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"Tanggung gugat (Vicarious Liability) adalah doktrin yang menyatakan bahwa majikan akan bertanggung jawab atas kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh bawahannya, sejauh perbuatan tersebut dilakukan dalam lingkup/bagian dari pekerjaannya. Pasal 1367 ayat (3) Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPer) merupakan penjelmaan dari doktrin Vicarious Liability. Terdapat banyak masalah dalam penerapan tanggung gugat (Vicarious Liability), yaitu masalah dalam menguraikan unsur-unsur yang harus dipenuhi untuk membebankan tanggung gugat (Vicarious Liability) kepada majikan. Penulisan skripsi ini akan menganalisis masalah tanggung gugat dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 2498 K/Pdt/2000, dimana terdapat perbedaan pertimbangan atas pembebanan tanggung gugat di tingkat Pengadilan Negeri dan Pengadilan Tinggi, dengan Mahkamah Agung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis adalah Penelitian Kepustakaan, dimana dalam menganalisis permasalahan tanggung gugat ini, penulis mengacu pada norma hukum yaitu pasal 1367 ayat (3) KUHPer serta doktrin-doktrin yang berlaku di masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa untuk membebankan tanggung gugat kepada majikan, kesemua unsur di dalam pasal 1367 ayat (3) KUHPer haruslah dipenuhi, oleh karena itu majikan tidak bertanggung jawab terhadap perbuatan melawan hukum bawahan yang bukan merupakan lingkup/bagian dari pekerjaan.

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Vicarious liability is a doctrine which states that master will be liable for any tort commited by servant, as far as such action is related to the course of employment. Article 1367 paragraph 3 of Indonesian Civil Law is the embodiment of the doctrine of Vicarious Liability. In the implementation of vicarious liability doctrine, there are a lot of problem in explaining the elements that should be fullfiled to impose the liability on the master. This thesis will analyze the issue of vicarious liability in the Supreme Court verdict No. 2498/K/Pdt/2000, where there are differences in consideration of the imposition of vicarious liability in the District court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court. Research methods used by the writer is Research Library, where in analyzing issues of the vicarious liability, writer refers to the legal norm, namely Article 1367 paragraph (3) Indonesian Civil Code, as well as legal doctrines prevailing in the society. The results of this research states that, all the elements in the Article 1367 paragraph (3) Indonesian Civil Code must be fullfilled in order to be able to impose the vicarious liability, therefore the master is not responsible for the tort committed by the servant that is not in the course of employment."

"Peralihan hak atas tanah harus dibuktikan dengan akta jual beli yang dibuat dihadapan PPAT, akta tersebut dijadikan dasar pendaftaran pemindahan hak atas tanah yang bertujuan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum kepada pemegang hak baru. Guna memberikan kepastian hukum, sebelum pembuatan AJB, salah satu kewajiban PPAT adalah pemeriksaan kesamaan data yang ada pada sertipikat dengan yang ada pada kantor pertanahan. Pokok permasalahan dalam penulisan ini adalah bagaimana pertanggung jawaban PPAT atas AJB No. 250/2012 dan AJB No. 251/2012 yang cacat hukum, dan Apakah Putusan No. 451/PDT/2015/PT. BDG juncto Putusan No. 381/PDT.G/2014/PN.BDG sudah tepat menurut ketentuan pertanahan yang berlaku di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jika PPAT melanggar kewajiban pemeriksaan kesesuain sertipikat dengan data yang ada pada kantor pertanahan, maka PPAT dapat diberikan teguran tertulis ataupun peringatan tertulis oleh Kepala Kantor Pertanahan. PPAT bertanggung jawab secara perdata, serta moril, dan secara pidana jika terbukti melakukan pelanggaran baik karena sengaja maupun kelalaian. Putusan No. 451/PDT/2015/PT. BDG juncto Putusan No. 381/PDT.G/2014/PN.BDG PPAT kurang tepat menurut ketentuan pertanan di Indonesia, seharusnya PPAT dapat dimintakan ganti kerugian bukan karena PPAT sebagai pihak dari akta, tetapi atas perbuatan melawan hukum akibat kelalaiannya yang dilakukan PPAT yang menimbulkan kerugian bagi orang lain.

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Transitional land rights must be evidenced by a deed of sale and purchase made before PPAT, such deed used as the basis registration the transfer of rights over land that aims to give legal certainty to the new rights holder. In order to provide legal certainty, prior to manufacture deed of sale and purchase, one of the PPAT obligations is the examination of similarity existing data on the existing certificate with the land office. The main problem in this thesis is how is accountability of PPAT on AJB No. 250 2012 and AJB No. 251 2012 legally flawed, and do Verdict 451 PDT 2015 PT. BDG jo with Decision No. 381 PDT.G 2014 PN.BDG own right under the terms of the applicable land in Indonesia. This study is a normative juridical using secondary data. The analysis showed that if PPAT violate obligations suitability examination certificate with the data that existed at the land office, then PPAT can be given a written warning by the Head of the Land Office. PPAT responsible civilly and morally and criminally if proved to have violated either intentionally or due to negligence. Decision No. 451 PDT 2015 PT. BDG jo Decision No. 381 PDT.G 2014 PN.BDG PPAT are less appropriate according to the land law in Indonesia,PPAT should not be requested compensation for PPAT as part of the deed, but on an unlawful act committed due to negligence PPAT that cause losses for others."

"Jual beli adalah salah satu cara pengalihan hak atas tanah di Indonesia. Prinsip jual beli berdasarkan hukum positif kita adalah terang dan tunai. Dalam perkembangan di masyarakat yang semakin kompleks ini semakin banyak bentuk transaksi jual beli tanah yang semakin rumit dikarenakan satu dan lain hal melibatkan jumlah uang yang sangat besar maupun terdapat kepentingan atau motif lain yang tersembunyi dari pihak penjual dan/atau pembeli yang secara tidak langsung dapat memperbesar kemungkinan terlanggarnya prinsip terang dan tunai dalam jual beli tanah sehingga menghambat pelaksanaan jual beli. Untuk mengakomodir permasalahan seperti itu, terdapat lembaga hukum Pengikatan Jual Beli PJB sebagai jembatan menuju akta jual beli. PJB dapat dibuat dalam bentuk akta otentik. Notaris sebagai pejabat umum yang berwenang membuat akta otentik membuat akta PJB nya. Pada umumnya pembayaran angsuran/tahap akhir dari uang jual-beli akan diikuti dengan penandatanganan AJB di hadapan PPAT. Bagaimana peran Notaris dalam suatu proses pra jual beli guna melindungi kepentingan baik dari penjual atau pembeli sebagaimana dalam kasus PT.Putra Bandara Mas melawan Harun Sebastian dan pihak Notaris sesuai amanat Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris yang mewajibkan Notaris untuk bertindak amanah, jujur, saksama, mandiri, tidak berpihak, dan menjaga kepentingan pihak yang terkait dalam perbuatan hukum? Metode yang dipergunakan dalam penyusunan tesis ini adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Dengan metode penelitian ini, penulis hendak menganalisa peran Notaris dalam proses pra jual beli tanah dan sejauhmana perlindungan hukum bagi penjual dan pembeli.

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Sales and Purchase is one of the other procedures of land rights transfer in Indonesia. The principle of sales and purchase according to our law is fair and cash. In the development of an complex society, there are more complicated sales and purchase of land transaction forms because of one way or another are involving some large amount of money or there is another interest or motive which is hidden from the seller and or the buyer that indirectly can increase the possibilitity to broke the fair and cash principle in sales and purchase of land thus inhibiting the sales and purchase implementation. To accommodate those problem, there is a legal institution called Preliminary Sales And Purchase Agreement PJB which is serves as a link to the sales and purchase deed. PJB can be made in the form of an authentic deed. The Notary as a public officials which is authorized to make the authentic deed is make the PJB deed. Generally the payment of the final installment of the sales purchase will be followed by the signing of the sales purchase deed in front of the PPAT. How is the role of the Notary in the proccess of the sales purchase in order to protect the interest both from the seller and the buyer as seen in the case of PT.Putra Bandara Mas Vs Harun Sebastian and the Notary according to the instructions from the Notary Act which is obliging the Notary to act trustworthy, honest, thorough, independent, impartial, and safeguard the interest of those involved in the legal act The methods used in the preparation of this thesis is a normative juridical research method that is legal research done by researching library materials or secondary data. With this methode, the author want to analyze the role of the Notary in the process of land sales and purchase and to determine the legal protection for the seller and the buyer."

"The Influence of Contractors Involvement in Engineering Procurement Phase to Construction Project Cost Performance in IndonesiaThe structure of the construction industry is very complex due to the involvement of a wide range of contractors including main contractors, subcontractors and design consultant. The amount of participants in the actual construction process requires various relationships and joint combination often leading to lower levels of performance in construction projects. In Indonesia, there are many construction projects that are performed in a traditional manner, where designers and contractors are given work in separate contracts. Contractors generally get involved in the construction phase. After completing planning, design and specifications, the designer embarks on supervision in the construction phase. In 1986, The Construction Industry Institute, in Austin, USA, defined Constructability as the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, engineering, and procurement and construction field operations to achieve overall project objectives. This research was carried out in order to complete the requirement of Magister Program Curriculum in The Department of Civil Engineering, Postgraduate Program of The University of Indonesia. It is mainly aimed to investigate the relationship between the contractors personnel involvement in engineering and procurement phases with the construction project cost performance in Indonesia. Data of the research were obtained through questionnaires returned from contractor companies that performed many kinds of construction projects completed over the last decade between 1987-1997 in Indonesia. The method chosen for the research was a descriptive-analysis type relying on data compiled and verified from the samples of the construction projects. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis utilizing correlation and multiple regression to establish a model of the relationships. The final model after being subjected to the needed statistical tests provided clear evidence about the influence of constructability variables as in contractor personnel involvement in engineering and procurement phases to construction project cost performance in Indonesia The significant contractor personnel variables were found to be carefully assign appropriate construction personnel who has the required experience and team approach to the project team and make timely input to design to avoid the need for changes."

"Era globalisasi di Indonesia di mulai pada tahun 2003. Era globalisasi terjadi pada semua industri termasuk industri konstruksi. Perusahaan kontraktor sebagai salah satu pelaku dalam industri konstruksi harus segera mempersiapkan diri dan harus mengidentifikasi kesiapannya dengan mengetahui faktor-faktor internal (kekuatan dan kelemahan) dan eksternal (peluang dan ancaman) agar dapat bersaing dalam era globalisasi. Perusahaan kontraktor Indonesia harus mempersiapkan diri untuk menghadapi era globalisasi. Dengan menentukan parameter dari faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal dari kajian literatur, yang selanjutnya dengan metoda statistik, analisa faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal serta Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) maka akan dapat diketahui kondisi kesiapan perusahaan kontraktor Indonesia dan faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang dominan yang mempengaruhi kesiapan kontraktor Indonesia dalam era globalisasi.Dari hasil dari penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa perusahaan kontraktor Indonesia tidak siap menghadapi persaingan pada era globalisasi dan ketidaksiapan terbesar terjadi dari sisi faktor internal kontraktor Indonesia. Untuk secara keseluruhan, faktor-faktor internal dan 'eksternal dominan yang menyebabkan ketidaksiapan adalah perencanaan visi dan misi perusahaan dalam jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang, kurangnya kepemilikan sertifikat ISO-9000, kurangnya pengalaman perusahaan dalam proyek internasional, terbatasnya jumlah sumber daya manusia perusahaan yang terampil, professional, dan tersertifikasi, kondisi ekonomi nasional Indonesia, lokasi pasar (proyek) di dalam negeri, kondisi stabilitas politik di Indonesia, lemahnya pelaksanaan aturan dan peraturan yang berubah-ubah, budaya KKN dalam tender di Indonesia, besarnya kredit bunga bank yang berlaku di Indonesia, dan kurangnya kebijakan kredit dan dukungan Pemerintah dengan pemberian kemudahan fasilitas kredit, asuransi dan lain-lain. Semua faktor ini harus diperbaiki untuk dapat meningkat persaingan pada era globalisasi.

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Era globalization in Indonesia started in 2003. Era globalization occurred to all industries included construction industry. Contractor company as one as doer in construction industry that must preparing itself as soon as possible and must identify preparing itself with to know internal (strengths and weakness) and external (opportunities and threats) factors in order to can competitive in era globalization. Indonesia contractor companies must prepare themselves to fight in era globalization. With determine parameters of internal and external factors from literature study, then with statistic, analysis internal and external factors and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) so the factors are able to will knew the condition of Indonesia contractor companies preparing and dominant internal and external factors that impact to Indonesia contractor companies in era globalization.

From research result can concluded that Indonesia contractor companies do not prepare in competition in era globalization and the biggest prepare less occurred from internal factors of Indonesia contractor companies section. For all of dominant internal and external factors that cause prepare less are planning of companies vision and mission in short, middle, and long time, ownership less of ISO 9000 certificate, experience less of companies in international project, limited sum human resources of companies that have experiences, professional and have certificate, condition of Indonesian economic, market (project) location in Indonesia. condition of Indonesian politic not stable, the weakness of implementation of regulation and regulation that changed, culture of corruption, collusion, and nepotism in Indonesian tender, high interest credit bank in Indonesia, and less of credit policy and government support in make facilities credit easier. insurance. etc. All of these factors must be improve to increase competition in era globalization."

"Proyek pengadaan barang dan jasa Pemerintah memiliki skala kompleksitas yang signifikan, mencakup risiko akan kinerja Kontraktor dalam memenuhi kewajiban kontrak terhadap Pemerintah. Alhasil, Pemerintah mewajibkan suatu jaminan untuk menjamin pelaksanaan pekerjaan oleh Kontraktor, yang salah satunya adalah Surety Bond. Skripsi ini membahas prinsip tanpa syarat dalam surety bond dengan penelitian untuk menganalsa: (1) akibat dan isu hukum yang timbul dari penerapan asas tanpa (2) bukti yang diperlukan dan beban pembuktian dalam proses klaim pencairan dan sengketa hukum yang timbul dari itu, dan untuk memperdalam telaah, Skripsi ini membahas Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 618K/Pdt/2019 untuk menggarisbawahi persoalan hukum isu hukum yang bersangkutan. Skripsi ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menerapkan metode yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pencantuman prinsip tanpa syarat mengakibatkan pencairan surety bond terlepas dari situasi kerugian dan kewajiban untuk menandatangani perjanjian ganti rugi. Masalah hukum yang timbul berkaitan dengan kerentanan terhadap moral hazard dan kerugian terhadap posisi keuangan Principal. Keadaan merugikan Principal kian diperparah karena sifat sepihak dari bukti yang diperlukan dan beban pembuktian untuk klaim pencairan surety bond. Skripsi ini menyarankan penerapan prudential inspection dalam proses underwriting surety bond dan untuk merubah bukti-bukti yang diperlukan untuk klaim pencairan.

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scale of complexity, encompassing risks on the performance of the Contractor in fulfilling its contractual obligations beholden to the Government. Accordingly, the Government requires a form of guarantee to assure the performance of procurement work by the Contractor, one of which is Surety Bond. This thesis discusses the principle of unconditionality in surety bond with research objectives to analyze: (1) the legal consequences and impediments arising from the application of unconditional principle, (2) the required evidence and burden of proof in the process of claiming disbursement and the legal disputes arising thereof and to further provide insight, this thesis avails in the vivisection of Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 618 K/Pdt/2019 to underline the relevant legal issues. This thesis is a descriptive research implementing normative juridical methods. The results exhibit that the inclusion of unconditional principle results in the immediate disbursement of surety bond regardless of situation of loss and the subsequent obligation to sign indemnity agreement. The ensuing legal issues concern with the susceptibility to moral hazard and the principal's detrimental financial position. The detrimental position of the principal is further aggravated due to the unilateral nature of required evidence and burden of proof to claim surety bond disbursement. This thesis suggests the implementation of prudential inspection in the process of underwriting surety bond and to amend the required evidence to claim for disbursement."

"Algorithms for independent component analysis (ICA) based on information-theoritic criteria optimization over differential manifolds have been devised over the last few years....."

"Dimanapun juga di dunia,masalah besar yang dihadapi oleh Pengadilan adalah kehendak bangsa untuk memi;liki Pengadilan yang benar-benar mandiri (independen ). Kemandirian tersebut bukanlah untuk kemadirian itu sendiri, melainkan untuk tujuan yang lebih tinggi,yaitu mampu bertindak adil...."