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"This book addresses the concepts of unstable flow solutions, convective instability and absolute instability, with reference to simple (or toy) mathematical models, which are mathematically simple despite their purely abstract character. Within this paradigm, the book introduces the basic mathematical tools, Fourier transform, normal modes, wavepackets and their dynamics, before reviewing the fundamental ideas behind the mathematical modelling of fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media.The author goes on to discuss the fundamentals of the Rayleigh-Benard instability and other thermal instabilities of convective flows in porous media, and then analyses various examples of transition from convective to absolute instability in detail, with an emphasis on the formulation, deduction of the dispersion relation and study of the numerical data regarding the threshold of absolute instability. The clear descriptions of the analytical and numerical methods needed to obtain these parametric threshold data enable readers to apply them in different or more general cases."

"The delineation of the Irish border radically reshaped political and social realities across the entire island. For those who lived in close quarters with the border partition was also an intimate occurrence, profoundly implicated in everyday lives. Otherwise mundane activities such as shopping, visiting family, or travelling to church were complicated by customs restrictions, security policies, and even questions of nationhood and identity. The border became an interface, not just of two jurisdictions, but also between the public, political space of state territory, and the private, familiar spaces of daily life. Political disunity was intertwined with a degree of unity of social life that persisted and in some ways even flourished across, if not always within, the boundaries of both states. On the border, the state was visible to an uncommon degree at the same point as its limitations were uniquely exposed. For those whose life-worlds continued to transcend the border, the power and hegemony of either of those states, and the social structures they conditioned, could only ever be incomplete. Border residents lived in circumstances that were burdened by inconvenience and imposition, but also endowed with certain choices. Influenced by microhistorical approaches, this book uses a series of discrete histories, of the Irish Boundary Commission, the Foyle Fisheries dispute, cockfighting tournaments regularly held on the border, smuggling, and local conflicts over cross-border roads, to explore how the border was experienced and incorporated into peoples lives; emerging, at times, as a powerfully revealing site of popular agency and action."

"American Routes provides a comparative and historical analysis of the migration and integration of white and free black refugees from nineteenth-century St. Domingue/Haiti to Louisiana and follows their descendants over the course of two hundred years. The refugees reinforced Louisianas triracial system and pushed back Anglo-American racialization by several decades. But over the course of the nineteenth century, the ascendance of the Anglo-American racial system began to eclipse Louisianas triracial Latin/Caribbean system. The result was a racial palimpsest that transformed everyday life in southern Louisiana. White refugees and their descendants in Creole Louisiana succumbed to pressure to adopt a strict definition of whiteness as purity according to standards of the Anglo-American racial system. Those of color, however, held on to the logic of the triracial system, which allowed them to inhabit an intermediary racial group that provided a buffer against the worst effects of Jim Crow segregation. The St. Domingue/Haiti migration case foreshadows the experiences of present-day immigrants of color from Latin America and the Caribbean, many of whom chafe against the strictures of the binary US racial system and resist by refusing to be categorized as either black or white. The St. Domingue/Haiti case study is the first of its kind to compare the long-term integration experiences of white and black nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States. It fills a significant gap in studies of race and migration that have relied on the historical experience of European immigrants as the standard to which all other immigrants are compared."

"Although true mastery in restorative dentistry requires a lifetime of learning and improvement, this two-volume compendium distills many essential clinical insights for the student clinician who is learning the craft of restorative dentistry. Envisioned as a comprehensive clinical textbook, this book elucidates the fundamental concepts of restorative dentistry and illustrates procedures step-by-step to ensure precision in esthetics, biomechanics, and function. The authors provide an up-to-date review of direct and indirect restorative techniques and cover the most important protocols used in daily clinical practice. As the name Routes suggests, there are many different ways to approach restorative treatment, and this book will prepare clinicians to successfully navigate treatment options and the complexity of dental restoration to attain excellence in their clinical practice."

"Introduction 1.1 Report Objectives 1.1.1 The research titled The Prediction and Appraisal of Travel Time variability Urban Radial Routes is awarded by The Toray Science Foundation to Mr. Tri Tjahjono, lecturer and researcher staff at the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Indonesia, Jakarta. This research has been started on September 2, 1993 for a 10 (ten) months period. The research contract is under the Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Indonesia (LPUI) on behalf the Toray Science Foundation. The Team members of this research are : Mr. Tri Tjahjono as principal investigator, Mr. Alan Marino and Mrs. Ellen S.W. Tangkudung. During this research are also helping by 2 (two) assistant-members and 45 field surveyors. 1.1.2 Briefly, the objectives of this research are: first, to understand the nature and causes of travel time variability and how to impose the traveler's perception and response in selected urban corridors; second, to produce an estimated travel time variation of both inter-vehicle variation and inter-period variation and; lastly, to propose an appropriate traffic management scheme that is able to reduce the travel time variability."

"Indonesia sebagai negara maritim membutuhkan sarana transportasi laut untuk mendorong pertumbungan ekonomi di Indonesia. Mobilitas penumpang dan barang yang terjadi merupakan peluang PT PELNI (Persero) untuk dapat meningkatkan pendapatan perusahaan melalui optimalisasi trayek kapal penumpang. Namun saat ini PT PELNI (Persero) belum dapat menentukan rute-rute potensial sehingga trayek yang ditetapkan belum dapat mengoptimalkan margin keuntungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hasil penjualan tiket penumpang dan barang pada kapal penumpang PT PELNI (Persero) dengan mempelajari pola rute-rute yang sering dilalui penumpang maupun barang pada waktu tertentu dan sebaran penumpang/barang berdasarkan daerah atau pelabuhan di Indonesia agar dapat membantu Manajemen dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk mengoptimalkan trayek perjalanan kapal dan meningkatkan penghasilan perusahaan.Penelitian ini merupakan quantitative research menggunakan experimental strategy dengan pengumpulan data kuantatitatif dari data transaksi penjualan tiket penumpang dan barang pada kapal penumpang untuk dilakukan pengujian hubungan antar variabel dengan pemodelan data mining. Kemudian dilakukan tahapan-tahapan pada data mining menggunakan Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) untuk menemukan pola rute-rute yang sering dilalui oleh penumpang kapal maupun muatan barang. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik data mining, yaitu clustering dengan algoritma K-Means dan classification dengan algoritma Na�ve Bayes, Decision Tree dan Random Forest. Berdasarkan hasil clustering yang dievaluasi dengan metode Elbow, cluster terbaik yang digunakan adalah cluster dengan nilai k=4 untuk menjadi label pada pemodelan classification. Dari hasil classification, Algoritma yang memiliki tingkat akurasi paling baik adalah algoritma Random Forest dengan nilai accuracy sebesar 99,70% dan accuracy meningkat setelah diseimbangkan dengan SMOTE upsampling menjadi 99,85%. Dari pemodelan data mining yang dilakukan dihasilkan rute-rute potensial untuk angkutan penumpang, potensial untuk angkutan barang, cukup potensial dan kurang potensial untuk penumpang atau muatan barang, sehingga PT PELNI (Persero) dapat mengatur stategi pemasaran untuk mengoptimalkan trayek dengan menyesuaikan rute, mengatur alokasi seat dan frekuensi pelayaran kapal penumpang pada saat peak season maupun low season.

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As a maritime country, Indonesia needs sea transportation to encourage economic growth in Indonesia. The mobility of passengers and cargo is an opportunity for PT PELNI (Persero) to increase revenue by optimizing passenger ship routes. But currently, PT PELNI (Persero) has not been able to determine the potential ship routes, so the route set has not been able to optimize the profit margin. This study aims to analyze the cargo and passenger ticket sales of PT PELNI (Persero) passenger ships by studying the pattern of routes that passengers and cargo often travel at a particular time as well as the distribution of passengers and cargo by region or port in Indonesia to assist Management in making decisions to optimize ship routes and increase company revenue.

This research uses the experimental strategy with quantitative data from transaction data on sales of cargo and passenger tickets on passenger vessels to test the relationship between variables with data mining modeling. Then the steps are done on data mining using Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) to find the pattern of routes that ship passengers and cargo often pass. This research uses data mining techniques: clustering with the K-Means algorithm and classification with Na�ve Bayes, Decision Tree, and Random Forest algorithm. Based on the clustering results evaluated using the Elbow methods, the best cluster to use is a cluster with a value of k=4 to be a label in classification modeling. From the classification results, the algorithm with the best accuracy level is the Random Forest algorithm, with an accuracy value of 99.70%. The accuracy increases after being balanced with SMOTE upsampling to 99.85%. The data mining modeling produces potential routes for passenger transportation, freight transportation, and enough and less potential for passengers or cargo. So that PT PELNI (Persero) can set a marketing strategy to optimize routes by adjusting routes, managing allocation seats, and frequency of passenger ships during peak and low seasons."