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"Drug-drug interactions in pharmaceutical development comprehensively reviews the relevant science, industrial practice, and regulatory agency positions on drug-drug interactions. It focuses on the evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions, allowing researchers to address risk factors before a drug is put to market. The book covers both clinical and nonclinical aspects for understanding drug-drug interactions as well as in vitro and in vivo studies for use in studying interactions at the drug discovery stage."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) stadium akhir di Indonesia mengalami kenaikan setiap tahunnya dan biasanya mempunyai banyak komorbid seperti hipertensi, diabetes mellitus (DM) dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Selain itu pasien PGK juga berisiko mengalami komplikasi jangka panjang seperti anemia, gangguan mineral dan tulang, sehingga memerlukan pengobatan dengan beberapa jenis obat (polifarmasi). Obat-obatan pada pasien PGK digunakan dalam waktu jangka panjang sehingga berpotensi terjadi interaksi antar obat. Semakin banyaknya interaksi obat maka akan meningkatkan risiko efek samping obat (ESO). Pasien PGK juga sangat rentan mengalami peningkatan risiko akumulasi obat dan efek samping karena adanya perubahan parameter farmakokinetik dan farmakodinamik. Selain itu pada pasien PGK stadium 5 dengan hemodialisis (HD) terdapat beberapa obat yang terdialisis dalam proses HD sehingga dapat mengurangi efektivitas pengobatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola peresepan pada pasien PGK stadium 5 yang menjalani HD rutin serta kaitannya dengan potensi interaksi obat (PIO) dan kemungkinan ESO yang dapat diakibatkan oleh interaksi antar obat tersebut.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain potong lintang pada pasien PGK stadium 5 dengan HD rutin di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dalam periode Januari 2020 sampai dengan Juli 2021. Data diambil dari rekam medis unit HD, rekam medis pusat, electronic health record (EHR) dan hospital information system (HIS). Untuk mengetahui PIO dilakukan penilaian berdasarkan perangkat lunak Lexicomp dan penilaian kausalitas ESO dengan menggunakan algoritma Naranjo.Hasil: Didapatkan 147 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan terdapat 101 jenis obat dengan 2767 kali peresepan dalam waktu 3 bulan. Proporsi pasien yang mengalami potensi interaksi antar obat sebanyak 89% pasien. Proporsi pasien yang mengalami potensi interaksi kategori mayor sebanyak 14% pasien, kategori moderat sebanyak 88% pasien, dan kategori minor sebanyak 37% pasien. Proporsi pasien yang dicurigai mengalami ESO akibat interaksi obat sebanyak 50% (66 pasien) dari 131 pasien yang mengalami PIO. Pada hasil multivariat, hanya komorbid DM yang memiliki hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik dengan ESO yang dicurigai akibat interaksi obat.Kesimpulan: Sebanyak 89% pasien PGK stadium 5 dengan HD mengalami potensi interaksi obat dan hipertensi merupakan efek samping terbanyak yang dicurigai akibat interaksi obat. Komorbid DM mempunyai peran yang cukup penting untuk terjadinya efek samping yang dicurigai akibat interaksi obat pada pasien PGK stadium 5 dengan HD

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Background: The prevalence of end-stage renal disease in Indonesia has increased every year and usually has many comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease. In addition, there is also a risk of long-term complications, thus requiring treatment with several types of drugs (polypharmacy). The higher the frequency of drug interactions, the higher the risk of adverse drug reaction (ADR). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are also very susceptible to an increased risk of drug accumulation and ADR due to changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. In addition, CKD stage 5 patients with hemodialysis (HD) have several drugs that are dialyzed in the HD process so that it can reduce the effectiveness of treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the prescribing pattern in stage 5 CKD patients on routine HD and its relationship to DDI and the possibility of ADR that could be caused by interactions between these drugs.

Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design in CKD stage 5 patients on routine HD at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in the period January 2020 to July 2021. Data were taken from HD unit medical records. To determine the DDI, an assessment was carried out based on the Lexicomp software and ADR causality assessment using the Naranjo algorithm.

Results: A total of 147 patients met the inclusion criteria and there were 101 types of drugs with 2767 prescriptions within 3 months. The proportion of patients who received treatment with potential DDI is 89% of patients. The proportion of patients who received DDI in the major category was 14%, the moderate category was 88%, and the minor category was 37%. From 131 patients with DDI, the proportion of patients suspected having ADR cause by DDI is 50% (66 patients). Multivariate analysis found that only DM had statistically significant relationship with ADR that are suspected due to DDI.

Conclusion: In this study, 89% of patients received treatment with potential DDI and hypertension is the most suspected ADR due to drug interactions. Comorbid DM has an important role in the occurrence of ADR due to DDI in stage 5 CKD patients on HD."

"The book focuses on a vital area of biophysical research that has been—in the author’s view—substantively overlooked if not relegated, an area from within many of the needed breakthroughs are likely to sprout: the physics of biomolecular interfaces. The book advocates its paramount relevance to tackle some of the core problems in molecular biophysics in a unified systematic manner. To this effect, the book introduces powerful theoretical and computational resources and is set to inspire scientists at any level in their careers determined to address the major challenges in the field."