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"Penelitian bertujuan memperoleh identitas isolat-isolat actinomycetes dari Raja Ampat, Papua penghasil antimikroba dan antikanker dengan aktivitas tertinggi. Penapisan aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar terhadap bakteri (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) dan khamir (Candida albicans dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Metabolit dari isolat terpilih yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba tertinggi dianalisis lanjut. Nilai Minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) dari senyawa murni yang diproduksi isolat terpilih terhadap mikroba diukur menggunakan metode mikrodilusi. Kebocoran asam nukleat dan protein dari mikroba uji dideteksi dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang 260 dan 280 nm. Kebocoran urasil dianalisis menggunakan HPLC. Perubahan morfologi diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM). Uji sitotoksik dilakukan terhadap 6 sel kanker (MCM-B2, Leukemia, T47D, HeLa, A549, dan WiDr) dan satu sel normal (Vero) menggunakan metode trypan blue dan MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Sebanyak sembilan isolat potensial penghasil antimikroba tertinggi (BL-36-1, BL-20-2, BL-14-2, RC-SS-37-4, RC-SS-37-16, BL-22-1, BL-06-5, BL-22-3, dan BL-22-5) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sekuen penuh gen 16S rRNA (± 1.500 PB). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 44 % isolat actinomycetes memiliki aktivitas antimikroba. Senyawa F.5.1 merupakan senyawa murni yang diproduksi oleh isolat terpilih BL-22-5. Nilai MIC senyawa tersebut terhadap mikroba uji berkisar 16 -- 64 µg/ml. Aktivitas antifungi senyawa F.5.1 lebih tinggi dibandingkan antibakteri. Senyawa F.5.1 menyebabkan kebocoran protein, asam nukleat, dan urasil pada mikroba uji. Nilai IC50 senyawa F.5.1 berkisar 0,02 -- 3,81 µg/ml terhadap sel kanker dan ≥ 30.000 µg/ml untuk sel normal. Isolat RCSS-37-4, RC-SS-37-16, BL-22-3, dan BL-22-5 teridentifikasi sebagai Streptomyces costaricanus (100 %), Streptomyces costaricanus (99,8 %), Streptomyces parvulus (98,6 %), dan Streptomyces badius (98,9 %). Lima isolat teridentifikasi sebagai Streptomyces spp. (BL-36-1, BL-20-2, BL-14-2, BL-22-1 dan BL-06-5) dan menjadi kandidat spesies baru karena memiliki nilai homologi yang rendah terhadap spesies terdekatnya (93,9% -- 97,4 %).

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The objective of this research was to obtain the identity of actinomycetes isolates from Raja Ampat, Papua-producing antimicrobial and anticancer with the highest activity. Antimicrobial screening was conducted based on agar diffusion method against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and yeast (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Metabolite from selected isolates with the highest antimicrobial activity was chosen for subsequent analysis. Minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) value against microbial tested of pure bioactive compound was determined using microdilution method. Leakages of nucleic acids and proteins from microbial tested were detected using UV-vis spectrophotometer method on 260 and 280 nm wavelengths. Uracil Leakage was analyzed using HPLC. Morphological changes were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Determination of cytotoxic activity was conducted in 6 cell lines (MCM-B2, Leukemia, T47D, HeLa, A549, and WiDr) and normal cell (Vero) using trypan blue and MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) methods. Nine selected isolates with the highest antimicrobial activity (BL-36-1, BL-20-2, BL-14-2, RC-SS-37-4, RC-SS-37-16, BL-22-1, BL- 06-5, 22-3-BL and BL-22-5) were identified based on full sequence of 16S rRNA gene (1,500 bp). The results showed 44% of isolates of actinomycetes have antimicrobial activity. F.5.1 is a compound produced by the selected isolate (BL-22-5). MIC values of this compound against tested microbes in range of 16 -- 64 µg/ml. Antifungal activity from F.5.1 compound was higher than antibacterial activity. F.5.1 compound caused leakage of proteins, nucleic acids, and uracil on tested microbes. Inhibitor concentration 50% (IC50) value in the range of 0.02 -- 3.81 µg/ml against cancer cells and ≥ 30,000 µg/ml for normal cells. Isolate RC-SS-37-4, RC-SS-37-16, BL-22-3, and BL-22-5 have been identified as Streptomyces costaricanus (100%), Streptomyces costaricanus (99.8%), Streptomyces parvulus ( 98.6%), and Streptomyces badius (98.9%), respectively. Five isolates (BL-36-1, BL-20-2, BL-14-2, BL-22-1 and BL-06-5) were identified as Streptomyces spp. and can be presumed as candidates for new species because of the low homology value to their closest related species (93.9 % -- 97.4%)."

"Dalam rangka pencarian aktivitas antimikroba dari aktinomycetes di Papua, sebanyak seratus isolat Actinomycetes yang berasal dari tanah dan serasah dari beberapa ekosistem di Pulau Batanta dan Salawati, Papua Barat telah diuji. Sebanyak 200 ekstrak dari 100 isolat Actinomycetes telah diperoleh melalui dua tahap ekstraksi. Metabolit non polar diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat : metanol (4:1), sedangkan metabolit polar diperoleh dari pemekatan medium menggunakan metode kering beku. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian menggunakan metode difusi agar, sebanyak 43 dari 200 ekstrak (21,5%) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri dan khamir (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594, dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa ekstrak Actinomycetes memiliki aktivitas anti bakteri gram negatif (1,5%), anti bakteri gram positif (17%), dan anti fungi (17%). Metabolit yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut etil asetat : metanol lebih aktif (35%) dibandingkan dengan pelarut air (17%). Sebanyak lima isolat yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba tertinggi (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, dan Sl-36-1) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sekuen gen 16S rRNA. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi dengan program BLAST, diperoleh homologi spesies berturut-turut adalah Streptomyces kanamyceticus (92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), dan Streptomyces hygroscopicus (96%).

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In the framework of exploitation of antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes in Papua, one hundred isolates of Actinomycetes isolated from soil and leaf litter samples from various ecosystems in Batanta and Salawati Island, Raja Ampat, West Papua were screened. We obtained 200 crude extracts from 100 isolates based on two extraction phases. Nonpolar metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate : methanol (4:1) solvent while the polar metabolites were concentrated using a freeze-drying method. Based on the agar dilution method, a total of 43 from 200(21.5%) crude extracts have antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Some crude extracts showed anti-Gram negative (1.5%), anti-Gram positive (17%) and antifungal (17%) activities. Crude metabolites which were extracted using ethyl acetate : methanol were more effective on antimicrobial activity (35%) compared with water extraction (17%). Five most potential isolates (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, and Sl-36-1) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Sequence similarity search by BLAST program revealed that they show sequence similarities to Streptomyces kanamyceticus (92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), and Streptomyces hygroscopicus (96%), respectively."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba actinomycetes termofil hasil isolasi dari geiser di Cisolok, Jawa Barat. Delapan belas isolat yang memiliki morfologi menyerupai actinomycetes berhasil diisolasi dari serasah daun dan ranting di sekitar pusat semburan geiser. Seluruh isolat diuji aktivitas antimikrobanya menggunakan paper disk method dan agar block method dengan Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis sebagai bakteri uji Gram positif, dan Escherichia coli sebagai bakteri uji Gram negatif. Pengujian menggunakan metode paper disk menunjukkan hasil negatif pada isolat actinomycetes yang dikultur pada medium International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1 cair selama 14 hari pada suhu 50oC dan 40oC. Berdasarkan uji menggunakan metode blok agar, didapatkan bahwa dua isolat, yaitu LC2-2 dan LC2-6 memberikan hasil positif terhadap bakteri uji Gram positif. Isolat LC2-2 menunjukkan morfologi makroskopis dan mikroskopis menyerupai genus Bacillus sehingga tidak digunakan untuk identifikasi molekuler. Hasil identifikasi molekuler sequence parsial gen 16S rRNA menggunakan primer 785F dan primer 802R menunjukkan bahwa LC2-6 diidentifikasi sebagai Actinomadura keratinilyitica dengan nilai homologi 99%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, direkomendasikan untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut senyawa antimikroba yang dihasilkan isolat LC2-6. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh belum adanya laporan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antimikroba Actinomadura keratinilytica.

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The aim of this study was to screen the antimicrobial activity by actinomycetes isolated from Cisolok Geyser, West Java. Eighteen isolates which are have similar morphology with actinomycetes have been isolated from leaves and branches around the geyser. The isolates were screened for their antimicrobial activity using paper disk method and agar block method with Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis as Gram positive test bacteria and Escherichia coli as Gram negative test bacteria. Screening by paper disk method showed negative result from all the isolates that cultured on International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1 medium at 50oC and 40oC for 14 days. Screening by block agar method showed that two isolates, LC2-2 and LC2-6 gave positive result to Gram positive test bacteria. Morphologically, LC2-2 showed similarity to genus Bacillus, thus it’s not used for molecular identification. Molecular identification based on partial sequence of 16S rRNA gene with primer 785F and primer 802R showed that LC2-6 identified as Actinomadura keratinilytica (99%). Based on this research, it is suggested to do further study about the antimicrobial activity produced by LC2-6, because there is still no report about antimicrobial activity produced by Actinomadura keratinilytica."

"Some actinomtcetes isolated from waigeo Raja Ampat Regency Papua have been identificated. Those isolates were also characterized for their cellulotic and phosphate solubilizing ability....."

"Empat belas isolat actinomycetes berhasil diisolasi dari tanah di sekitar kawasan geothermal Cisolok, Jawa Barat. Keseluruhan isolat actinomycetes dilakukan pengujian pertumbuhan pada berbagai suhu dan medium pertumbuhan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan optimum. Hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa empat belas isolate mampu tumbuh pada suhu 25, 30, 35, 40 dan 45 °C yang diinkubasi pada ISP 1 agar selama 7 hari, namun pertumbuhan optimal mencapai batas suhu tertinggi terjadi pada suhu 45 °C dibandingkan pada suhu 50 dan 55 °C. Pada suhu 50 °C diketahui 10 dari 14 isolat mampu tumbuh dan 14 isolat tidak mampu tumbuh apada suhu 55 °C. Uji pertumbuhan pada berbagai medium diperoleh bahwa empat belas isolat mampu tumbuh pada 6 jenis medium pertumbuhan (ISP 1 agar, ISP 2 agar, ISP 3 agar, Modiffied Bennet’s agar, Mm 1 agar, dan Mm2 agar) yang di inkubasi pada suhu 45 °C selama 7 dan 14 hari, namun tumbuh optimal pada medium ISP 1 agar dan ISP 3 agar. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk diperoleh isolat actinomycetes termofilik yang potensial sebagai penghasil senyawa antimikroba dan amilase berdasarkan pendekatan OSMAC yaitu variasi medium dan suhu inkubasi. Penapisan aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan pada isolat yang ditumbuhkan di 6 jenis medium pertumbuhan yang diinkubasi pada suhu 45 °C selama 7 dan 14 hari menggunakan metode agar plug diffusion. Hasil penapisan aktivitas antimikroba diperoleh bahwa 8 dari 14 isolat menunjukkan hasil positif terhadap aktivitas antimikroba yaitu SL1-1-R-1, SL1-1-R-3, SL1-1-R-6, SL1-1-R-10, SL2-2-R-6, SL2-2-R-13, SL3-2-R-38 A2 dan SL3-2-R-38 A3. Aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus ditemukan pada tiga isolat (SL1-1-R-1, SL2-2-R-6, dan SL3-2-R-38 A3), B. subtilis pada dua isolat (SL3-2-R-38 A2 dan SL3-2-R-38 A3), dan K. rhizophila ditemukan pada tiga isolat (SL1-1-R-1, SL2-2-R-13, dan SL3-2-R-38 A3). Aktivitas antifungi terhadap C. albicans ditemukan pada empat isolat (S SL1-1-R-3, SL1-1-R-6, SL1-1-R10, dan SL2-2-R-6), A. niger pada empat isolat (SL1-1-R-1, SL1-1-R-3, SL1-1-R-6, dan SL2-2- R-6,) dan A. flavus pada satu isolat (SL2-2-R-6). Penapisan aktivitas amilolitik dilakukan dengan metode starch agar plate pada medium Mm + 1 % pati terlarut yang diinkubasi pada tiga suhu berbeda yaitu 45, 50 dan 55 °C selama 3 dan 7 hari. Hasil penapisan aktivitas amilolitik diperoleh bahwa 14 isolat positif terhadap aktivitas amilolitik. Sebanyak 14 isolat mampu mendegradasi pati pada suhu 45 °C (11 isolat mulai mendegradasi pati di hari ke-3 sedangkan 14 isolat mendegradasi pati pada hari ke-7), dua belas isolat mampu mendegradasi pati pada suhu 50 °C (9 isolat mendegradasi pati mulai dari hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-7 dan tiga isolat lainnya hanya pada hari ke-7).

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Fourteen of actinomycetes isolates were successfully isolated from the soil around the Cisolok geothermal area, West Java. All actinomycetes isolates were tested for growth at various temperatures and growth mediums to determine optimum growth. The results obtained the 14 isolates were able to grow at temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 °C were incubated at ISP 1 agar for 7 days, but optimal growth reached the highest temperature limit at 45 °C compared to 50 and 55 °C. At 50°C, it was found that 10 out of 14 isolates were able to grow and 14 not able to growth at 55 °C. Growth tests on various media showed that fourteen isolates were able to grow on six types of growth medium (ISP 1 agar, ISP 2 agar, ISP 3 agar, Modified Bennet's agar, Mm 1 agar, and Mm2 agar) were incubated at 45 °C for 7 and 14 days, but grew optimally on ISP 1 agar and ISP 3 agar. This study also aims to obtain thermophilic actinomycetes isolates that have the potential to produce antimicrobial compounds and amylase based on the OSMAC approach (variation of medium and temperatures). The screening for antimicrobial activity was carried out on isolates grown in 6 types of growth medium which were incubated at 45 °C for 7 and 14 days using the agar plug diffusion methods. The results showed that 8 out of 14 isolates showed positive results for antimicrobial activity, namely SL1-1-R-1, SL1-1-R-3, SL1-1-R-6, SL1-1-R-10, SL2 -2-R-6, SL2-2-R-13, SL3-2-R-38 A2, and SL3-2-R-38 A3. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus was found in three isolates (SL1-1-R-1, SL2-2-R-6, and SL3-2-R-38 A3), B. subtilis in two isolates (SL3-2-R -38 A2 and SL3-2-R-38 A3), and K. rhizophila were found in three isolates (SL1-1-R-1, SL2-2-R-13, and SL3-2-R-38 A3). Antifungal activity against C. albicans was found in four isolates (S SL1-1-R-3, SL1-1-R-6, SL1-1-R-10, and SL2- 2-R-6), A. niger in four isolates (SL1-1-R-1, SL1-1-R-3, SL1-1-R-6, and SL2-2-R-6,) and A. flavus on one isolate (SL2-2-R-6). Screening for amylolytic activity using starch agar plate methods was carried out on Mm medium + 1% soluble starch and was incubated at three different temperatures; 45, 50, and 55 °C for 3 and 7 days. The results showed that 14 isolates were positive for amylolytic activity. A total of 14 isolates were able to degrade starch at 45 °C (11 isolates began to degrade starch on day 3 , while 14 isolates degraded starch on day 7), twelve isolates were able to degrade starch at 50 °C (9 isolates degraded starch from day 3 to day 7, and three other isolate only on day 7).

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"Telah dilakukan penelitian etnozoologi dan biologi reproduksi ikan lema, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) yang dilakukan selama satu tahun (Maret 2011--Februari 2012) di Teluk Mayalibit Kabupaten Raja Ampat, Papua Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi bagi peningkatan pengelolaan perikanan lokal yang penting di Teluk Mayalibit. Teknik penangkapan yang digunakan masyarakat lokal untuk menangkap R. kanagurta disebut “balobe lema” merupakan suatu metode teknik penangkapan unik, yang memanfaatkan perilaku fototropisme ikan dengan menggiring ke tempat “susun batu” yang kemudian ditangkap dengan serok (“timba”). Teknik unik ini tidak merusak habitat dan selektivitas tinggi yang telah dikembangkan oleh nelayan lokal sejak 1983. Sampel biologi reproduksi yang dikumpulkan dari nelayan berjumlah 3.944 ekor yang diamati selama penelitian dari Maret 2011--Februari 2012. Data biologi reproduksi membuktikan bahwa ikan yang ditangkap sebagian besar mempunyai gonad yang dikelompokkan pada Tingkat Kematangan Gonad (TKG) IV (38,8% betina dan 50,4% jantan) dengan 39 buah gonad betina translucent (gonad dengan ovum yang siap dipijahkan/oocytes hydrated). Data TKG mengindikasikan bahwa pemijahan berlangsung sepanjang tahun di Teluk Mayalibit. Tiga indikator yang terdiri atas persentase TKG IV gonad betina, persentase gonad translucent, dan Gonad Somatic Index (GSI) menunjukkan bahwa puncak aktivitas pemijahan terjadi antara September--November. Dari perspektif pengelolaan, paradigma pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat dengan memasukkan pengetahuan lokal dan Hak Pemanfaatan Teritorial Perikanan (Territorial Use Right in Fisheries, TURFs) akan menjamin konsep perikanan refugia bagi stok ikan penting ini. Perikanan ini memerlukan pengawasan ketat terhadap potensi ancaman penangkapan pada skala yang lebih besar bagi spawning aggregation. Jika terjadi penangkapan berlebih maka pengelolaan kawasan konservasi harus mempertimbangkan musim penutupan selama puncak aktivitas pemijahan (September--November) untuk menjamin pemulihan stok.

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Maturity stages of 3,485 individuals of the Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) were measured from a population occurring in Mayalibit Bay during the period from March 2011 to February 2012. Approximately 200--600 individuals were sampled each month from the catches of fishers from the villages of Warsambin and Lopintol in the mouth of Mayalibit Bay. Of the 3485 individuals whose gonads were examined, 1734 (49.76%) were males and 1751 (50.24%) females. The values of Lm of male and female were 19.55 cm and 20.71 cm, respectively, which is significantly larger than in populations examined in the Malacca Strait and Java Sea, indicating these latter populations are more heavily exploited than in Mayalibit Bay. In both sexes, individuals in all 5 gonadal maturity stages were recorded each month, with the highest cumulative percentage being stage IV (ripe gonads) for both males (50.4%) and females (38.8%). Weights of individual male testes ranged from 0.9 to 20.4 g, while female ovary weights ranged from 3.1 to 28.9 g. Two of the individuals examined displayed hermaphroditic development of the gonads. Thirty nine of the females examined had translucent ovaries, indicating spawning would be imminent. This finding, along with the overall high percentage of individuals with stage IV and V maturity stages, lends strong support to fisher reports that Mayalibit Bay functions as a spawning aggregation area for R. kanagurta. Though gonad maturity data indicate that spawning occurs throughout the year in Mayalibit Bay, three separate indicators (percentage of stage IV gonads, percentage of translucent ovaries, and Gonad Somatic Index or GSI) each suggest that peak spawning season occurs between September and November. The highest GSI recorded for both males and females (10.22% and 14.48%, respectively) occured in November 2011."

"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa pengaruh Electronic Word of Mouth pada Intention To Visit wisatawan ke Raja Ampat melalui Theory Of Planned Behaviour. Penelitian dilakukan pada beberapa wisatawan yang pernah membaca informasi mengenai Raja Ampat di media sosial dan belum pernah mengunjungi Raja Ampat sebelumnya Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak adanya pengaruh yang signifikan antara Electronic Word of Mouth terhadap Intention To Visit secara langsung, adanya pengaruh yang signifikan antara Electronic Word of Mouth terhadap Attitude Toward Visiting, Subjective Norms, dan Perceived Behavioral Control.. Hasil penelitian ini memiliki perbedaan dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya dikarenakan profil responden yang kurang mewakili penelitian dari sisi demografis.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of Electronic Word Of Mouth to

Intention To Visit Raja Ampat through Theory Of Planned Behaviour. This study was

conducted to tourists who have read information related to Raja Ampat and have not visit

Raja Ampat previously. The research show that Intention To Visit is not significantly

influenced directly by the Electronic Word Of Mouth, however Electronic Word Of Mouth is

significantly influence Attitude Toward Visiting, Subjective Norms, and Perceived

Behavioral Control... To be able to influenced significantly the Job Performance. Result of

this study have differences with the result of previous studies because of the nature of

respondent which doesn?t representing this study from the demographic side."

"Telah dilakukan penapisan senyawa antimikroba terhadap 22 isolat Actinomycetes hasil isolasi dari sedimen pesisir Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Penapisan senyawa antimikroba dilakukan menggunakan metode plug dan hasil penapisan dinyatakan dalam indeks aktivitas IA . Hasil penapisan menunjukkan tidak terdapat aktivitas antimikroba terhadap Escherichia coli NBRC 3301. Namun terdapat 13 isolat yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 IA 0,461-2,338, sebanyak 19 isolat mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708 IA 0,705-8,200, ada lima isolat dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans UICC Y-29 IA 0,357-0,885, dan terdapat empat isolat yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Saccharomyces cerevisiae UICC Y-17 IA 0,357-1,348. Berdasarkan data penapisan, isolat SD 17 ditetapkan sebagai isolat terpilih karena mampu menghambat pertumbuhan dari bakteri Gram positif S. aureus dan K. rhizophila, serta yeast S. cerevisiae dan C. albicans yang diujikan. Penentuan waktu fermentasi yang optimal dari isolat SD17 untuk produksi senyawa antimikroba dilakukan dengan medium CSM Cross Streak Media dan PM4 Production Medium 4 pada hari ke-3, 6, 9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas antimikroba dari filtrat medium pertumbuhan menunjukkan produksi senyawa antimikroba dari isolat SD 17 optimal pada hari ke-9 dengan menggunakan medium CSM. Uji aktivitas antimikroba hasil ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat, pada konsentrasi 20 mg/mL, menunjukkan terdapat aktivitas antimikroba terhadap S. aureus IA 2,33, K. rhizhophila IA 4,71, S. cerevisiae IA 1,36 dan Candida albicans IA 0,22.

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Twenty two isolates of Actinomycetes have been screened for antimicrobial activity, all isolates were isolated from sediment in coastal Pramuka island, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta, Indonesia. Strains were screened for antimicrobial activity using plug method and determined by antimicrobial Activity Index AI. The result showed no inhibition activity was observed in the Escherichia coli NBRC 3301. However, there were 13 isolates inhibited Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 0.461 mdash 2.338, 19 isolates inhibited Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708 0.705 mdash 8.200, 5 isolates inhibited Candida albicans 0.885 mdash 0.357, and 4 isolates inhibited Saccharomyces cerivisiae 0.357 mdash 1.348. Based on the results of antimicrobial test, SD17 is the most potential strain since it is able to inhibit all Gram positive and yeast tested. To acquire optimal period for antimicrobial fermentation from isolate SD 17, isolates were screened with two different fermentation medium Cross Streak Media CSM and Production Medium 4 PM4. Medium filtrates were tested at 3,6,9 and 12 days incubation. The result showed the optimal activity was observed at 9 days incubation using CSM. The result of antimicrobial test from medium extract with concentration 20 mg mL showed inhibition zone against S. aureus IA 2,33, K. rhizhophila IA 4,71, S. cerevisiae IA 1,36 and Candida albicans IA 0,22."