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"Tesis ini merupakan implementasi nyata di bidang instrumentasi dalam bentuk sebuah prototype alat pengukur panjang kabel mengggunakan rotary encoder sensor dengan dukungan PLC sebagai otak kontrol dan Touch Scren Panel sebagai media operator untuk eksekusi operasi dan monitoring proses. Dalam pengujian kalibrasi jumlah pulsa encoder terhadap panjang aktual kabel menggunakan kabel jenis NYAF ukuran 1.5mm2 dan 2.5mm2 dengan panjang kabel sampai 100 meter. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa encoder menghasilkan sebanyak 38 pulsa/cm dengan prosentase penyimpangan korektif rata-rata sebesar 0.46%.

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This thesis is an actual implementation in the field of instrumentation in the form of a prototype measuring device length of cable use rotary encoder sensor with support a PLC as a controller and Touch Screen Panel as a media for the operation and monitoring of process execution. In testing the calibration number of encoder pulses to the actual length of the cable using the cable NYAF types of 1.5mm2 and 2.5mm2 with cable lengths up to 100 meters. The results show that the encoder produces as many as 38 pulses/cm with a percentage deviation corrective average by 0.46%."

"As mentioned before in the submitted proposal, the aim of this investigation is to study the wide angle reflection characteristic which has both advantage and disadvantage. The advantage we could obtain from such reflection angle is the stronger reflections (i.e S/N ratio) compared to the narrower angle reflections. This strong reflection makes the horizon identification becomes easier and its amplitudes might be used to study the rock properties using inversion technique. Its disadvantage comes from the fact that wide angle reflection involves what co-called chase distortion that affects the travel-time picking and also the amplitude measurement.Some workers have studied the phase distortion effect and proposed some methods to overcome the problem. Choy and Richards [2] who studied seismograms produced by a caustic region found the similarities between event in the original seismograms and the Hilbert transformed seismograms. They observed that, for example, an sS-wave is a Hilbert transform pair of an SS-wave, which suggested a 90° phase distortion. To tackle the problem of obscure travel-time, they applied the matched filter to the distorted signal after Hilbert transforming the reference signal. This method, however, is limited to 913° phase distortion only.The matched filter is a simple and straightforward method to estimate the amplitude ratio and differential travel-time of two different signals. However, it works well only when both signals have similar waveforms. When the phase distortion occurs, i.e. the original waveform is distorted, the matched filter fails to obtain an optimum amplitude and travel-time estimations. Pointer and Neuberg [8] introduced an iterative matched filter for analysing the effect of a phase distortion. First, the reference signal is phase distorted and used to find the amplitude ratio and travel-time by matched filter. The procedure is repeated ti changing the phase with a particular increment until they obtain the best cross-correlation value automatically revealing the amplitude ratio, the differential travel-time, and the phase distortion. However, the method is sensitive to the choice of the phase increment and in some cases it."

"ABSTRAKModel kecepatan adalah parameter yang paling penting untuk Pre-Stack Depth Migration (PSDM). Pemodelan kecepatan menggunakan inversi tomografi refleksi adalah metode untuk mendapatkan kecepatan interval. Proses ini menggunakan atribut kinematik wavefield yang diperoleh dari CRS. Dengan metode ini, kualitas gambar penampang bawah permukaan yang diperoleh dari proses PSDM akan meningkat.Dalam studi ini, Data sesimik laut 2D diterapkan menggunakan metode ini. Input utama untuk inversi ini adalah atribut RNIP, atribut emergence angel, dan hasil picking yang diperoleh dari proses ZO CRS stack. Dari proses tersebut, kita dapat mengetahui waktu tempuh sinar normal, turunan spasial kedua waktu tempuh, turunan spasial pertama waktu tempuh, dan koordinat spasial kemunculan sinar.Keempat paarameter tersebut menjadi data observasi untuk proses inversi tomografi. Di dalam proses inversi ini, kita dapat menghitung data forward model dan model kecepatan akhir yang didapatkan setelah nilai misfit mencapai minimum. Metode ini memiliki keluaran berupa informasi model kecepatan makro dalam satuan kedalaman. Menggunakan metode CRS stack memperlihatkan informasi lebih rincitentang struktur geologi bawah permukaan dibandingkan penampang hasil proses konvensional. Secara mudah menyederhanakan dan mempercepat proses picking dan memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan model kecepatan dalam situasi S/N rasio rendah atau struktur yang kompleks, untuk mengidentifikasi event refleksi yang menerus pada seismik._hr>ABSTRACTVelocity model is the most important parameter for Pre Stack Depth Migration (PSDM). Velocity modeling using reflection tomography inversion is one of the methods to get interval velocity . This process uses kinematic wavefield attributes obtained from CRS stack method. By applying this method, the quality of subsurface image obtained from PSDM will be increased.In this study, marine data 2D is applied using this methods. The main input for this inversion is RNIP attribute, emerge angle attribute, and picking of ZO samples that obtained from ZO CRS-stack method. From that process, we can find normal ray traveltime, second spatial traveltime derivatives, first spatial traveltime derivatives, and spatial coordinate. Those all parameter become observed data for tomographyinversion process. During the process we have calculate the forward modeling data, final velocity model is resulted after misfit calculated reach minimum value. Output from this methods is the macro velocity model information defined in depth unit. Using this method CRS stack shows more detailed information on subsurface geological structure than old section stack. besides that, significantly simplifies andspeeds up the picking process and allows to obtain a velocity model even in situations in low S/N ratio or complex reflector structure, to identify reflection event continuously across the seismic section."

"Konfigurasi multi-motor terhubung paralel dengan inverter tunggal memiliki kelebihan dari segi efisiensi dan bentuk yang ringkas sehingga direkomendasikan untuk penggunaan pada kendaraan listrik. Kebutuhan performa sistem penggerak untuk kendaraan listrik mensyaratkan performa dinamik dengan respon torsi yang cepat, efisiensi tinggi pada keadaan transien maupun steady-state, dan dapat beroperasi pada berbagai kondisi medan kendaraan. Agar memenuhi persyaratan performa tersebut, penelitian ini mengkombinasikan Kendali Torsi Langsung Modulasi Vektor Ruang atau Direct Torque Control Space Vector Modulation DTCSVM dan Observer Kecepatan Adaptif untuk Kendali Motor Parallel dengan Inverter Tunggal. Implementasi DTC SVM diharapkan dapat memberikan respon torsi yang cepat dengan rugi rugi steady state akibat ripple torsi dan fluks yang minimum. Agar sistem dapat beroperasi pada berbagai medan kendaraan, eliminasi sensor kecepatan dapat menambah mechanical robustness dari sistem. Untuk memungkinkan hal tersebut, kendali speed sensorles dapat diimplementasikan menggunakan Observer Kecepatan Adaptif. Hasil uji simulasi dari sistem kendali yang dirancang menunjukan respon torsi dan fluks yang cukup cepat dengan ripple steady state yang rendah. Implementasi sistem kendali yang diusulkan dengan skema kendali paralel dasar yaitu kendali master slave dan kendali rata rata juga menunjukan respon yang stabil sesuai karakteristik dari masing masing skema pengendalian paralel motor

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ABSTRACTSingle inverter multi-motor SIMM drive system has attractive advantages in terms of efficiency and compactness that makes it recommended for electric vehicle traction system. The electric vehicle drive system has dynamic performance requirements such as fast torque response, high efficiency over wide range of speed, and able to operate at hostile environtment. To fulfill these requirements, this research combines Direct Torque Control Space Vecor Modulation DTC SVM and Speed Adaptive Observer to be implemented in SIMM control system. DTC SVM is implemented to achieve fast torque response with minimum loses ripple at steady-state caused. The elimination of speed sensor can improve mechanical robustness of the system so that the system is more robust to operate at hostile environtment. To realize speed sensorless control, Speed Adaptive Observer is implemented. The simulation result shows sufficently fast flux and torque response with minimum steady state ripple. The Speed Adaptive Observer can estimate the speed of the motors satisfactorily at certain speed range. The results of the implementation of the proposed control method with basic SIMM control schemes these are master slave control and mean or average control shows good response behaviour and confirms the characteristics of each SIMM control schemes"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalisasi kinerja sel elektrolisis. Elektrolisis adalah proses pemecahan senyawa air menjadi gas hidrogen dan gas oksigen dan gas hasil elektrolisis dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja motor bakar. Namun energi listrik yang dibutuhkan untuk elektrolisis terkadang terlalu besar dan sulit dikendalikan. Untuk mengoptimalisasi kinerja sel elektrolisis, dirancang kontroler reaktor yang adjustable berbasis pulse width modulation dengan mempertimbangkan nilai tegangan aki, suhu reaktor, indikator gigi persneling dan kecepatan putaran mesin. Kinerja sel elektrolisis dapat dilihat dari debit gas yang dihasilkan, konsumsi energi listrik dan suhu reaktor elektrolisa. Parameter kinerja motor bakar dapat diamati dari torsi, daya, emisi dan konsumsi bahan bakar. Dengan menerapkan modul kontrol, dapat meningkatkan maksimum BHP hingga 0,05HP, meningkatkan maksimum torsi sebesar 0,1 ft-lbs dan penghematan bensin sebesar 18,51% dibandingkan dengan motor standar.

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This research is about to optimalize the performance of electrolysis cell. Electrolysis is process that can break the chemical bonding of water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. Both gasses is used to improve internal combustion engine performance. But the electric energy needed for electrolysis is excessive and hard to be controlled. To optimalize electrolysis cell performance, an adjustable controller is designed, based on pulse width modulation with consideration of battery voltage, electrolizer temperature, gear position and engine rotation spees. Electrolysis cell performance can be observed from gas flow rate, electric energy consumption and electrolyzer temperature. Engine performance parameter can be observed from torque, power, emission and fuel consumption. By using this control module, maximum BHP can increase up to 0,05HP, maximum torque up to 0,1 ft-lbs and decrease fuel consumption up to 18,51% compared with standard motorcycle."