of herbal honey with lecithin concentrations below 5 oil mass not show phase separation The addition of lecithin after a certain threshold will increase the viscosity of the mixture The addition of 5 lecithin total mass of oil into the mix with the oil concentration of 7 5 gives a minimum viscosity cp 4870 Cycling test performed at 4oC refrigerator and oven 40oC for 24 hours each 3 times Cycling test result does not indicate the availability of crystallization or phase separation Analysis of PSA Particle Size Analyzer showed that the addition of lecithin causes enlargement of the particle size The average particle diameter of herbal honey mixture without lecithin is 6 3 mm while herbal honey with lecithin mixture of 1 of the total oil is at a 4 67 mm From this study it can be concluded that the use of lecithin 1 5 of the total mass of oil concentration from 7 5 to 10 can produce stable mixtures "

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis kopolimer pH-sensitif poli(N-vinil pirolidon)-blok-poli(N-hidroksimetil akrilamida) menggunakan metode atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) dengan memvariasikan komposisi monomer N-hidroksimetil akrilamida untuk melihat pengaruhnya terhadap sensitivitas kopolimer blok tersebut pada berbagai pH. Untuk melihat gugus fungsi yang terdapat pada kopolimer digunakan FT-IR, sedangkan struktur kopolimer dikarakterisasi menggunakan 1H-NMR. Kemudian, karakterisasi menggunakan particle size analyzer dilakukan untuk melihat sensitivitas dari kopolimer dengan melihat perubahan ukuran partikel kopolimer pada berbagai pH. Dalam penelitian ini, kopolimer poli(N-vinil pirolidon)-blok-poli(N-hidroksimetil akrilamida) mengalami perubahan ukuran partikel pada berbagai pH. Pada pH asam ukuran partikel kopolimer akan lebih besar dibandingkan pada pH basa. Selain itu, semakin banyak komposisi monomer N-hidroksimetil akrilamida maka ukuran partikel akan lebih besar.

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In this reseach, the synthesis of pH-sensitive poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)-block-poly(N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide) was carried out using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by varying the monomer composition of N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide to observe the effect of monomer composition on copolymer sensitivity at various pH. Functional groups in copolymers were characterized using FT-IR, and the structures of copolymers were investigated with ¹H-NMR. In order to observe copolymer sensitivity to pH, characterization using particle size analyzer was performed by studying the changes in particle sizes of copolymers at various pH. In this research, particle sizes of poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)-block-poly(N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide) changes in various pH. At low pH, the particle sizes of copolymers became much bigger than at high pH. Besides that, particle sizes increased along with the increasing monomer composition of N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide."

"Nanogel responsif pH dan temperatur merupakan material hidrogel berukuran nano yang berpotensi diaplikasikan dalam sistem pengikatan dan pelepasan obat terkontrol. Poli(Nvinilkaprolaktam) (PNVCL) telah banyak dibuktikan bersifat termoresponsif dengan temperatur cloud point transition (Tc) berkisar 32-38˚C. Poli(N-metilolakrilamida) (PNMA) di lain sisi dapat merupakan polimer yang diduga memiliki sifat responsif terhadap pH dan juga telah digunakan untuk mengatur Tc pada kopolimer termoresponsif. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis polimer nanogel responsif pH dan temperatur poli(N-vinilkaprolaktam-ko- N-metilolakrilamida) (P(NVCL-ko-NMA)) melalui polimerisasi emulsi mengikuti mekanisme free radical polymerization (FRP) dengan memvariasikan komposisi monomer N-vinilkaprolaktam (PNVCL) dan N-metilolakrilamida (NMA) serta konsentrasi agen pengikat silang N,N’-metilenbisakrilamida (MBA) untuk mempelajari pengaruhnya terhadap respons nanogel tersebut pada berbagai pH dan temperatur. Analisis FT-IR dan 1H-NMR membuktikan terbentuknya nanogel dari sintesis yang dikerjakan. Karakterisasi UV-Vis dan particle size analyzer (PSA) menunjukkan bahwa nanogel dengan komposisi monomer 75% NVCL dan 25% NMA dengan 4%MBA menunjukkan Tc di sekitar 37˚C pada pH 7,4. Selain itu, Tc nanogel meningkat dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi monomer NMA dalam nanogel. Adapun peningkatan persen MBA akan menurunkan Tc dari nanogel yang disintesis. Nanogel P(NVCL-ko-NMA) juga terbukti menunjukkan respons pH dengan meningkatnya nilai Tc pada pH asam.

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Temperature and pH responsive nanogels are nano-sized hydrogel materials that have potentials to be applied in controlled drug binding and release systems. Poly(Nvinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) has been proven to be thermoresponsive with cloud point transition (Tc) temperatures ranging from 32-38˚C. Poly(N-methylolacrylamide) (PNMA) on the other hand is considered to have pH responsive properties and has also been used to regulate Tc in thermoresponsive copolymers. In this study, a pH and temperature responsive nanogels of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-methylolacrylamide) (P(NVCL-co-NMA)) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization via free radical polymerization (FRP). In this study, the monomer composition and concentration of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent were varied to study their effect on the responsivity of nanogels to temperature and pH.. FT-IR and 1H-NMR analysis proved the polymerization was successfully conducted. UV-Vis characterization and particle size analyzer (PSA) showed that nanogels with a monomer composition of NVCL and NMA of 75% and 25%, respectively, and using 4% of MBA showed Tc around 37˚C at pH 7.4. In addition, Tc nanogels increased with increasing concentration of NMA monomers in nanogels. The increase in MBA percent will decrease the Tc of the synthesized nanogels. P(NVCL-co- NMA) nanogel was also shown to show pH response with increasing Tc value at acidic pH."

"Polimerisasi suspensi merupakan salah satu teknik polimerisasi dispersi di mana monomer terdispersi dalam air sebagai fasa kontinyunya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis kopolimer poli[stirena-ko-(butil akrilat)] dengan teknik polimerisasi suspensi melalui metode Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). Variasi konsentrasi stabilizer poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA), inisiator etil α-bromoisobutirat (EBIB), dan komposisi monomer dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada (i) konsentrasi PVA 5% dengan viskositas 1550 mPa.s, (ii) perbandingan massa total monomer dan inisiator EBIB sebesar 211:10 dengan ukuran partikel 1,832 µm serta distribusi ukuran partikel yang monomodal, dan (iii) komposisi monomer stirena dan butil akrilat sebesar 50:50 (wt/wt%) dengan temperatur transisi gelas sebesar 12,45oC. Parameter keberhasilan terjadinya kopolimerisasi dibuktikan oleh karakterisasi FTIR, DSC, dan GPC.

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Suspension Polymerization is one of dispersion polymerization technique which monomers are dispersed in water as continuous phase. In this study, synthesis of copolymers poly[styrene-co-(butyl acrylate)] by using suspension polymerization technique via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) was performed. Concentration of stabilizer poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), initiator ethyl-α-bromoisobutyrate (EBIB), and monomers composition were varied to obtain The optimum conditions. The optimum conditions were obtained at (i) PVA concentration of 5% with viscosity of 1550 mPa.s, (ii) total mass ratio of monomer and initiator EBIB of 211:10 with particle size of 1,832 µm and monomodal particle size distribution, and (iii) composition between monomers styrene and butyl acrylate of 50:50 (wt/wt%) with transition glass temperature of 12,45oC. The success of the copolymerization was evidenced by FTIR, DSC, and GPC characterization."