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"This book covers such topics as recent techniques of extraction, isolation and structural elucidation for natural product research, innovations in secondarymetabolite production, green nanotechnology, environmentally benign products and processes and more."

"Latar Belakang :Malnutrisi selama kehamilan dan 1.000 hari pertama kehidupan dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan fisik, fungsi otak dan perkembangan hipokampus. Moringa oleifera (MO), telah digunakan sebagai suplemen makanan pada malnutrisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektifitas kandungan protein dari ekstrak etanol daun MO (EEMO) dalam mengatasi defisiensi protein pada anakan tikus dari induk defisiensi protein.Metode :Daun MO asal kabupaten Kupang, propinsi NTT diektraksi dengan metode UAE dalam etanol dan dikarakterisasi (EEMO). Anakan tikus Sprangue dawley usia 3 minggu dari induk yang mendapat diet protein rendah (9% protein) diberikan terapi EEMO 400 atau 800 mg/kg BB atau protein normal (KP) selama 5 minggu. Kelompok pembanding adalah anakan dari induk yang diberikan diet protein normal (18% protein) yang tidak diberikan terapi atau diberikan EEMO 800 mg/kg BB selama 5 minggu. Pada akhir pengujian, dilakukan pemeriksaan antropometri, fungsi spasial memori (Y-test), profil biokimia darah dan asam amino darah, analisis histopatologi pada jaringan hati dan hipokampus, serta mikrobiota usus pada feces kolon.Hasil:EEMO yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini mengandung protein sebesar 45,5% dan senyawa fitokimia utamanya adalah golongan kaempferol. Pemberian EEMO tidak memberikan perbaikan pada profil antropometrik dibandingkan dengan kelompok KP. Pemberian EEMO 400, 800 mg/kg BB dan KP dapat menormalkan spasial memori, yang diikuti dengan penurunan rasio sel pada daerah CA1-4 hipokampus. Hasil analisis histopatologi jaringan hati menunjukkan bahwa EEMO 800 mg/kg BB memperbaiki perlemakan hati lebih baik vs. EEMO 400 mg/kg BB dan KP. EEMO meningkatkan kadar albumin, Hb, BUN dan menurunkan kadar glukosa mendekati kelompok normal, namun belum dapat menetralkan bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT dan kreatinin. Terdapat tendensi perbaikan pada total asam amino esensial dan BCAA pada plasma darah setelah pemberian EEMO dan KP. Selain itu, EEMO dapat memperbaiki relative abundance mikrobiota di usus. Perbaikan pada spasial memori berkorelasi negatif dengan total asam amino non esensial, asam amino alifatik sederhana, asam amino hidroksi alifatik dan berkorelasi negatif dengan kelimpahan famili Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichacea dan Staphylococcaceae.Kesimpulan:Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa induk dengan diet rendah protein selama kehamilan akan melahirkan keturunan dengan karakteristik defisiensi protein (DP), termasuk berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR), BMI di bawah 0,45 g/cm², kenaikan berat badan yang lambat, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, rendahnya kadar BUN, penurunan asam amino darah dan gangguan enzim hati. Hasil penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwa pemberian EEMO pada anak tikus sampai dengan usia 8 minggu tidak memperbaiki antropometri anakan, namun dapat menormalkan spasial memori, memperbaiki kerusakan sel hipokampus dan meminimalkan perlemakan hati anak tikus DP. Perbaikan tersebut diikuti dengan perbaikan kelimpahan mikrobiota usus di tingkat filum.

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Background:

Malnutrition during pregnancy and the first 1,000 days of life can affect physical growth, brain function, and hippocampal development. Moringa oleifera (MO) has been used as a food supplement in malnutrition. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the protein content of an ethanolic extract of MO leaves (EEMO) in overcoming protein deficiency in rat offspring of protein-deficient rats.

Methods:

Moringa oleifera leaves from the Kupang district, Nusa Tenggara Timur province were extracted using the UAE method in ethanol and then characterized. Offsping of Sprague Dawley rats, aged 3 weeks from mothers on a low protein diet (9% protein) were given 400 or 800 mg/kg BW EEMO or normal protein (KP) for 5 weeks. The comparison groups were offspring from rats given a normal protein diet (18% protein) without therapy or given 800 mg/kg BW EEMO for 5 weeks. At the end of the study, various assessments were conducted, including anthropometric examinations, spatial memory function using the Y-maze test, analysis of blood biochemical and blood amino acid profiles, histopathological analysis of liver and hippocampal tissue, and assessment of intestinal microbiota in colonic faeces.

Results:

In this research, the EEMO contained 45.5% protein, with the main phytochemical compound being the kaempferol group. The administration of EEMO did not improve anthropometric profiles compared to the KP group. However, the administration of 400 and 800 mg/kg BW EEMO, as well as KP, normalized spatial memory and decreased the damaged cell ratio in the CA1-4 area of the hippocampus. Histopathological analysis of liver tissue revealed that EEMO 800 mg/kg BW was more effective in improving fatty liver than EEMO 400 mg/kg BW and KP. In addition, EEMO increased albumin Hb and BUN levels and reduced glucose levels, bringing them close to the normal group. However, it could not neutralize bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, and creatinine levels. There was a tendency for improvement in total essential amino acids and BCAA’s in blood plasma after the administration of EEMO and KP. Furthermore, EEMO improved the relative abundance of microbiota in the intestine. Notably, improvements in spatial memory were negatively correlated with total non-essential amino acids, simple aliphatic amino acids, aliphatic-hydroxy amino acids, and the abundance of the Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichacea, and Staphylococcaceae families.

Conclusions:

This research showed that rats with a low protein diet during pregnancy gave birth to offspring with characteristics of protein deficiency (PD), including low birth weight (LBW), BMI below 0.45 g/cm², slow weight gain, anaemia, hypoalbuminemia, low BUN levels, decreased blood amino acids and liver enzyme disorders. The results also showed that administering EEMO to rats' offspring up to 8 weeks of age did not improve the anthropometric measurement but did normalize spatial memory, repair hippocampal cell damage, and minimize fatty liver in PD rats offspring. Additionally, a positive impact of EEMO was observed in the abundance of gut microbiota at the pylum level."

"Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) dan sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) merupakan tanaman yang secara empiris digunakan untuk penyakit hati. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek hepatoprotektif pemberian kombinasi infusa akar tapak liman dan daun sambiloto. Tiga puluh enam tikus dibagi kedalam 6 kelompok secara acak. Kelompok I (kontrol normal), kelompok II (kontrol induksi), kelompok III (tapak liman 400 mg/200 g bb), kelompok IV (sambiloto 100 mg/200g bb), kelompok V (kombinasi tapak liman 400 mg dan sambiloto 50 mg), dan kelompok VI (kombinasi tapak liman 200 mg dan sambiloto 100 mg). Bahan uji diberikan peroral selama 8 hari dan 2 jam setelah pemberian terakhir karbon tetraklorida diberikan melalui rute yang sama. Pada hari ke-9 dilakukan pengambilan darah dan hati. Pengukuran aktivitas ALT dan ALP plasma menggunakan ALT dan ALP kit dan ditunjukan dengan perbedaan serapan. Analisa histologi didasarkan pada diameter vena sentralis dan persen kerusakan lobulus hati. Hasil menunjukan kelompok V dan VI berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok induksi untuk aktivitas ALT, ALP plasma serta hasil pengamatan histologi hati. Berdasarkan hasil dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi infusa tapak liman dan sambiloto memiliki efek hepatoprotektif. Dosis kombinasi dengan hasil yang paling mendekati kontrol normal adalah kombinasi akar tapak liman 400 mg/200 g bb dan sambiloto 50 mg/200 g bb.

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Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) and sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) were the plants empirically used in the treatment of liver disease. The aims of the study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of infusa of tapak liman roots and sambiloto leaves combination. Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Group I (normal control), group II (induction control), group III (400mg/200g tapak liman), IV (100mg/200g sambiloto), V (400mg tapak liman and 50mg sambiloto), and VI (200mg tapak liman and 100mg sambiloto). The infusa were administered for 8 days and carbon tetrachloride was given 2 hours after the last administration. Collection of the blood and liver resection were carried out on 9th day. ALT and ALP plasma activities were analyzed using kit reagen and showed by absorbances differences. Diameter of liver central vein and liver lobules damage percentages were histological analysis parameter. There were significant differences between group V and VI with induction control for ALT, ALP activities supported by the results of liver histological examination. It can be concluded that the combination of tapak liman and sambiloto infusa had hepatoprotective effect and combination of 400mg tapak liman and 50mg sambiloto results were almost equivalent to normal control."

"This handbook paves the way to success in plant-based drug development, systematically addressing the issues facing a pharmaceutical scientist who wants to turn a plant compound into a safe and effective drug. Plant pharmacologists from around the world demonstrate the potentials and pitfalls involved, with many of the studies and experiments reported here."

"Intervensi bertujuan meningkatkan konsumsi buah pada karyawan dengan cara memanfaatkan dukungan sosial dari rekan kerja. Intervensi dilakukan selama lima hari di lingkungan kantor dengan jumlah partisipan sebanyak 25 karyawan. Partisipan dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, 13 di kelompok eksperimen (KE) dan 12 di kelompok kontrol (KK). Setiap hari partisipan diminta mengambil satu kotak buah yang disediakan secara gratis. KE mendapat perlakuan dukungan sosial berupa terlibat dalam mempersiapkan kotak buah dan mendapat foto berisi kalimat penyemangat, sedangkan KK tidak mendapat perlakuan tambahan. Hasil Mann-Whitney U Test menunjukkan partisipan KE mengambil kotak buah lebih sering dibanding KK (Z= -4,01, p< 0,05). Berbeda dalam hal konsumsi buah, tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan berat sisa buah antara partisipan KE dan KK (Z= -0,164; p> 0,05). Dukungan sosial dari rekan kerja dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mempromosikan perilaku sehat di lingkungan kantor.

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The “Eating Fruit Everyday” intervention program aimed to increase fruit consumption among workers to promote a healthy diet. The intervention implemented for five days in a workplace located in DKI Jakarta. Intervention was followed by 25 participants, 13 social support group (SC) and 12 non-social support (NSC). SC and NSC participants assigned to take one free fruit box every day. SC participants provide social support by preparing fruit boxes for other participants and photos containing encouraging sentences sent to each participant. Behavior change measured based on the number of fruit boxes taken and weight of fruit remaining. Result showed that SC took fruit more often than NSC (Z= -4.01, p< 0.05). Different result for fruit consumption, there was no difference in weight of fruit remaining between the SC and NSC (Z= -0.164, p> 0.05). Social support from natural sources is a potential factor for promoting healthy behavior in a workplace environment."

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LATAR BELAKANG: Praktik diet yang kurang memadai berdampak negatif terhadap asupan zat gizi dan kejadian penyakit kronis yang berhubungan dengan gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Panduan Gizi Seimbang Berbasis Pangan Lokal (PGS-PL) berdasarkan pola makan masyarakat Minangkabau, dalam rangka perbaikan asupan gizi pada wanita usia subur (WUS) penderita dislipidemia. Selanjutnya pada tahap intervensi, dilihat efek promosi PGS-PL terhadap perubahan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan profil lipid pada WUS Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia.

METODE: Studi tahap pertama menggunakan disain potong lintang, melibatkan 74 WUS suku Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia. Berdasarkan pola makan setempat, identifikasi problem nutrient dan penyusunan PGS-PL dilakukan dengan pendekatan Linear programming, menggunakan tiga dari empat modul pada software Optifood yang dikembangkan oleh WHO. Pada tahap ke dua dilakukan studi intervensi komunitas menggunakan disain pengukuran sebelum dan sesudah dengan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian ditempatkan secara acak yang dikluster ke dalam kelompok PGS-PL (mendapatkan promosi PGS-PL selama 12-minggu) atau kelompok non-PGS-PL (mendapatkan satu kali konsultasi gizi dari pelayanan kesehatan tingkat dasar). Sebanyak 102 WUS (48 pada kelompok PGS-PL dan 54 pada kelompok non-PGSPL) selama 12 minggu. Pada akhir studi, analisis perbedaan antar- dan inter kelompok perlakuan dilakukan untuk melihat perubahan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan profil lipid darah (kadar kolesterol total, Lipoprotein densitas rendah, Lipoprotein densitas tinggi, dan Trigliserid).

HASIL: Berdasarkan pola makan setempat, ditemukan bahwa asam lemak tidak jenuh (polyunsaturated fatty acid/PUFA, n-3, n-6), serat makanan, zat besi, dan seng merupakan problem nutrient pada WUS suku Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia. PGS-PL yang disusun menekankan penggabungan bahan makanan, kelompok atau sub-kelompok bahan makanan bernilai gizi tinggi yang tersedia secara lokal, untuk meningkatkan asupan problem nutrient tersebut. Promosi PGS-PL dapat meningkatkan skor praktik diet secara bermakna. Peningkatan terutama terjadi pada konsumsi makanan dan sub-kelompok makanan yang dipromosikan (ikan laut, unggas, produk kedelai seperti tahu dan tempe, total sayuran, sayuran hijau, buah-buahan, dan kentang). Tidak ada perubahan bermakna pada konsumsi makanan pokok, makanan selingan, telur, dan makanan yang digoreng pada akhir intervensi. Pengaruh promosi PGS-PL pada asupan zat gizi dapat dilihat pada perubahan yang bermakna pada asupan energi dan karbohidrat, persentase energi dari PUFA dan monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), serta rasio PUFA terhadap asam lemak jenuh (saturated fatty acids/SAFA) dalam makanan sehari-hari. Namun, asupan lemak jenuh tidak berubah signifikan. Terdapat perbaikan yang bermakna pada berat badan, indeks massa tubuh, dan lingkar pinggang, namun tidak bermakna terhadap penurunan prevalensi obesitas. Tidak terdapat perubahan profil lipid darah yang bermakna setelah intervensi.

KESIMPULAN: Pendekatan linier programming dapat digunakan dalam menyusun PGS-PL untuk meningkatkan praktik diet dan asupan problem nutrient pada WUS dengan dislipidemia. Promosi PGS-PL secara bermakna berdampak terhadap peningkatan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, dan status gizi, tetapi belum berpengaruh secara statistik terhadap perbaikan profil lipid WUS dengan dislipidemia.

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BACKGROUND: Given the impact of unfavorable dietary practices is on inadequate nutrient intake and nutrition-related chronic diseases, we sought the problem nutrient in the community habitual dietary practices, and developed an optimized food-based recommendation (FBR) for Minangkabau women of reproductive age (WoRA) with dyslipidemia. Although the effect of the FBR promotion seemed to be potential at planning phase, but this has not been tested in the community setting. Therefore, we conducted a community trial and explored the effect of FBR promotion using locally available foods on dietary practice, nutrient intakes, nutritional status and lipid profile among Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia.

METHODS: The first stage of the study was a cross-sectional study, which involved 74 Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. Linear programming analysis using three modules of the WHO Optifood software was employed to identify problem nutrients and develop an optimized FBR. The second phase of the study was a community-based trials using pre-post with control group design. The subjects were cluster randomized into either FBR group (receiving 12-weeks of FBR promotion) or non-FBR group (receiving once standard nutritional counseling from primary health care program). At the end, 102 WoRA (48 and 54 WoRA in the FBR group and the non-FBR group, respectively) completed 12-weeks of intervention. We analyzed within- and between group differences on changes of dietary practices, nutrient intakes, nutritional status and lipid profile (serum Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein and Triglyceride levels) at the completion of the study.

RESULTS: Our results identified PUFA, dietary fiber, iron, and zinc as problem nutrients among Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. The final food-based recommendations emphasized the incorporation of locally available nutrient-dense foods, food groups, and sub-groups that would improve the intake of the identified problem nutrients. The FBRs promotion significantly increased the overall dietary compliance. An increase was predominantly occurred on the consumption of promoted and subgroups food items (sea fish, poultry, soybean products, total vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, fruits, and potato). There were no significant changes in the consumption of staple food, snacks, eggs, and fatty foods at the end of intervention.  Effect of FBR promotion on nutrient intake was observed through the significant changes in energy and carbohydrate intakes, percentage of energy from PUFA and MUFA, as well as PUFA to SAFA ratio in daily diet. However, intake of saturated fat remained unchanged. Marginal but significant improvements were observed in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, but the prevalence of obesity was relatively not affected. There were no significant changes of blood lipid profile at the end of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS: Linear programming approach could be potentially used to develop an optimized food-based recommendation based on the identified problem nutrients and locally available nutrient dense foods. The FBRs promotion produced significant improvement in dietary practice, nutrient intakes, and nutritional status, but did not statistically affect blood lipid profile of Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. 

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"Kualitas diet pada wanita dewasa masih menjadi masalah. Memiliki perhatian khusus terhadap kesehatan (health concern) dapat berkaitan dengan pola makan. Wanita, khususnya ibu yang memiliki anak usia balita dan pra-sekolah umumnya makan di rumah. Sehingga lingkungan pangan rumah juga berkontribusi terhadap perilaku makan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara health concern dan kualitas diet, serta mengetahui apakah lingkungan pangan rumah memediasi untuk hubungan ini. Studi potong lintang ini berlokasi di Jakarta Utara, dengan sampel sebanyak 229 subjek dengan metode penarikan sampel consecutive. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Health concern diukur dengan General Health Interest Scale (GHIS). Lingkungan pangan rumah diukur dengan Consumer Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Data kualitas diet dinilai dari 2x24-hour dietary recall dan skor Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Sebagian besar subjek memiliki kualitas diet yang rendah (nilai mean skor DQI-I: 41.44). Tidak terdapat korelasi bermakna antara health concern dan kualitas diet (r=0.092, P-value=0.166). Setelah di-adjust dengan usia, lingkungan pangan rumah khususnya ketersediaan sayur tidak memediasi hubungan antara health concern dan kualitas diet (IE=0.012, P-value=0.096). Hasil regresi linier berganda juga menunjukkan usia sebagai prediktor kualitas diet (β=0.196, P-value=0.024). Diperlukan upaya kolaboratif untuk memperbaiki kualitas diet pada ibu, dengan meningkatkan health concern serta pemahaman tentang pemilihan jenis makanan berdasarkan kualitas gizi saat membeli makanan. Rekomendasi untuk studi lanjutan dapat meneliti perbedaan health concern menurut usia, serta kaitannya dengan perilaku makan dan kualitas diet.

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Diet quality among women remains a major issue. Having health concern may be related to diet. Mothers with young children usually had their meals at home, thus home food environment could play a role in shaping dietary behavior. This study aims to examine the association between health concern and diet quality, and whether home food environment mediates this relationship. This cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slum area in North Jakarta, involving 229 mothers of young children through consecutive sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaire, including General Health Interest Scale (GHIS) for health concern, Consumer Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) for home food environment, and 2x24-hour dietary recall to determine the score of Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). Statistical analysis included correlation, multiple linear regression, and path analysis. Majority of the mothers had poor diet quality, with mean DQI-I total score of 41.44 out of 100.

There was no significant correlation between health concern and diet quality (r=0.092, P-value=0.166). After adjusted with age, home food environment did not mediate the relationship between health concern and diet quality. Multiple linear regression also showed age as a significant predictor of diet quality (β=0.196, P-value=0.024). Promoting health concern and healthier food choice when eating out or purchasing take-out food would be beneficial to improve diet quality among mothers of young children. Future study is also recommended to explore how age group differs in viewing health as importance, which could lead to dietary practices."