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"This essay is not intended to be comprehensive; rather, it gives readers a general idea of the five major Eurasian legal systems (Rome, Greece, the Near East, India, China) in their historical and political contexts. It also examines, briefly, the different stages of a typical legal case in each system; and because my main area of specialization is Greek law, and the Athenian legal system may be unfamiliar to many readers, I discuss it in somewhat more detail. My main thesis is that legal systems develop to meet the political needs of their communities. To illustrate this I contrast the legal systems of the two major ancient empires, Rome and China, with that of the much smaller Athenian political community, the polis."

"Focuses on the British Russia Company, revealing how commercial competition between the British and Russian empires became entangled."

"For thousands of years, the geography of Eurasia has facilitated travel, conquest and colonization by various groups, from the Huns in ancient times to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the past century. This book brings together archaeological investigations of Eurasian regimes and revolutions ranging from the Bronze Age to the modern day, from Eastern Europe and the Caucasus in the west to the Mongolian steppe and the Korean Peninsula in the east. The authors examine a wide-ranging series of archaeological studies in order to better understand the role of politics in the history and prehistory of the region. This book re-evaluates the significance of power, authority and ideology in the emergence and transformation of ancient and modern societies in this vast continent."

"Tulisan ini membahas mengenai problematika poligami melalui kritik filsafat cinta. Adanya persoalan mengenai ketidaksesuaian konsep cinta sejati sebagai relasi romantis di dalam bentuk poligami. Bentuk cinta tersebut adalah cinta destruktif yang menyebabkan terjadinya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, baik secara fisik maupun psikis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkritik bentuk cinta destruktif dalam perkawinan poligami melalui metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif mengenai studi filsafat cinta dalam praktik perkawinan poligami. Teori yang digunakan dalam permasalahan ini adalah teori filsafat cinta dari bell hooks yang menunjukkan bahwa dalam cinta tidak ada dominasi dan relasi romantis akan membawa pada cinta sempurna. Poligami dianalisis dari segi budaya di berbagai negara sehingga berkembang sampai saat ini. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perkawinan poligami merupakan bentuk cinta destruktif yang memberikan dampak negatif pada para istri serta poligami bukanlah sebuah bentuk cinta sejati sesuai dengan filsafat cinta bell hooks.

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This paper discusses the problem of polygamy through a critique of the philosophy of love. There is a problem regarding the incompatibility of the concept of true love as a romantic relationship in the form of polygamy. This form of love is destructive love that causes domestic violence, both physically and psychologically. This study aims to criticize the form of destructive love in polygamous marriages through descriptive qualitative research methods regarding the study of the philosophy of love in the practice of polygamous marriages. The theory used in this problem is the theory of love philosophy from bell hooks which shows that in love there is no domination and a romantic relationship will lead to perfect love. Polygamy is analyzed in terms of culture in various countries so that it has developed to this day. The result of this study indicates that polygamous marriage is a form of destructive love that has a negative impact on wives and polygamy is not a form of true love according to Bell Hook’s philosophy of love."

"Dari ekstrak n-heksana yang berasal dari talus Ramalina inflata, Hook, & Tayl tanaman tersebut di kumpulkan/diperoleh dari Taman Nasional Botani, Seblat, Gunung Kerinci, Propinsi Jambi, Sumatra, berhasil diisolasi (+) - asam usnat dalam bentuk kristal jarum berwarna kuning. Sedangkan dari ekstrak aseton berhasil diisolasi suatu senyawa baru dalam bentuk kristal putih, yang diduga merupakan turunan dari asam norstiktat, dimana strukturnya ditetapkan berdasarkan data spektrum 1H-NMR dan 13C-NMR serta massa. Diduga cincin D dari senyawa baru tersebut dibentuk oleh α, β, -δ- lakton (cincin 6), sedangkan cincin D dari asam norstiktat dibentuk dari cincin α, β, -γ-lakton tidak jenuh. Ada kemungkinan bentuk lain dari struktur senyawa B, dimana gugus metilenanya berada pada cincin depsidon (lingkar 8, sedangkan pada cincin depsidon normal terbentuk dari lingkar 7). Oleh karena itu senyawa baru tersebut diusulkan diberi nama asam norstiktat A. Sifat anti bakteri dari (+) -asam usnat sudah diketahui dan dikenal, sedangkan pada penelitian ini senyawa baru tersebut diketahui tidak mempunyai aktivitas biologi.

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From the n-hexane extracto£ the Ramalina inf lata's thallus, that is collected from the Seblat-National Botanical Garden, Mount Kerinci, West Sumatra, has been isolated usnic acid as light yellow crystal. Whereas from the acetone extract has been isolated a new compound as white crystal with structure as derivative from the norstictic acid. Its structure is established by nmr-and mass spectral data. The D-ring of the norstictic acid is formed by α, β, -unsaturated- γ-lactone, whereas the new compound is formed by α, β, -unsaturated- γ-lactone. Another possibilities are, the B compound from the depsidone ring is formed by eight ring, that means methylene group belongs to the depsidone ring. Normally depsidone ring is formed by seventh ring. So that we give the name for this new compound is norstictic acid A. The Biological activities of usnic acid is well known, but unfortunately the new isolated compound has no biological activities."