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"Economic Development, Twelfth Edition, presents the latest thinking in economic development with the clear and comprehensive approach that has been so well received in both the developed and developing worlds. The pace and scope of economic development continues its rapid, uneven, and sometimes unexpected evolution. This text explains the unprecedented progress that has been made in many parts of the developing world but fully confronts the enormous problems and challenges that remain to be addressed in the years ahead. The text shows the wide diversity across the developing world and the differing positions in the global economy that are held by developing countries. The principles of development economics are key to understanding how we got to where we are, how great progress has been made in recent years, and why many development problems remain so difficult to solve. The principles of development economics are also key to the design of successful economic development policy and programs as we look ahead. The field of economic development is versatile and has much to contribute regarding these differing scenarios. Thus, the text also underlines common features that are exhibited by a majority of developing nations, using the insights of the study of economic development. The few countries that have essentially completed the transformation to become developed economies, such as South Korea, are also examined as potential models for other developing countries to follow. Both theory and empirical analysis in development economics have made major strides, and the Twelfth Edition brings these ideas and findings to students. Legitimate controversies are actively debated in development economics, and so the text presents contending theories and interpretations of evidence, with three goals. The first goal is to ensure that students understand real conditions and institutions across the developing world. The second is to help students develop analytic skills while broadening their perspectives of the wide scope of the field. The third is to provide students with the resources to draw independent conclusions as they confront development problems, their sometimes ambiguous evidence, and real-life development policy choices-ultimately, to play an informed role in the struggle for economic development and ending extreme poverty"

"[Pengaruh positif infrstruktur terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi telah menjadi konsensus di antara para ekonom. Akan tetapi beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan hasil yang beragam. Walaupun investasi publik untuk infrastruktur relatif kecil tetapi Indonesia berhasil menjaga pertumbuhan ekonominya. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui kontribusi infrastruktur terhadap pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data level provinsi di Indionesia, studi ini berusaha mengetahui kontribusi infrastruktur secara agregat dan individual terhadap perkeonomian daerah. Perhitungan regresi menggunakan efek tetap menunjukkan bahwa secara agregat infrastruktur berkontibusi secara positif kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi. Akan tetapi, studi ini tidak menemukan cukup bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa secara individual setiap tipe infrastruktur berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah kecuali untuk tipe infrastruktur air bersih. Dengan demikian, pembangunan infrastruktur akan lebih baik jika dilakukan secara komprehensif dan integral.;The positive impact of infrastructure on growth has become a consensus among the economist. However, many studies provide a mixed evidence. Althoughpublic investment on infrastructure is relatively small, Indonesia can maintain its economic growth. This study is aimed to examine contribution of infrastructure to economic development in Indonesia. By using provincial data in Indonesia, this study estimates the contribution of aggregate infrastructure and individual infrastructure on regional economic growth. From the fixed effect estimation, we find that aggregate infrastructure contribute to the regional economic growth.However, this study does not provide enough evidence to support the individual effect of infrastructure on regional growth in Indonesia except safe water access. Therefore, the infrastructure development cannot be partially implemented;The positive impact of infrastructure on growth has become a consensusamong the economist. However, many studies provide a mixed evidence. Althoughpublic investment on infrastructure is relatively small, Indonesia can maintain itseconomic growth. This study is aimed to examine contribution of infrastructure toeconomic development in Indonesia. By using provincial data in Indonesia, thisstudy estimates the contribution of aggregate infrastructure and individualinfrastructure on regional economic growth. From the fixed effect estimation, wefind that aggregate infrastructure contribute to the regional economic growth.However, this study does not provide enough evidence to support the individualeffect of infrastructure on regional growth in Indonesia except safe water access.Therefore, the infrastructure development cannot be partially implemented, The positive impact of infrastructure on growth has become a consensusamong the economist. However, many studies provide a mixed evidence. Althoughpublic investment on infrastructure is relatively small, Indonesia can maintain itseconomic growth. This study is aimed to examine contribution of infrastructure toeconomic development in Indonesia. By using provincial data in Indonesia, thisstudy estimates the contribution of aggregate infrastructure and individualinfrastructure on regional economic growth. From the fixed effect estimation, wefind that aggregate infrastructure contribute to the regional economic growth.However, this study does not provide enough evidence to support the individualeffect of infrastructure on regional growth in Indonesia except safe water access.Therefore, the infrastructure development cannot be partially implemented]"

"Gap Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (TPAK) laki-laki dan perempuan cenderung stagnan dalam 3 dekade terakhir, berbeda dengan kondisi banyak negara lain yang semakin mengecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh pembangunan ekonomi terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan di Indonesia dalam kurun waktu 1986- 2018. Berbeda dengan penelitian yang ada di Indonesia sebelumnya yang banyak melihat kondisi mikro yang mempengaruhi perempuan untuk masuk dalam angkatan kerja, penelitian ini melihat kondisi makro yang terjadi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode balanced panel data. Penelitian dilakukan di 26 provinsi yang sudah ada di Indonesia sejak tahun 1986.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pembangunan ekonomi berpengaruh pada TPAK perempuan dengan membentuk pola U. Partisipasi perempuan tinggi saat Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita sangat rendah, selanjutnya peningkatan share lapangan usaha primer dalam PDRB akan menurunkan partisipasi perempuan, namun saat share lapangan usaha sekunder dan tersier meningkat perempuan akan kembali masuk dalam pasar kerja meskipun hasilnya tidak signifikan. Kondisi tersubut disebabkan banyak provinsi di Indonesia langsung langsung berpindah ke lapangan usaha tersier dari lapangan usaha primer. Peningkatan penduduk perkotaan akan menurunkan partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan. Sedangkan meningkatnya TFR, persentase perempuan berpendidikan tinggi, dan rata-rata upah mendorong perempuan untuk masuk dalam angkatan kerja.

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Gender gap between female and male labor force participation rate tend to stagnant in the past three decades, contrary to many other countries which just narrowed the gap. This study attempts to identify the effects of economic development to female labor force participation in 1986-2018 in Indonesia. Vice versa to other previous research in Indonesia that use micro analysis to find condition that affects female join the labor force, this study use macro conditions by using balanced panel data method. The research focus in 26 provinces have existed in indonesia since 1986.The results show economic development has significant effect on female labor force participation and form a UShaped pattern. Female labor force participation is high when the gross regional domestic product (GRDP) is low. Increasing share of primary sector in the GRDP will decrease female participation, but when the share of secondary and tertiary sector are advance, women will re-enter the labor market, though it is insignificant. It could be caused by directly moved from primary to tertiary sector in many provinces. An increase of urban dwellers will reduce female LFPR. While increase in Total Fertility Rate (TFR), percentage of female with high educated and wage rate encourage female into the labor force."

"Penulisan Tesis ini mengunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, serta hasil wawancara dengan nara sumber. Fokus penelitian pada permasalahan mengenai pemenuhan unsur hukum dari Peraturan Bank Indonesia untuk menjadi sumber hukum sebagai wujud dari pelaksanaan fungsi pengaturan (regulatory junction) Bank Indonesia, dan bagaimana mengaktualisasikannya sebagai salah satu sarana hukum yang efektif dalam aktivitas pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Permasalahan tersebut dianalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang disajikan secara desktiptif analitis.Secara konstitusional, prinsip pembangunan ekonomi nasional dilaksanakan dalam kerangka demokrasi ekonomi. Namun dalam perkembangannya, kegiatan tersebut berlangsung dalam sistem mekanisme pasar {market mechanism) yang tidak hanya bersifat terbuka, tetapi semakin teritegrasi dengan ekonomi dan pasar global. Apapun sistem pasar yang diterapkan, pembangunan ekonomi sebuah negara pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mencapai kemakmuran masyarakat melalui pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi dan distribusi pendapatan yang merata, yang di Indonesia dimaksudkan untuk terciptanya kesejahteraan masyarakat (welfare State). Dari segi kebijakan hukum {legal policy), sistem hukum yang dianut Indonesia berafiliasi pada tipe civil law dimana hukum yang berlaku mengutamakan peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai dasarnya. Sistem hukum seperti ini, menuntut lembaga negara dan badan hukum publik, terutama pemerintah untuk berperan secara efektif dalam berbagai aspek pembangunan nasional, termasuk pembangunan ekonomi, karena the rapid economic development sought by Third World countries would required an effective legalframework.Setelah diteliti, Peraturan Bank Indonesia merupakan salah satu peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia yang menjadi sumber hukum positif dan efektif untuk diberdayakan oleh Bank Indonesia sebagai salah satu sarana dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan ekonomi nasional.

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This thesis uses normative legal research method by using primary, seccndary, and third legal materials and interview with a source person. The research focused on the fulfillment of legal aspects of the Regulation of Bank Indonesia to be a law resource as an implementation of the regulatory function of Bank Indonesia. Therefore, how to be actualized it as an effective legal tool in the activities of national economic development. These issues are analyzing by quantitative approach and preserve by descriptive analysis.

Constitutionally, the national economic development is conducted in frame of economy democracy. In fact, that economic activities is run in the market mechanism system, that of not only openness, but also tends to be more integrated with the global market and economy. Wbat ever the market system is applied in a State, the aim of the economy development is always focuses on people’s wealthy by a high economic growth and flattening income distributions that of in Indonesia is promulgated to achieve a welfare State. From the legal policy perspective, the legal system of Indonesia is affiliated to civil law where the law is prioritized the rule as a base. This legal system needs an effective participation of all State organs especially from government in any aspect of national development including economic development because “the rapid economic development sought by Third World countries would require an effective legal framework”.

The conclusion of this research that the Regulation of Bank Indonesia is one of the regulation in Indonesia as an effective and positive legal resource that can be uses by Bank Indonesia as a tool in the implementation of national economic development."