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"ABSTRAKSeiring dengan berkembangnya hukum internasional, prinsip kedaulatan kini tidak lagi dipandang dapat memberikan impunitas kepada pemerintah negara untuk tidak memberikan perlindungan kepada hak asasi manusia penduduknya. Doktrin intervensi humaniter kemudian hadir namun masih banyak meresahkan komunitas internasional sebab hal tersebut dirasa melanggar hukum internasional. Berangkat dari gagasan tersebutlah doktrin responsibility to protect R2P hadir untuk memberikan justifikasi baru bagi komunitas internasional melalui Dewan Keamanan untuk melakukan intervensi kepada suatu negara yang telah nyata gagal melindungi penduduknya dari empat kejahatan, yakni genosida, kejahatan perang, pembersihan etnis, dan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Doktrin ini dengan intervensi militernya pada praktiknya telah diterapkan di Libya dan Pantai Gading, namun pada kenyataannya keberhasilan penerapan doktrin R2P tersebut belum kembali terulang pada kasus Suriah. Penelitian ini lantas mencoba untuk menganalisis kemungkinan penerapan doktrin R2P di Suriah berdasarkan kriteria penerapan doktrin R2P pada kasus-kasus terdahulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan data sekunder. Adapun penelitian ini kemudian menemukan bahwa kemungkinan penerapan doktrin R2P dengan intervensi militernya pada kasus perang sipil Suriah adalah sangat kecil oleh karena adanya faktor-faktor di luar kriteria doktrin R2P yang ternyata menjadi faktor penentu penerapan doktrin R2P. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa terlepas dari sulitnya penerapan doktrin R2P oleh Dewan Keamanan pada kasus Suriah dan juga kasus-kasus serupa lainnya di masa yang akan datang, hendaknya negara-negara tidak lantas mengambil tindakan sepihak untuk melaksanakan intervensi militer kepada negara lain namun tetap berpegang teguh untuk selalu mencoba menerapkan doktrin R2P dengan lebih baik lagi.

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ABSTRACTAs the international law develops, sovereignty now cannot be deemed as granting impunity for the government to not protect their citizens rsquo human rights. Humanitarian intervention doctrine then came but still lacks of support from the international community as it is deemed as a violation of international law. Departing from that, the responsibility to protect R2P doctrine came to serve as the new justification for international community through the United Nations Security Council to intervene in countries who manifestly fail to protect their citizens from four specific crimes, namely genocide, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. In practice, R2P doctrine with its military intervention had been implemented in Libya and C te d rsquo Ivoire, but the aforementioned success is still far from being implemented in Syria. This study thus seeks to analyze the possibility of implementing R2P in Syria based on the criteria used in the previous cases. The method used in this study is juridical normative by using secondary data. This study then found that the possibility to implement R2P with its military intervention in Syria is very little for there are other factors that do not fall to the doctrine rsquo s criteria but are determining factors to its implementation. At the end, this study advises that despite the difficulty to implement R2P through the Security Council in Syria, individual countries shall refrain from taking unilateral military intervention to deal with the case at hand and shall rather always try to strengthen the doctrine rsquo s implementation for the better. "

""The Role of Business in the Responsibility to Protect closes the gap between research on the Responsibility to Protect and the private sector, as previous research has focused only on state responsibilities and state actors. This book examines in detail the developing research on the significant role that private sector actors can play in promoting peace and stability. Contributors to this volume explore the key arguments for where, why, and how private sector actors can contribute to the prevention and cessation of mass atrocity crimes; and how this can inform and extend the UN policy discussion around Responsibility to Protect. The contributors include lead voices in the Responsibility to Protect discourse as well as central voices in business and peace literature"--"

"This fascinating Handbook explores the interplay between international human rights law and international humanitarian law, offering expert analysis on the increasingly complex issues surrounding their application in conflict areas across the world"

"United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) yang disahkan oleh Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa pada tahun 2011 adalah dokumen normative pertama terkait isu bisnis dan hak asasi manusia. Sejak saat itu beberapa panduan internasional yaitu ISO 26000 on Social Responsibility, Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development?s Guidelines for Multi National Enterprises, dan United Nations Global Compact mengadopsi konsep bisnis dan hak asasi manusia tersebut sebagai salah satu subjek pokok dan membuat hak asasi manusia menjadi urusan bagi pebisnis. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah aplikasi dari konsep bisnis dan hak asasi manusia dalam praktek Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (CSR) yang dilakukan olehperusahaan-perusahaan pertambangan batubara Indonesia. Industri batubara diketahui memiliki risiko tinggi merusak atau bahkan menghancurkan lingkungan, dimana hal tersebut dapat membahayakan pemenuhan hak asasi manusia. Demi mencegah efek membahayakan tersebut maka penting untuk mencari tahu apakah perusahaan-perusahaan sudah melaksanakan CSR sesuai dengan panduan internasional. Ada empat perusahaan pertambangan batubara yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini yaitu PT. Arutmin Indonesia, PT. Kaltim Prima Coal, Pt. Nuansacipta Coal Investment, dan PT. Reswara Minergi Hartama. Hasil penelitian praktek CSR dari setiap perusahaan akan diteliti kesesuaiannya dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dan panduan internasional mengenai CSR untuk kemudian disimpulkan apakah perusahaan sudah menunjang dan melindungi prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia pada praktek CSR. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini adalah menggambarkan kondisi CSR saat ini baik pengaturannya maupun pada prakteknya oleh perusahaan-perusahaan tersebut diatas, dimana hak asasi manusia belum terintegrasi dalam keduanya.

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The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP), endorsed by the United Nations in 2011, is the first normative document on the issue of business and human rights. Since then several international guidelines, namely the ISO 26000 on Social Responsibility, Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development?s Guidelines for Multi National Enterprises, and United Nations Global Compact adopted the concept into their the core subjects and making human rights corporate concern.

The issue discussed in this thesis is the application of concept of business and human rights in the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by Indonesian coal mining companies. Coal mining industry is known for its high risk of environmental damage and/or destruction, which may be detrimental towards the full enjoyment of other human rights. Therefore, to prevent the detrimental effect of this industry, it is important to seek whether the coal mining companies has conducted its CSR accordingly with the guidelines. There are four coal-mining companies studied this research, which are PT. Arutmin Indonesia, PT. Kaltim Prima Coal, PT. Nuansacipta Coal Investment, and PT. Reswara Minergi Hartama.

The result of the study upon the data obtained from the companies will then be compared with the prevailing CSR regulations and international guidelines to obtain whether the company has promote and protect human rights through their CSR. This research shall result in the comprehensive current condition of CSR in regulatory manner and in practice of the aforementioned coal mining companies where in both manner, human rights has yet being integrated."

"Existing international law is capable to govern the ?war on terror? also in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. The standards generally applicable to targeted killings are those of human rights law. Force may be used in order to address immediate threats, preventive killings are permitted under strict preconditions but targeted killings are prohibited. In the context of armed conflicts, these standards are complemented by international humanitarian law as lex specialis. Civilians may only be targeted while directly taking part in hostilities and posing a threat to the adversary. Also in Israel and the occupied territory, these standards apply. Contrary to the Israeli supreme court?s view, international humanitarian law is not complemented by human rights law, but human rights law is, to some degree, complemented by international humanitarian law. According to these standards, many killings which would be legal according to the Israeli Supreme Court violate international law."

"ABSTRAKDireksi sebagai organ Perseroan wajib melaksanakan pengurusan Perseroan dengan itikad baik dan penuh tanggung jawab. Permasalahan timbul apabila keputusan Direksi dalam pengurusan Perseroan membawa kerugian bagi Perseroan. Sistem korporasi common law mengenal norma nir-pertanggungjawaban Direksi yang menetapkan bahwa Direksi tidak bertanggungjawab atas kerugian yang timbul dari suatu tindakan pengambilan keputusan dalam pengurusan, apabila tindakan Direksi tersebut didasari atas itikad baik dan sifat hati-hati. Pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah norma nir-pertanggungjawaban Direksi menurut pendapat para ahli dan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan Republik Indonesia dan pengimplementasian norma nir-pertanggungjawaban Direksi pada Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 102 PK/Pid/2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif dengan tipologi penelitian adalah deskriptif. Dalam penelitian ini, bahan pustaka merupakan data dasar sebagai data sekunder. Metode pengumpulan data sekunder melalui studi kepustakaan. Alat pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi dokumen yaitu penelusuran literatur. Metode analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasal 97 ayat 5 UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, Pasal 55 ayat 3 UU No. 19 Tahun 2003 tentang BUMN, dan Keputusan Ketua BAPEPAM No. Kep-45/PM/2004 tentang Peraturan Nomor IX.I.6 mengenai Direksi dan Komisaris Emiten dan Perusahaan Publik angka 5 telah mengakui norma nir-pertanggungjawaban Direksi. Dalam kasus PT. Jasa Alam Sejahtera, Majelis Hakim Mahkamah Agung mempertimbangkan bahwa keputusan Direktur Utama PT. Jasa Alam Sejahtera menggunakan rekening pribadinya Direktur Utama sementara waktu untuk menerima uang pembayaran sewa kios milik Perseroan sesuai dengan Pasal 97 ayat 5 UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas sehingga secara yuridis Direktur Utama tidak dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban secara pribadi.Kata Kunci: Norma Nir-Pertanggungjawaban Direksi, Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No. 102/PK/Pid/2013

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ABSTRACTDirectors as organ of the Company shall perform the maintenance of Company in good faith and responsible. The problem arises if the decision of Directors in the management of Company brings loss to the Company. The common law corporate system recognizes the norm of non responsibility of the Directors which stipulates that the Directors shall not be liable for damages arising from a decision making action in the management, if the actions of Directors are based on good faith and due care. The subject matter of this study are opinion of experts about the norm of non responsibility of the Directors and in laws and regulations of Republic of Indonesia and implementation of the norm of non responsibility of Directors in Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 102 PK Pid 2013. This research uses normative juridical research method and research typology is descriptive. In this research, library material is the basic data as secondary data. Secondary data collection method through literature study. The data is collected by document study that is literature tracking. Data analysis method is done qualitatively. The results showed that Article 97 paragraph 5 of Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies, Article 55 paragraph 3 of Law Number 19 of 2003 on BUMN, and Decision of the Chairman of BAPEPAM Number Kep 45 PM 2004 on Rule Number IX.I.6 regarding the Directors and Commissioners of Issuers and Public Companies Number 5 has acknowledged the norm of non responsibility of the Directors. In the case of PT. Jasa Alam Sejahtera, the Judges of the Supreme Court considers that the decision of President Director of that company uses his personal account President Director to receive the lease payment of the Company in accordance with Article 97 paragraph 5 of Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies so that the Director can not be held personally accountable.Keywords The Norm of Non Responsibility of The Directors, Decision of The Supreme Court of The Republic of Indonesia Number 102 PK Pid 2013"

"Kajian dalam review literatur ini membahas perdebatan ilmiah yang terjadi dalam aspek legitimasi intervensi kemanusiaan/ Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Sebagai norma internasional, R2P menghadapi berbagai dilema politik pada tataran perumusan dan implementasi kebijakan intervensi dalam sistem PBB. Salah satu dilema politik yang terjadi adalah aspek legitimasi. Legitimasi adalah suatu proses legalitas di mana intervensi harus dilakukan hanya melalui validasi wewenang Dewan Keamanan PBB (Bab VII, Piagam PBB). Di lain pihak, beberapa akademisi berpendapat bahwa legitimasi legal rentan akan kontestasi kepentingan anggota DK sehingga legitimasi moral/ etis adalah hal yang lebih penting dalam membentuk legitimasi dan lebih adil dalam menyelamatkan isu kemanusiaan. Legitimasi moral dibentuk melalui aksi multilateralisme dan pembuktian tragedi kemanusiaan. Melalui analisis komparatif perdebatan legitimasi legal dan moral dalam karya akademisi hubungan internasional, hukum internasional dan HAM, review literatur ini mengidentifikasi bahwa kontestasi antara pembentukan legitimasi tersebut merupakan pengejawantahan dari pertentangan paradigmatis realisme dan konstruktivisme, yaitu narasi: (1) faktor material lawan ideasional, (2) logika konsekuensi lawan logika kepatutan, (3) norma sebagai kegunaan lawan norma sebagai hak, dan (4) aktor top-down lawan agen bottom-up.

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The studies in this literature review discusses the scientific debate that occurred in the aspect of legitimacy of humanitarian intervention / Responsibility to Protect (R2P). As an international norm, R2P is facing numbers of political dilemmas at the level of policy formulation and implementation in UN system. One of the political dilemmas is divisive voice on legitimacy aspect in intervention. Legitimacy is a legal process in which intervention should be done only through UN Security Council authority (Chapter VII of the UN Charter). On the other hand, some scholars argue that legal legitimacy is vulnerable to contestation of interests of security council members, thus moral/ ethical legitimacy is more important in establishing legitimate and fairer intervention in saving humanity from humanitarian tragedy. Moral legitimacy is formed through multilateralism mechanism in intervention and empirical evidence of human tragedy. Through a comparative analysis of the legal and moral legitimacy debate in the work of international relations scholars, international law and human rights intellectuals, this literature review identifies that the contestation in legitimacy aspect of intervention epitomizes paradigmatic opposition between realism and constructivism. This can be explicated through following points: (1) material factors versus ideational, (2) the logic of appropriateness versus the logic of consequence, (3) the norm as benefit versus the norm as right, and (4) top-down actor versus bottom-up agent."