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"This book is a full-scale history of Irish nationalists in the United States from the brief exile of Theobald Wolfe Tone, founder of Irish republican nationalism, in Philadelphia on the eve of the 1798 Irish rebellion to the role of Bill Clintons White House in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland. Irish American nationalism is seen as an example of a larger phenomenon, sometimes called diasporic or long-distance nationalism. Into the narrative are woven a number of the analytical perspectives that have recently transformed the study of nationalism, including its imagined or invented character and its relationship to the waves of global migration from the early nineteenth century to the present (and especially the relationship of nationalist politics to the phenomenon of political exile). The book focuses also on Irish American nationalists larger social and political vision, which sometimes expanded to embrace causes such as the abolition of slavery, womens rights, or freedom for British colonial subjects in India and Africa, and at other times narrowed, avoiding or rejecting such extraneous concerns and connections. All of these themes are placed within a thoroughly transnational framework, with attention to events in Ireland, the United States, and the wider Irish diaspora."

"This article presents brief life stories of select Indonesians who were forced into exile by the Suharto regime after the 1965 National Tragedy in Indonesia. It focuses on staunch nationalist exiles who were rendered stateless by the self-proclaimed “New Order“ for refusing to accept the overthrow of President Sukarno and declare loyalty to the military regime. Faced with a life in exile, they sought refuge in the former colonial nation of the Netherlands. After exploring a brief history of exile in the bilateral relationship, it explores the choices made by select individuals who moved to the Netherlands from a variety of other locations of initial refuge. It then explores the frameworks of support which bolster the exiles’ sense of identity as Indonesian (trans)nationalists who reside in the Netherlands, before finally locating the experiences of the exiles in the context of their changing engagement with their homeland."

"ABSTRAKThe use of epinephrine contained tumescent solution in hand surgery, which avoid the use of tourniquet, has been widely popular, with the lowest epinephrine concentration being “one-per-mil” or 1:1,000,000. The purpose of the study is to know the characteristics of “one-per-mil” tumescent solution regarding the time delay needed to get optimal visualization of the operation field in the hand digits.MethodsThis study is a prospective, randomized, double-blind study where 12 healthy volunteers are injected simultaneously in each ring finger with either saline added with 1:1,000,000 epinephrine (study group) in one hand, or plain saline (control group) in the contralateral hand. The relative hemoglobin concentration of the underlying skin and soft tissue, which is reflected by oxygen saturation in the fingertip, was then measured over time using pulse oximetry.ResultsThe lowest point of oxygen saturation in the epinephrine group was obtained at the average time of 21.7 minutes after injection. (range, 02.00 minutes to 45.37 minutes). Epinephrine injection produced significant decrease in oxygen saturation (delta = 5 points) compared to saline only. Temperature decrease in epinephrine group was also significant. Fingertip sensibility did not change significantly in both group. No side effects or complication was found.DiscussionThe optimal time delay to produce maximal vasoconstriction depicted by the lowest oxygen saturation was 21.7 minutes in average. Epinephrine in “one-per-mil” tumescent solution was effective to produce finger vasoconstriction compared to saline injection, with the same safety as the saline only injection.

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ABSTRACTPenggunaan larutan tumesen yang mengandung epinefrin untuk bedah tangan tanpa torniket telah banyak dikenal, dengan konsentrasi epinefrin terendah yang dilaporkan adalah “one-per-mil” atau 1:1,000,000. Tujuan studi ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik larutan epinefrin “one-per-mil” tersebut terutama mengenai waktu tunggu optimal untuk mendapatkan lapangan operasi yang bebas perdarahan pada jari tangan.MetodePenelitian ini merupakan studi prospektif, acak, tersamar ganda dimana 12 sukarelawan sehat diinjeksi pada kedua jari manisnya dengan larutan saline yang ditambah epinefrin 1:1,000,000 (kelompok studi) atau larutan saline saja (kelompok kontrol). Vasokonstriksi optimal, yang dicerminkan oleh saturasi oksigen ujung jari yang terendah, diukur kontinyu terhadap waktu dengan pulse oximeter.HasilSaturasi oksigen terendah pada grup epinefrin tercatat pada rata-rata menit ke 21.7 (rentang: 02.00 menit hingga 45.37 menit). Injeksi epinefrin menghasilkan penurunan saturasi oksigen yang signifikan (delta = 5 poin) dibanding larutan saline saja. Penurunan suhu jari setelah penyuntikan epinefrin (delta = 1.3oC) juga signifikan.Tidak ditemukan perubahan sensibilitas ujung jari yang signifikan pada kedua grup. Tidak ditemukan efek samping maupun komplikasi apapun pada semua subjek.DiskusiWaktu tunggu yang optimal hingga mencapai vasokonstriksi maksimal yang dicerminkan oleh saturasi oksigen terendah, adalah rata-rata 21.7 menit. Epinefrin dalam larutan tumesen “one-per-mil” efektif menghasilkan vasokonstriksi jari dibandingkan injeksi saline saja; dengan kemanan yang sama dengan suntikan saline."