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"Written by an international team from academia and the pharmaceutical industry, this book covers all aspects of the oral bioavailability of medicines. The focus is placed on methods for determining the parameters relevant to bioavailability. These range from modern physicochemical techniques via biological studies in vitro and in vivo right up to computer-aided predictions. The authors specifically address possibilities for optimizing bioavailability during the early screening stage for the active substance. Its clear structure and comprehensive coverage make this book equally suitable for researchers and lecturers in industry and teaching."

"Many times drugs work fine when tested outside the body, but when they are tested in the body they fail. One of the major reasons a drug fails is that it cannot be absorb by the body in a way to have the effect it was intended to have. Permeability, solubility, dissolution, and charged state of ionizable molecules :- Helps drug discovery professionals to eliminate poorly absorbable molecules early in the drug discovery process, which can save drug companies millions of dollars.- Extensive tabulations, in appendix format, of properties and structures of about 200 standard drug molecules.This book attempts to describe the state of the art in measurement of ionization constants (pKa), oil–water partition coefficients (log P/log D), solubility, and permeability (artificial phospholipid membrane barriers). Permeability is covered in considerable detail, based on a newly developed methodology known as parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)."

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Kurkumin adalah metabolit sekunder hasil isolasi dari tanaman Curcuma longa Linn. Kurkumin memiliki manfaat sebagai antikanker, antiinflamasi, antioksidan, antiproliferatif, antibakteri, antivirus, pewarna alami, dan bumbu masakan. Namun, manfaat yang dimiliki oleh kurkumin, khususnya dalam bidang medis tidak dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal karena keterbatasan yang dimilikinya. Kurkumin memiliki sifat fisikokimia yang buruk, yaitu kelarutan yang buruk dalam air, stabilitas yang buruk, dan bioavailabilitas yang rendah. Pembentukan kompleks inklusi suatu senyawa dengan siklodekstrin dan turunannya mampu memperbaiki sifat fisika dan kimia dari senyawa yang akan diinklusi tersebut. Berdasarkan literatur, pembentukan kompleks inklusi kurkumin dengan siklodekstrin dan turunannya mampu meningkatkan kelarutan, stabilitas, dan bioavailabilitas dari kurkumin. Skripsi ini merupakan artikel review berisi tentang kompleks inklusi kurkumin dengan siklodekstrin dan turunannya dalam berbagai metode pembuatan, serta karakterisasi kompleks yang pernah dilakukan oleh para peneliti.

 

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Curcumin is a secondary metabolite isolated from the Curcuma longa Linn. Curcumin has properties as an anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antiviral, natural coloring, and cooking spices. However, the properties possessed by curcumin cannot be utilized optimally because of its limitations. Curcumin has poor physicochemical properties, such as poor solubility in water, poor stability, and low bioavailability. The formation of this inclusion complex of a compound with cyclodextrin and its derivatives can improve the physical and chemical properties of the inclusion compound. Based on the literature, the structure of curcumin inclusion complexes with cyclodextrin and their derivatives can increase solubility, stability, and bioavailability of curcumin. This review article contains the complex of curcumin with cyclodextrins and their derivatives in various manufacturing methods, as well as complex characterizations that researchers have carried out.

 

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"Untuk memenuhi Sustainable Development Goals PBB no.13 yaitu mengambil tindakan untuk mengatasi permasalahan perubahan iklim, salah satu hal yang harus diatasi adalah emisi gas karbon dioksida. Di antara banyak metode, yang paling umum digunakan adalah penjerapan CO2 dengan menggunakan absorben. Dalam penelitian mencari absorben yang paling ramah lingkungan, Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) ditemukan sebagai alternatif pengganti teknologi penyerapan CO2 konvensional dan ILs. Sebelumnya, dibuat seperangkat alat untuk uji absorpsi CO2 oleh DES di Lab RPKA, Departemen Teknik Kimia, Universitas Indonesia. Akan tetapi, kapasitas absorpsi CO2 yang dihasilkan relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan penelitian sejenis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil tersebut dengan melakukan modifikasi alat. Pada penelitian ini, DES yang terbentuk dari kombinasi antara Carvacrol dan 1-Naphthol dengan rasio molar 9:1 menghasilkan kapasitas absorpsi CO2 yang tertinggi pada tekanan 7,06 bar dengan fraksi mol CO2 0,46 mol CO2/mol DES, dimana pada penelitian sebelumnya dihasilkan 0,0090 mol CO2/mol DES pada tekanan 7,88 bar. Oleh karena itu, penambahan stirring dalam uji absorpsi terbukti memperbesar permukaan absorpsi CO2 sehingga meningkatkan perpindahan masssa molekul CO2.

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To fulfil the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals no.13, which is taking actions to combat climate change, one of the most important things to do is to solve the carbon dioxide gas emission. One of the most used methods is CO2 capture by using absorbent. In the research to find the most “green” absorbent, Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is discovered as an alternative to the conventional CO2 capture technology and ILs. Previously, an apparatus set is made in the RPKA laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, to test CO2 absorption by DES. However, the CO2 absorption capacity is still lower than in similar research. This research aims to improve the result by modifying the apparatus set. The DES combination of Carvacrol and 1-Naphthol with a 9:1 molar ratio in this research results in the highest CO2 absorption capacity under 7.06 bars pressure with CO2 mole fraction of 0.46 mol CO2/mol DES, while the previous research results in 0.0090 mol CO2/mol DES under 7.88 bars pressure. Therefore, adding stirring while doing the absorption test is proven to enlarge the CO2 absorption surface and thus boost the mass transfer of CO2 molecules."

"Saat ini, pengembangan carbon nanotube CNT sebagai bahan penghantar obat kanker telah menjadi salah satu topik utama dalam dunia nanomedicine. Hal ini dikarenakan CNT memiliki kemampuan loading obat dan targetting delivery yang tinggi tanpa menimbulkan efek samping. Namun, solubilitas CNT yang rendah memiliki keterbatasan untuk memenuhi standar Sistem Penghantar Obat SPO. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh pengaruh penambahan H2O2 hidrogen peroksida terhadap sifat solubilitas CNT yang sudah terfungsionalisasi f-CNT. CNT difungsionalisasi secara kovalen dengan campuran larutan asam HNO3, H2SO4, dan HCl. Variasi yang dilakukan yaitu pada suhu sonikasi 20,40,dan 60oC. Suhu sonikasi yang optimum akan menghasilkan f-CNT dengan kestabilan suspensi yang tinggi dan tidak merusak morfologi CNT. f-CNT dikarakterisasi dengan Fourier Infrared Transformation Spectroscopy FTIR, Scanning Electron Miscroscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy SEM-EDS, Thermal Gravimetry Analysis TGA, UV-Vis Spectroscopy,dan tes dispersi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa f-CNT dengan suhu sonikasi 40oC dan penambahan H2O2 CS5 menghasilkan persen solubilitas tertinggi yaitu sebesar 18,3. Sampel CS5 juga memiliki waktu dispersi lebih dari 35 hari, derajat fungsionalisasi sebesar 35,53, tidak mengubah karakteristik morfologi CNT, dan tidak mengandung pengotor.

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Currently, the development of carbon nanotubes CNT as drug delivery has become one of the main topics in nanomedicine. This is because CNT has the ability for high anticancer drug loading and high targetting delivery without causing side effects. Solubility of CNT has limitations in meeting the standards of the Drug Delivery System DDS.

This research aims to study the effect of the addition of H2O2 hydrogen peroxide to the solubility of functionalized CNT f CNT. f CNT is treated covalently using a mixture of acids HNO3, H2SO4, and HCl. Variations were performed at sonication temperatures namely 20, 40, and 60oC. The best sonication temperature is f CNT which has a high degree of suspension stability and does not damage the morphology of CNT. f CNT characterization was performed using fourier infrared transformation spectroscopy FTIR, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy SEM EDS, thermal gravimetry analysis TGA, UV Vis spectroscopy and dispersion test.

The study resulted that the f CNT sonicated for temperatures of 40 oC with H2O2 addition CS5 produce the highest solubility for 18.3. CS5 gave the longest dispersion time more than 35 days, the highest degree of functionalization for 35.53, not changed the characteristic of CNT morphology, and impurities free. "

"Aplikasi Carbon nanotube (CNT) dalam metode pengobatan kanker dapat dilakukankarena menghasilkan selektivitas dan efektivitas targeting obat yang tinggi.Fungsionalisasi CNT diperlukan untuk memperbaiki dispersibilitas, solubilitas, dantoksisitas CNT. Fungsionalisasi dilakukan secara kovalen dengan oksidasi asam yangterdiri dari campuran HNO3 dan H2SO4 dengan penambahan asam klorida (HCl).Variasi yang dilakukan adalah konsentrasi HCl 6M, 8M, 10M, dan 12M pada suhu sonikasiC. CP-­f dikarakterisasi dengan uji dispersi, Fourier Infrared TransformationSpectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA), UV-­Vis Spectroscopy,Electron Miscroscopy-­Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-­EDS), dan Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CP-­f dengan penambahanHCl 10M (CPf-­3) menghasilkan persen solubilitas tertinggi 11,46% dan suspensi dispersiyang paling stabil pada hari ke-­51. Disamping dari peningkatan dispersibilitas dansolubilitas, morfologi sampel CPf-­3 membentuk beberapa aglomerat yang mengarahkanpada kemunculan sifat dengan nilai LC50 355,62 ppm

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Carbon nanotube application in cancer treatment methods is selected due to its high

selectivity and effectivity in drugs targeting delivery. Functionalization is needed to

improve dispersibility, solubility, and toxicity of CNT. CNT is treated covalently by

oxidation which consist of HNO3 and H2SO4 with the addition of HCl. Variation is

performed in HCl concentration of 6M, 8M, 10M, and 12M at sonication temperature of The addition of HCl in certain molarity increase the purity and dispersion time

on functionalized CNT (CP-­f). CP-­f were characterized through dispersion test, Fourier

Infrared Transformation Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-­Vis Spectroscopy, Thermal

Gravimetry Analysis (TGA), Electron Miscroscopy-­Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

(SEM-­EDS), and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)The study resulted that CP-­f with

HCl 10M addition (CPf-­3) produce the highest solubility for 11.46% and the most stable

dispersion suspension in 51 days. Besides, CPf-­3 morphology shows some agglomerates

which indicate to toxicity with LC50 of 355,62 ppm"