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"Linguistics : The Cambridge Survey is a comprehensive introduction to current research in all branches of the field of linguistics, from syntactic theory to ethnography of speaking, from signed language to the mental lexicon, from language acquisition to discourse analysis. Each chapter has been written by a specialist particularly distinguished in his or her field who has accepted the challenge of reviewing the current issues and future prospects in sufficient depth for the scholar and with sufficient clarity for the student. Each volume can be read independently and has a particular focus. Volume I covers the internal structure of the language faculty itself, while Volume II considers the evidence for, and the implications of, a generativist approach to language. Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics are covered in Volume III, and Volume IV concentrates on sociolinguistics and the allied fields of anthropological linguistics and discourse and conversation analysis. Several of the chapters in the work concentrate on the interface between different aspects of linguistic theory or the boundaries between linguistic theory and other disciplines. Thus in both its scope and in its approach, the Survey is a unique and fundamental reference work. It undoubtedly fulfills the editor's aims of providing a wealth of information, insight, and ideas that will excite and challenge all readers with an interest in linguistics."

"The most comprehensive overview available, this handbook is an essential guide to sociolinguistics today. Reflecting the breadth of research in the field, it surveys a range of topics and approaches in the study of language variation and use in society. As well as linguistic perspectives, the handbook includes insights from anthropology, social psychology, the study of discourse and power, conversation analysis, theories of style and styling, language contact and applied sociolinguistics. Language practices seem to have reached new levels since the communications revolution of the late twentieth century. At the same time face-to-face communication is still the main force of language identity, even if social and peer networks of the traditional face-to-face nature are facing stiff competition of the Facebook-to-Facebook sort. The most authoritative guide to the state of the field, this handbook shows that sociolinguistics provides us with the best tools for understanding our unfolding evolution as social beings."

"Depok berbatasan langsung dengan Jakarta dan menjadi daerah penyangga untuk diarahkan sebagai kota pemukiman, pendidikan, perdagangan, dan pariwisata, Bertambahnya sarana pendidikan dan sarana umum, seperti sekolah, universitas, mal, pertokoan, dan hotel, juga memberikan dampak yang signifikan dalam hubungan komunikasi antardaerah. Struktur demografi Depok yang disertai dengan semakin banyaknya alat transportasi memungkinkan tingkat interaksi yang tinggi bahkan hingga ke pelosok. Beberapa perguruan tinggi dan hotel berbintang telah menjadikan Depok sebagai tujuan urbanisasi. Hal yang menarik untuk dikaji adalah bagaimana situasi kebahasaan di Depok dengan latar belakang perkembangan Kota Depok tersebut. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan distribusi dan variasi bahasa di Depok—sebagai daerah urban—yang terjadi akibat kontak bahasa antarpenutur bahasa di kota tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif yang berancangan sosiodialektologi, yaitu ancangan penelitian yang menggabungkan sosiolinguistik dengan dialektologi. Data bahasa dijaring dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang berisi 235 daftar tanyaan, yang dikumpulkan dari 63 kelurahan di Depok sebagai titik pengamatan (TP) dengan menggunakan metode pupuan lapangan dengan teknik bersemuka dan perekaman, lalu dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode berkas isoglos penghitungan jarak kosakata dengan menggunakan metode dialektometri melalui teknik segitiga antardesa dan etima. Hasil temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan kajian dialektologi terdapat dua bahasa yang berbeda digunakan di Depok, yaitu bahasa Betawi dan bahasa Sunda. Selain itu, ditemukan tiga daerah pakai bahasa di Depok, yaitu bahasa Sunda, bahasa Betawi Pinggiran, dan bahasa Betawi, dengan daerah pakai terluas bahasa Betawi Pinggiran. Namun, berdasarkan penghitungan dialektometri, perbedaan bahasa hanya ditemukan pada kosakata kata ganti, sapaan, dan acuan dengan hasil penghitungan dialektometri mencapai 70%, Sementara itu, pada kosakata dasar Swadesh, kosakata sistem kekerabatan, dan kosakata secara keseluruhan hanya ditemukan perbedaan dialek. Hasil penghitungan dialektometri tertinggi pada kosakata dasar Swadesh sebesar 55%. Adapun hasil penghitungan dialektometri tertinggi pada kosakata sistem kekerabatan ditemukan sebesar 48%. Sementara itu, hasil penghitungan dialektometri keseluruhan tertinggi sebesar 53%. Dengan demikian, rumusan persentase dialektometri yang diajukan Lauder, yaitu di atas 70%, tidak semuanya tercapai, padahal mereka mengaku berbahasa yang berbeda sebagai masyarakat penutur bahasa Betawi dan penutur bahasa Sunda. Dengan demikian, hal itu dapat menjadi pembuktian adanya kontak bahasa yang intens antarpenutur bahasa di Depok. Berdasarkan analisis sosiodialektologi, dapat disimpulkan bahasa Betawi Pinggiran yang secara definitif memakai kata ora sudah mulai luntur dan tidak banyak digunakan pada masyarakat Depok, namun bahasa Betawi Pinggiran yang memakai kata khas, seperti nomina umum (common noun) yang merujuk pada sebutan orang berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan usia (wadon, lanang, bocah), menempati areal pemakaian terluas di Depok. Temuan sosiodialektologi lainnya memperlihatkan adanya saling meminjam kata sapaan antara bahasa Betawi dan bahasa Sunda akibat kontak bahasa.

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Depok City, bordered to the north by Jakarta, serves as its buffer and is intended to be residential, educational, commercial, and tourism areas. The increase in educational and public facilities (schools, universities, malls, shops, and hotels) in Depok also has a significant impact on its interregional communication relations. The demographic structure of Depok and the growing number of transportation modes allow high levels of interactions even to its remote areas. Also, top universities and starred hotels have made Depok an urbanization destination. This background has triggered the interest to study the linguistic situation in Depok City by considering its development. This study reveals the variations and distribution of languages in Depok emerging as the results of language contacts between speakers of the languages in this urban area. This study used the qualitative research method with a sociodialectological design, combining sociolinguistics with dialectology. Using the field survey method (with face-to-face and recording techniques), the data were collected from questionnaires containing 235 questions, distributed to 63 subdistricts as the observation points. The data were analyzed by using the isogloss bundle method to calculate the vocabulary distance by utilizing the dialectometry method, specifically the inter-village triangles and etyma technique. The findings on the dialectological study indicate that there are two languages ​​used in Depok: Betawi and Sundanese. In addition, three language-speaking areas in Depok were identified: Sundanese, Peripheral Betawi, and Betawi, in which the Peripheral Betawi language occupies the largest area of use. However, with a dialectometry calculation reaching 70%, the language differences were only found in pronouns, address terms, and references, whereas, only dialect differences were found in the Swadesh basic vocabulary, kinship system vocabulary, and overall vocabulary. The highest dialectometry calculation of the basic Swadesh vocabulary reached 55%, whereas the highest dialectometry calculation result in the kinship system vocabulary stood at 48%. Furthermore, the highest overall dialectometry calculation was 53%. Thus, the dialectometric percentage formula (>70%) proposed by Lauder (2007) is not entirely proven in Depok although the inhabitants claim to speak different languages as members of Betawi-speaking and Sundanese-speaking community. This can also prove that there have been intense language contacts between speakers of the languages in Depok. The results of the sociodialectological analyses concluded that the definitive use of the word ora by the speakers of Peripheral Betawi language has begun to fade and is not widely used in Depok; however, the Peripheral Betawi language using distinctive words, such as common nouns or address terms based on gender and age (wadon, lanang, bocah) has occupied the largest area of ​​use. Finally, another sociodialectological finding shows there is a mutual borrowing of address terms between Betawi and Sundanese due to the language contacts."

"Penolakan merupakan sebuah respon atau reaksi negatif yang diberikan untuk menjawab sebuah permintaan, ajakan, maupun tawaran. Dalam melakukan sebuah tuturan penolakan, penutur biasanya menggunakan strategi tertentu untuk menyampaikan maksud penolakan kepada mitra bicara daripada hanya sekedar mengatakan kata "Tidak". Hal ini dilakukan untuk tetap menjaga hubungan baik dengan mitra bicara. Strategi penolakan dapat direalisasikan secara berbeda pada bahasa dan budaya yang berbeda. Perbedaan tersebut misalnya pada urutan penggunaan strategi penolakan di dalam sebuah tuturan penolakan yang pada budaya tertentu dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor tertentu yang berhubungan dengan mitra bicara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis bagaimanakah urutan strategi yang dipakai oleh penutur asli bahasa Indonesia, penutur asli bahasa Jepang, dan pemelajar bahasa Jepang pada penolakan terhadap situasi ajakan yang dibedakan atas status usia dan keakraban dengan mitra bicara. Apakah urutan strategi yang dipakai pemelajar bahasa Jepang telah serupa dengan penutur asli bahasa tersebut. Dari perbandingan tersebut dapat diketahui apakah terdapat transfer pragmatik pada tuturan penolakan pemelajar bahasa Jepang akibat pengaruh dari pemakaian strategi yang berlaku pada bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa pertama pemelajar.Hasil yang didapatkan adalah penutur asli bahasa Indonesia dan penutur asli bahasa Jepang pada penelitian ini mempunyai urutan strategi yang serupa dalam melakukan penolakan hampir di semua situasi yang disajikan. Urutan strategi yang dipakai oleh pemelajar bahasa Jepang ternyata saling menyerupai antara penutur asli bahasa Jepang dan penutur asli bahasa Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat transfer pragmatik posistif karena terdapatnya kesamaan urutan strategi tersebut.

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Refusal is a negative reaction or response given to answer a request, invitation, or an offer. In making a refusal, the speaker usually use a certain strategy to his/her hearer than saying "No" directly. This is usually done to keep a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Refusal strategy could be accomplished differently in various language and culture such as the order of the refusal strategy. This is influenced by certain factors in relation with the hearer.Therefore, this study analyze how the order of refusal strategy used by Indonesian native speaker, Japanese native speaker, and Japanese language students in making a refusal based on the situation of invitation categorized by age and familiarity with the hearer. This study learns whether the Japanese language students used the order of refusal strategy similar with Japanese native speaker. From this comparison, it could be discerned if there are any pragmatic transfer in the refusal by the Japanese language students because of the influence from Indonesian language as the native language of the students.It can be concluded from this study that the Indonesian native speaker and Japanese native speaker used similar order of refusal strategy in almost all of the situation presented. The refusal strategy used by Japanese language students are also similar with Indonesian and Japanese native speaker. Therefore, the pragmatic transfer is positive because of the similarity of refusal strategies. "

"Throughout Western society there are now strong pressures for social and racial integration but, in spite of these, recent experience has shown that greater intergroup contact can actually reinforce social distinctions and ethnic stereotypes. The studies collected here examine, from a broad sociological perspective, the sorts of face-to-face verbal exchange that are characteristic of industrial societies, and the volume as a whole pointedly demonstrates the role played by communicative phenomena in establishing and reinforcing social identity. The method of analysis that has been adopted enables the authors to reveal and examine a centrally important but hitherto little discussed conversational mechanism: the subconscious processes of inference that result from situational factors, social presuppositions and discourse conventions. The theory of conversation and the method of analysis that inform the author's approach are discussed in the first two chapters, and the case studies themselves examine interviews, counselling sessions and similar formal exchanges involving contacts between a wide range of different speakers: South Asians, West Indians and native English speakers in Britain; English natives and Chinese in South-East Asia; Afro-Americans, Asians and native English speakers in the United States; and English and French speakers in Canada. The volume will be of importance to linguists, anthropologists, psychologists, and others with a professional interest in communication, and its findings will have far-reaching applications in industrial and community relations and in educational practice."