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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai kewajiban pencadangan dana ASR bagi kontraktor migas yang dalam Production Sharing Contract-nya tidak termuat ketentuan tersebut. Permasalahan ini menjadi menarik untuk dibahas karena salah satu pihak dari Production Sharing Contract adalah pemerintah. Dalam hal ini pemerintah di satu sisi merupakan subjek hukum perdata yang wajib tunduk pada kesepakatan kontrak, namun di sisi lain ia juga berhak untuk membuat peraturan karena kedudukannya sebagai regulator. Dalam keadaan yang demikian, tidak jarang peraturan yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah bertentangan atau tidak diatur dalam muatan kontrak sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan konflik di antara para pihak Production Sharing Contract. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, artinya penelitian dilakukan dengan mengandalkan penggunaan kepustakaan, termasuk di dalamnya buku-buku, literatur, serta norma-norma hukum yang tertulis baik dalam bentuk peraturan perundang-undangan maupun kebiasaan-kebiaasan yang berlaku di masyarakat. Pelaksanaan pencadangan ASR yang masih terbilang baru ini menimbulkan perbedaan pendapat dari berbagai pihak. Namun bagaimanapun, secara hukum pencadangan dana ASR merupakan kewajiban yang harus tetap dilaksanakan.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the obligation to reserve ASR fund for oil and gas contractors whose Production Sharing Contract does not contain such provisions. This issue becomes interesting to be discussed because one of the parties from the Production Sharing Contract is government. In this case the government on the one hand is a subject of civil law that is obligated to submit to contractual agreement, but on the other hand he is also entitled to make regulations because of his position as a regulator. In such circumstances, the regulations issued by the government may contradictory with or unregulated in contractual content, thus potentially causing conflict between the contracting parties. This thesis uses normative juridical method, which the research is done by relying on the use of literature, including books, literature, and legal norms written both in the form of legislation and customs that prevail in the community. Implementation of ASR 39 s reserves that are still fairly new lead to differences of opinion However, the reservation of ASR fund obligation still must be implemented so that comply to the law."

"Meningkatnya kebutuhan energi nasional masih menjadi permasalahan dengan didominasi oleh energi fosil sebesar 90,7%. Lapangan AP merupakan lapangan minyak dan Gas yang berada di Utara Jawa Barat. Sejak tahun 2016 tidak memiliki kegiatan pengeboran sumur baru sehingga produksi terus menurun. Optimasi dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan lean gas pengolahan gas bumi sebagai pengumpan pada 5 sumur sembur buatan tipe gas lift. Simulasi kelayakan ekonomi menggunakan 4 alternatif skenario yaitu, skenario 1, Gas lift menggunakan kompresor kepemilikan dengan gas terproduksi yang disirkulasikan kembali di unit pengolahan gas; skenario 2, Gas lift menggunakan kompresor secara kepemilikan dengan gas terproduksi langsung yang dialirkan ke konsumen; skenario 3, Gas lift dengan menggunakan kompresor secara sewa dengan gas terproduksi yang di sirkulasikan kembali ke unit pengolahan gas; skenario 4, Gas lift menggunakan kompresor secara sewa dengan gas terproduksi langsung dialirkan ke konsumen. Evaluasi teknis dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi perangkat lunak antara lain PIPESIM 2021 dan UNISIM R390.1, sedangkan analisa kelayakan ekonomi dilakukan dengan metode Levelized Cost. Skenario terbaik berdasarkan pertimbangan nilai Cummulative Cash Flow serta NPV, IRR dan Payback Period adalah Skenario 4 yang memberikan Cummulative Cash Flow sebesar IDR 519.117.184.085, NPV IDR 249.981.597.550, IRR 109,54% dan Payback Period selama satu tahun empat bulan.

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The increase in national energy demand is still a problem, with fossil energy being dominated by 90.7%. The AP field is an oil and gas field in North West Java. Since 2016 there have been no new well-drilling activities, so production has declined. Optimization is done by utilizing natural gas processing lean gas as a feeder for five gas lift-type artificial wells. The economic feasibility simulation uses four alternative scenarios. Namely, in Scenario 1, Gas lift uses a proprietary compressor with produced gas which is recirculated in the gas processing unit; in Scenario 2, Gas Lift uses a proprietary compressor with produced gas delivered directly to consumers; Scenario 3, Gas lift uses a compressor on a lease basis with produced gas recirculated to the gas processing unit; Scenario 4 Gas Lift uses a compressor on a lease basis with produced gas flowing directly to consumers. Technical evaluation is carried out using software simulations, including PIPESIM 2021 and UNISIM R390.1, while an economic feasibility analysis is carried out using the Levelized Cost method. The best scenario based on cumulative cash flow and NPV, IRR and payback period is Scenario 4, which gives a cumulative cash flow of IDR 519,117,184,085, NPV of IDR 249,981,597,550, IRR of 109.54% and a payback period of 1 year and four months."

"Injeksi gas panas terhadap aliran resirkulasi pada backward-facing step mempunyai efek yang signifikan terhadap medan distribusi temperatur di dalam aliran resirkulasi, khususnya dengan 3 variasi parameter, yaitu: temperatur injeksi, perbandingan momentum spesifik, dan letak injeksi. Eksperimen dalam penelitian ini memanfaatkan fungsi data logger dalam pengambilan data temperatur rata-rata dalam rentang waktu tertentu. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pada injeksi dekat sisi step (If= 2H) injeksi gas panas memberi kan efek penting terhadap kondisi upstream dan downstream meskipun tidak dengan persentase yang sama pada seluruh variasi parameter. Fenomena ini berbeda dengan yang teljadi pada injeksi dekat dengan reattachment point (If = 4H). Pada kondisi ini, sebagian besar panas yang dibawa oleh injeksi akan terdistribusi ke arah downstream karena pengaruh blowing effect terhadap aliran resirkulasi lebih kuat.

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Hot gas injection through the recirculation zone in a backward-facing step has a significant effect to the temperature distribution in recirculation flow, especially with three parameters variations, i.e. temperature, specific momentum ratio, and injection location. The present experimental work uses data logger for obtaining mean temperature in specific range of time. Investigation result shows that for injection location near the step (lf = 2H) hot gas injection gives a remarkable effect to the upstream and downstream condition, although not in equal percentage for all parameter variation. This phenomenon is quite different to that found in case of injection location near reattachment point (If = 4H). In this condition, most of the not gas contained in the injection will distribute to the clown stream due to stronger blowing effect of free stream to the recirculation flow."

"Pengaruh pola aliran dari multi phase fluida yang terdiri dari gas, air, dan minyak bumi dengan kecepatan yang tinggi, perbedaan material antara dudukan gasket dan material master block dan adanya kandungan CO2 di dalam fluida dapat menjadi penyebab kerusakan pada peralatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kerusakan pada sub sea tree SA-21. Kerusakan yang terjadi adalah kebocoran yang terjadi pada bagian keluaran dari master block."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang keekonomian pengembangan sumur-sumur tuaminyak bumi dan manfaat pengusahaan sumur tua terhadap perekonomianmasyarakat sekitar sumur tua di Cepu. Sesuai Peraturan Menteri Energi danSumber Daya Mineral Nomor 001 Tahun 2008 tentang Pedoman PengusahaanPertambangan Minyak Bumi Pada Sumur Tua, yang diberikan izin untukmelakukan pengusahaan sumur-sumur tua minyak tersebut adalah Koperasi UnitDesa (KUD) dan Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD). Untuk mengusahakansumur tua KUD dan BUMD membutuhkan investasi untuk pembersihan sumurtua dan pemroduksiannya. Penelitian ini menghitung keekonomian pengusahaansumur tua dengan menggunakan skenario asumsi harga jual minyak Rp 4.160,-/Ldan Rp 3.698,-/L dan variasi jumlah sumur tua yang diproduksikan. Penghitungandilakukan pada keekonomian produksi sumur tua di setiap KUD dan BUMD sertakeekonomian pengusahaan sumur tua secara umum. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa tidak semua KUD dan BUMD menghasilkan keuntunganyang cukup untuk mengembalikan investasi yang telah dikeluarkan. Denganasumsi harga jual minyak Rp 4.160,-/L maka produksi minimal per sumur tuayang dapat memberikan keuntungan adalah sebesar ± 2 bbl/hari, sedangkanmenggunakan asumsi harga jual minyak Rp 3.698,-/L maka produksi minimal persumur tua yang dapat memberikan keuntungan adalah sebesar ± 3,5 bbl/hari.Manfaat pengusahaan sumur tua bagi masyarakat adalah terbukanya lapangankerja dan usaha serta peningkatan pendapatan. Dalam pemroduksian sumur tuadirekomendasikan untuk menggunakan metode timba, dikarenakan metodetersebut dapat membuka lapangan kerja dan usaha yang cukup banyak dimanasesuai dengan semangat pengelolaan sumur tua yaitu memberdayakan masyarakatsekitar.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities.;This thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities.;This thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities., This thesis discusses the economic development of old oil wells and benefitconcessions old oil wells on the economy of the community around the in Cepu.According to the Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No.001 of 2008 on Guidelines for Oil Mining Concessions In Old Oil Wells, who wasgiven permission to do the exploitation of old oil wells is the Village UnitCooperatives (cooperatives) and the Regional Owned Enterprises (enterprises). Tocommercialize old wells, cooperatives and enterprises requires investment forcleaning old oil wells and producing oil. This study calculates the economicexploitation of old oil wells using a scenario assuming oil prices of Rp 4,160,-/Land Rp 3,698,-/L and the variation of the number of old oil wells that produced.Calculations performed on the economics of production of old oil wells in eachcooperatives and enterprises as well as the economic exploitation of the old wellin general. The results showed that not all cooperatives and enterprises generateenough profit to return the investments made. Assuming oil selling price of Rp4,160,-/L, the minimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equalto ± 2 bbl/day, while using the assumption of oil selling price of Rp 3.698,-/ L, theminimum oil production per well who can provide benefits is equal to ± 3.5bbl/day . Benefits for the community concession old well is work opportunitiesand businesses as well as increased revenue. In producing old oil wells isrecommended to use the bucket method, because the method can create jobs andbusiness in accordance with the spirit in which the management of old oil wellsthat empower local communities.]"

"ABSTRAKKompartemen reservoar Lapangan Tamiang, Cekungan Sumatera Utara telah ditentukan berdasarkan analisis sekatan patahan. Lapangan Tamiang adalah lapangan tua yang menerapkan Oil Recovery Enhanced (EOR). EOR merupakan teknik untuk meningkatkan produksi dengan salah satu tekniknya adalah injeksi waterflooding. Analisis sekatan patahan menjadi informasi yang penting untuk melakukan injeksi waterflooding. Tujuan dari tesis ini adalah untuk menyelidiki karakteristik tiap patahan dalam hal sekatan tertutup atau terbuka dengan throw, shale gouge ratio (SGR), weight SGR, dan juxtaposisi. Tahapan analisis yang dilakukan adalah normalisasi gamma ray untuk mendapatkan volume shale, kemudian menganalisis sifat patahan dengan menggunakan Allan Diagram, lalu melakukan transmisibilitas multiplier, dan menambahkan parameter bulk modulus. Analisis kemudian divalidasi dengan sumur produksi dan injeksi. Patahan yang dianalisis berjumlah 23 patahan dengan dua perbedaan dipping, salah satu dipping ke barat laut dan yang lainnya ke arah tenggara. Kemudian, hasil dari arah patahan adalah sinistral dengan arah dari barat laut ke tenggara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lima kompartemen telah diidentifikasi, yang dibatasi oleh empat struktur utama. Sekatan patahan tertutup dan terbuka berbeda tiap layer zone. Pada zona 400 dan 560 patahan umumnya merupakan sekatan patahan tertutup. Untuk zona 600, 770 dan 800, patahan lebih dominan sekatan patahan terbuka. Zona 400, 560 dan 600, bulk modulus, zona patahan terbuka berada di barat daya. Sedangkan zona 770 dan 800 berada di timur laut. Adanya oblique patahan dan throw yang membuat perbedaan patahan tertutup dan patahan terbuka tiap layer berbeda. Hubungan antara karakter patahan (SGR, WSGR, throw, juxtaposisi), bulk modulus dan transmisibilitas menunjukkan adanya hubungan saling terintegrasi.

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ABSTRACTThe reservoir compartments of Tamiang field, North Sumatra Basin has been properly determined based on the Sekatan fault analysis. Tamiang field is a mature field and have been stage of secondary recovery. Therefore, Tamiang field needs strategy to enhance production by applying Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). One of the EOR techniques is waterflooding, which is intended to mantain reservoir pressure and increase the oil recovery. Thus, the fault seal analysis become significant information in performing water flooding. The objective paper is to investigate the characteristic of fault in term of fault sealing or fault leaking by analyzing the throw, shale gouge ratio (SGR), weigth SGR, and juxtaposition. All these parameters are associated with fault sealing and non fault sealing zone, which is used as basis to determine water flooding, and making reservoir compartement. Phase of analysis are normalization gamma ray to estimate shale volume, then using Allan diagram to analyze behavior of faults, transmissibility multiplier and the next adding parameter of bulk modulus. Then the analysis is validated with production and injection wells. Taming field has 23 faults with two difference dipping, one dipping to northwest and the other to south east. Thus, the fault direction is sinistral with direction from northwest to south east. The result shows that four compartments have been identified, which is bounded by three main structure. Fault sealing and fault leaking are different from each layer zone. In zones of 400 and 560, faults are generally fault sealing. For zones 600, 770 and 800, more dominant fault leaking. Zones 400, 560 and 600, bulk modulus of fault sealing zones are in the southwest. While zones 770 and 800 are in the northeast. The existence of oblique faults and throws that make the difference fault sealing and fault leaking each layer differently. The relationship between the fault properties (SGR, WSGR, throw, juxtaposition), bulk modulus and transmissibility indicate an integrated relationship."

"Transformator merupakan suatu mesin listrik yang memiliki fungsi untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tenaga listrik yang dihasilkan dari pembangkit dan kemudian ditransmisi ke gardu induk. Komponen isolasi yang digunakan pada transformator adalah minyak dan kertas kraft. Kertas kraft merupakan material isolasi yang berfungsi melindungi belitan yang terendam pada minyak transformator. Kertas kraft terbuat dari bahan yang mengandung selulosa, sehingga ketika mengalami panas maka akan mengalami degradasi yang menyebabkan terkontaminasinya minyak dengan seyawa furan. Dengan metode pengujian furan dapat melihat kandungan furan yang terdiri dari 5H2F (5-hydroxymethyl-2 furaldehyde), 2FOL (2-furfurol), 2FAL (2-furaldehyde), 2ACF (2-acetylfuran), dan 5M2F (5-methyl-2-furaldehyde). Dengan mengacu kepada standard IEC-61198, metode pengujian ini dapat membantu menganalisis sisa umur kertas dan juga sisa umur dari transformator.

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Transformer is an electric machine that has the function of increasing or decreasing the electric power generated from the generator and then transmitted to the substation. The single components used in transformers are oil and kraft paper. Kraft paper is an insulating material that functions to protect windings submerged in transformer oil. Kraft paper is made from a material containing cellulose, so when it is heated it will degrade which causes oil contamination with furan compounds. With the furan testing method, it can be seen that the furan content consists of 5H2F (5-hydroxymethyl-2 furaldehyde), 2FOL (2-furfurol), 2FAL (2-furaldehyde), 2ACF (2-acetylfuran), and 5M2F (5-methyl-2). -furaldehyde). With reference to the IEC-61198 standard, this test method can analyze the remaining life of the paper insulation and the remaining life of the transformer."

"Kebutuhan akan dilakukannya operasi penutupan sumur minyak dan gas termasuk sangat penting ketika sumur- sumur tersebut dianggap tidak lagi produktif dan layak ekonomi. Pada saat ini, semen adalah material penutup yang masih sangat umum digunakan dalam perihal operasi penutupan sumur. Namun, proses tersebut menjadi sangat terbatas mengingat akan harga semen yang terbilang mahal serta sifatnya yang berkecerendungan untuk menyusut dalam bentuk dan memiliki resiko untuk meretak dalam beberapa kondisi tertentu. Proyek penelitian ini bertujuan akhir untuk menghasilkan teknik penutupan sumur yang lebih layak ekonomi dan lebih efektif dengan melakukan evaluasi bentonit sebagai bahan alternatifnya. Bentonit memiliki kemampuan tinggi dalam hal penyegelan mengingat kemampuannya yang dapat melebar dalam bentuk dibawah proses hidrasi. Selain itu, bentonit yang terhidrasi berkecerendungan untuk membentuk kembali ke bentuk awalnya dan menyembuhkan dirinya sendiri dibawah gerakan permukaan. Jumlah sumur-sumur di masa depan yang dipastikan akan semakin banyak jelas membutuhkan proses penutupan, jika tidak, mereka akan menimbulkan ancaman berat untuk pelestarian bumi. Sebagai contoh, ribuan sumur gas lapisan batubara yang terletak di Queensland, Australia saat ini sangat diperlukan untuk segera ditutup. Proses penutupan sumur yang lebih layak ekonomi penting untuk dipertimbangkan mengingat akan adanya sedikit biaya sulit dalam statistik sumur gas lapisan batubara di Australia. Namun, pengubahan peraturan akan proses penutupan sumur di Queensland akan membutuhkan otorisasi legislatif, yang antara lain telah dilakukan lebih awal oleh beberapa negara-negara bagian di Amerika Serikat. Penyelidikan teoritis dan eksperimental dilakukan dalam proyek ini, yang antara lain terdiri atas studi literatur guna mendukung pengumpulan data-data, dan pekerjaan laboratorium dalam pengujian material bentonit dengan membuat demonstrasi atas kemampuan penyegelannya dalam berbagai kondisi yang bervariasi.

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The requirement of conducting plug and abandonment P A operations for such oil and gas wells are important when these wells are considered to be no longer productive and economic viable. Currently, cement is the sealing material that has been commonly used in plugging operations. However, the process become limited as cement is considered to be expensive and has a tendency to shrink, as well as at a risk to crack under several conditions.

This project consists research aimed at producing an economical and effective technique of P A operations by evaluating bentonite as the alternative material for plugging wells. Bentonite performs superior sealing ability due to its swelling and expanding behaviour throughout hydration process. Besides, a hydrated bentonite plug also prone to reshape itself or likely to self heal under subsurface movements. There are a growing and undetermined number of wells in the future that required to be plugged, or else it will pose severe threats to the earth's conservation. For instance, there are thousands of coal seam gas wells in Queensland that will be necessary to be plugged and abandoned by time.

It is important to consider the importance of having an economic viable process of plug and abandonment process, since there is a slight hard cost statistic in Australian coal seam gas wells. However, it will require legislative authorization in changing the regulatory to plug wells with bentonite in Queensland, which has been don earlier in several states of USA. Theoretical and experimental investigation was conducted in this project which includes the performance of literature study to support the assemble of property database, as well as laboratory work in testing bentonite plug to create a demonstration of bentonite plugging ability under various conditions."