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"Buku yang berjudul "Lubrication : a practical guide to lubricant selection" ini ditulis oleh A. R. Lansdown. Buku ini merupakan sebuah buku panduan mengenai pelatihan lubricant."

"Due to increased environmental sensitivity, renewable-based lubricants, and food grade lubricants are being considered potential alternatives to petroleum-based lubricants. Understanding of bio-lubricant in relation to abrasive wear is essential for using ball bearings in industrial implementation. This study focused on wear mechanism on ball bearings lubricated by bio-lubricants. Palm oil and coconut oils were used in this study. Coconut oils were made by two processes, namely dry and wet processing, resulting in three types of oil (virgin coconut oil [VCO], refined coconut oil [RCO], and hydrogenated coconut oil [HCO]). Full-scale bearing life tests were conducted with 300 N load with 2,840 rpm for 6 hours. Method of lubrication was circulating oil by using pump injection to the self-aligning ball bearings. The results show that the main wear mechanism, which impacted on the surfaces of inner race, outer race, and ball for different bio-lubricants, were abrasive and adhesive wear. It found that the abrasion rate was the least severe for VCO. The discrepancies of worn surfaces are thought to be as a result of the physical and chemical properties of bio-lubricants."

"Pemahaman tentang mutu pelumas dan pelumasan menjadi penting karena dapat menghindari digunakannya pelumas berrnutu rendah yang dapat menurunkan umur teknis mesin. Setiap pelumas yang dipasarkan kebanyakan sudah ditambahkan aditif tertentu sesuai dengan komposisi yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan produsen minyak pelumas tersebut, sehingga diharapkan minyak pelumas tersebut dapat memenuhi kondisi operasi mesin-mesin yang selalu berkembang. Namun, kenyataannya di pasaran dijual bermacam-rnacam merek aditif improves atau treatment minyak pelumas. Pada penelitian ini penulis ingin mengetahui pengaruh penambahan aditif improver STP oil yang ditambahkan pada minyak pelumas Meditran S40. Proses pengujian dilakukan dengan dua pengujian yaim pengujian kelahanan oksidasi dan pengujian keausan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, menunjukan bahwa pada pengujian ketahanan oksidasi, perubahan viskositas minyak pelumas. Meditran S40 yang telah ditambahkan dengan aditif STP oil mengalami perubahan viskositas yang lebih kecil (26%) dibandingkan dengan perubahan viskositas pada base oil (326%) dan perubahan viskositas pada Medinan S40 tanpa penambahan aditif STP oil (45%) Sedangkan untuk nilai TBN perubahan nilai TBN minyak pelumas Meditran S40 yang telah ditambahkan dengan aditif STP oil mengalami perubahan sebesar 15%, perubahan nilai TBN pada base oil 54% dan perubahan nilai TBN pada Meditran S40 tanpa penambahan aditif STP oil sebesar 4%. Untuk uji keausan menunjukan bahwa base oil memiliki nilai keausan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan Meditran S40 dan Meditran S40 yang telah ditambahkan dengan STP oil."

"The increasing prices of commercial lubricants and global attention towards a green environment have become the key issues to re-think about alternatives to commercially available lubricants. With these prospects in mind, vegetable oils can be utilized as an option to commercially available lubricants, due to their biodegradable and nontoxic nature. Moreover, they possess certain advantages like lower volatility and high flash/ fire points, higher viscosity index, excellent lubricity and cost savings. These properties of bio-lubricants are more often considered as important in the preparation of various bio-fuels. So far bio-lubricants have been employed in the preparation and testing of bio-fuels for various automotive applications. The primary aim of this study is to infer a novel application of bio-lubricants in the subject area of machining. During machining, machinability and performance are most frequently determined by the friction and wear characteristics of the tool and workpiece materials. In this work, first friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricants (blended vegetable oils in various proportions) formulated from Palm and Mahua oils have been investigated using a Pin-on-Disk wear testing machine. A bio-lubricant (composed of blended vegetable oils) is synthesized by using two base oils and blending them in different possible proportions. The tribological properties have been studied over an AISI 1040 Steel disc specimen with aluminium pins under various bio-lubricant environments using the Taguchi Design of Experiment (DOE). During the study, it was observed that the abrasive and adhesive wear were the main wear mechanisms that occurred in the tests. The results have shown that total wear of the test specimens under all machining conditions for 90% Mahua and 10% Palm blended oil combination is found to be at a minimum."

"Kontribusi sektor transportasi dan pergudangan di Indonesia berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) pada tahun 2020 turun ke peringkat 8 sebesar 3,81% dibandingkan data tahun 2019 di peringkat 7 sebesar 4,41%. Penurunan sektor usaha transportasi dan pergudangan terhadap PDB mengakibatkan perusahaan minyak dan gas harus menerapkan strategi keunggulan biaya untuk mencapai kesesuaian strategi dengan rantai pasok pelumas yang efisien. Adanya batasan waktu pelayanan di gudang untuk pengiriman dan penerimaan produk pelumas sangat penting dalam penentuan rute. Penambahan titik hub sebagai solusi pemenuhan kebutuhan pelumas sesuai service level. Titik hub yang diusulkan diperoleh melalui K-Means Clustering dan rute optimal dengan kendala kapasitas truk dan waktu pelayanan di gudang digunakan metode CVRPTW (Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows). Penelitian ini digunakan data realisasi pengiriman produk pelumas tahun 2019-2021 pada perusahaan BUMN minyak dan gas di Indonesia. Data realisasi tahun 2019 digambarkan permintaan pelumas pada masa pra COVID-19. Data realisasi tahun 2020 digambarkan permintaan pelumas pada masa COVID-19, dan data realisasi tahun 2021 digambarkan permintaan pelumas pasca COVID-19. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dua titik hub yang diusulkan pada koordinat -6.59395726,107.47077792 dan -7.388939,111.76971405. Selanjutnya diperoleh kenaikan utilitas truk sbesar 76,91% dan biaya distribusi setelah penambahan depot 21,62% lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kondisi semula.

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The contribution of the transportation and warehousing sector in Indonesia based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in 2020 fell to rank 8 at 3.81% compared to 2019 data at rank 7 at 4.41%. The decline in the transportation and warehousing business sector to GDP has resulted in oil and gas companies having to implement a cost leadership strategy to achieve strategic alignment with an efficient lubricant supply chain. The existence of a service time limit in the warehouse for shipping and receiving lubricant products is very important in determining the route. Addition of hub points as a solution to meet the needs of lubricants according to service level. The proposed hub point is obtained through K-Means Clustering and the optimal route with constraints of truck capacity and service time at the warehouse is the CVRPTW (Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows) method. This study uses data on the realization of lubricant product shipments in 2019-2021 at state-owned oil and gas companies in Indonesia. The realization data in 2019 depicts the demand for lubricants during the pre-covid 19 period. The realization data in 2020 describes the demand for lubricants during the covid 19 period, and the realization data in 2021 describes the demand for lubricants after the covid 19. The results of the study obtained two proposed hub points at coordinates -6.59395726, 107.47077792 and -7.388939,111.76971405. Furthermore, the increase in truck utility was 76.91% and the distribution cost after the addition of the depot was 21.62% lower than the original condition"

"Friksi yang tidak dikendalikan pada mesin dapat mengakibatkan keausan yang tinggi, menyebabkan maintenance yang sering, dan membuat umur pendek serta memiliki efisiensi energi yang rendah. Lubrikasi merupakan solusi untuk masalah ini dengan membentuk lapisan pelumas yang mencegah kontak langsung antara permukaan material, mengurangi gesekan dan keausan pada mesin. Material nanopartikel timah oksida dan graphene digunakan sebagai aditif pada lubrikan PAO karena masing-masing material sudah menunjukkan performa yang baik dalam menurunkan coefficient of friction (COF) dan wear scar dimension (WSD) pada minyak PAO. Selain itu usaha pemanfaatan SnO2 dilakukan guna memaksimalkan hilirasi tambang dan industri timah dengan usaha pengolahan limbah solder dross. Sintesis SnO₂ dilakukan dari limbah solder dross menggunakan metode leaching dengan asam nitrat berkonsentrasi 68%. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan kemurnian SnO₂ sebesar 98.4%. Karakterisasi XRD mengindikasikan fase kristal rutile dengan ukuran kristal sekitar 21.7 nm. SEM-EDS mengungkapkan partikel SnO₂ berukuran rata-rata 198.5 nm² yang cenderung beraglomerasi. Graphene yang digunakan menunjukkan kemurnian tinggi dengan kandungan karbon 99.4% berdasarkan berat. Pengujian HFRR dilakukan untuk menilai kinerja tribologi dari berbagai sampel pelumas. Penambahan 0.05 wt% graphene dan variasi konsentrasi SnO₂ (1 wt%, 3 wt%, dan 5 wt%) secara signifikan menurunkan COF dan WSD dibandingkan dengan PAO murni. Penambahan 1 wt% SnO₂ dan 0.05 wt% graphene memberikan hasil paling optimal dengan penurunan COF sebesar 44.59% dan WSD sebesar 71.53% dibandingkan PAO murni.

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Uncontrolled friction in machinery can lead to high wear, frequent maintenance, short lifespan, and low energy efficiency. Lubrication addresses these issues by forming a lubricating layer that prevents direct contact between material surfaces, reducing friction and wear. Tin oxide nanoparticles and graphene are used as additives in PAO lubricants due to their proven performance in reducing the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar dimension (WSD) in PAO oil. Additionally, the utilization of SnO₂ aims to optimize downstream mining and the tin industry by processing solder dross waste. SnO₂ was synthesized from solder dross waste using a leaching method with 68% nitric acid. The synthesis resulted in SnO₂ with a purity of 98.4%. XRD characterization indicated a rutile crystal phase with a crystal size of approximately 21.7 nm. SEM-EDS revealed SnO₂ particles with an average size of 198.5 nm², which tended to agglomerate. The graphene used exhibited high purity with a carbon content of 99.4% by weight. HFRR testing was conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of various lubricant samples. The addition of 0.05 wt% graphene and varying concentrations of SnO₂ (1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) significantly reduced COF and WSD compared to pure PAO. The optimal results were achieved with the addition of 1 wt% SnO₂ and 0.05 wt% graphene, resulting in a 44.59% reduction in COF and a 71.53% reduction in WSD compared to pure PAO."

"Aditif pelumas merupakan komponen utama dari pelumas. Aditif memiliki sifat anti-aus dan tahan pada tekanan tinggi. Pembuatan aditif dilakukan dengan proses sulfurisasi minyak biji kapuk randu dengan gas H2S. Proses sulfurisasi dimodifikasi dengan tambahan metode sirkulasi H2S yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan H2S. Radiasi sinar UV dengan panjang gelombang 254 nm juga digunakan untuk mempercepat proses sulfurisasi. Proses sulfurisasi dinyatakan berhasil karena ada ikatan C-S pada hasil spektrum FTIR di puncak 581,25 cm-1. Hal ini diperkuat dengan hasıl kandungan sulfur tertinggi yang didapatkan pada sampel minyak biji kapuk randu tersulfurisasi 20 jam sebesar 32.682 ppm dengan viskositas 72,17 cSt dan densities 0,92 g/cm2. Pengujian performa aditif dilakukan dengan uji four-ball untuk melihat performa ketahanan anti-aus pada aditif. Pengujian performa dilakukan dengan mencampurkan minyak mineral sebagai minyak dasar dan aditif. Hasil uji keausan terbaik terdapat pada formulasi minyak mineral dan 10% aditif tersulfurisasi selama 20 jam yang meningkatkan performa keausan hingga 98% dan memiliki rasio sulfur sebesar 3.268 ppm. Rasio sulfur ini sudah sebanding dengan rasio aditif ZDDP yang umum digunakan sebesar 3.393 ppm. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian korosifitas pada formulasi minyak mineral dan aditif tersulfurisasi selama 20 jam dan dihasilkan bahwa formulasi tersebut sangat rendah terhadap korosi dan aman digunakan pada mesin kendaraan

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Lubricant additives are the main components of lubricants. These additives possess anti-wear properties and can withstand high pressure. The production of additives is carried out through the sulfurization process of kapok seed oil using H2S gas. The sulfurization process is modified with an additional H2S circulation method to enhance the efficiency of H2S usage. UV radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm is also used to accelerate the sulfurization process. The sulfurization process is deemed successful due to the presence of C-S bonds in the FTIR spectrum at the peak of 581.25 cm-1. This is further supported by the highest sulphur content found in the kapok seed oil sample sulfurized for 20 hours, which was 32,682 ppm with a viscosity of 72.17 cSt and a density of 0.92 g/cm2. Performance testing of the additive was also conducted using a four-ball test to evaluate the anti-wear performance of the additive. The performance test was carried out by mixing mineral oil as the base oil and the additive. The best wear test results were obtained from the formulation of mineral oil and 10% additive sulfurized for 20 hours, which improved wear performance by up to 98% and had a sulphur ratio of 3,268 ppm. This sulphur ratio is comparable to the commonly used ZDDP additive ratio of 3,393 ppm. Additionally, a corrosiveness test was conducted on the formulation of mineral oil and the additive sulfurized for 20 hours, and it was found that this formulation is very low in corrosion and safe for use in vehicle engines."