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"Pencemaran udara dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai sumber, antara lain dari aktifitas industri. Untuk mengatasi persoalan pencemaran udara, termasuk dari industri, pemerintah di berbagai negara, termasuk di Indonesia, mengeluarkan berbagai macam kebijakan untuk mengendalikannya. Namun demikian, penelitian mengenai efektivitas dari kebijakan yang telah ditetapkan masih sangat kurang dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah berusaha untuk: (1) mengetahui efektivitas kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di DKI Jakarta, Indonesia, (2) mengetahui efektivitas kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di NSW, Australia. (3)mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di DKI Jakarta dengan di New South Wales.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan expost facto terhadap data sekunder berupa laporan-laporan badan-badan pemerintah di kedua negara yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1990 - 2006 dan hasil-hasil penelitian lain yang relevan. Analisa dilakukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk menentukan nilai (1-5) dari masing-masing parameter efektivitas kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri. Parameter untuk mengukur efektivitas kebijakan terdiri dari parameter produk kebijakan (policy output), parameter hasil antara kebijakan (intermediate outcomes) dan parameter hasil akhir kebijakan (end outcomes). Nilai rata-rata dari semua parameter kemudian dimasukan dalam skala efektivitas untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri dan masingmasing lokasi penelitian. Kategori tingkat efektivitas yang ditetapkan dalam penelitian ini, mulai dari yang terendah, adalah: tidak efektif, belum efektif, potensial efektif, cukup efektif, sangat efektif.Dengan sistem negara Indonesia yang berbentuk kesatuan, kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri yang berlaku di Jakarta berada pada level nasional dan level daerah. Kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran, termasuk pencemaran udara industri, dimulai pada tahun 1980-an. Instrumen kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di tingkat nasional maupun di tingkat daerah hampir lama dan lebih menitikberatkan pada pendekatan atur dan awasi atau command and control. Sementara itu, pendekatan ekonomi belum banyak dikembangkan baik di level nasional maupun di level daerah. Evolusi pengaturan pencemaran di Indonesia bergerak ke arah desentralisasi dengan penguatan peran pemerintah daerah dalam pengendalian pencemaran danpenjabaran kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran untuk berbagai macam media termasuk udara.Sementara itu, dengan sistem negara Australia yang berbentuk federal, di NSW kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri lebih banyak berada di tangan negara bagian. Sedangkan pemerintah federal hanya mengembangkan kebijakan umum seperti ketentuan tentang baku mutu udara ambien. Kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara, termasuk dari sumber industri, dimulai pada tahun 1960-an. Selain itu, instrumen ekonomi dalam bentuk load based licensing juga sudah mulai dikembangkan di tingkat negara bagian NSW disamping penyempurnaan pada pendekatan command and control. Evolusi pengaturan pencemaran udara industri di Australia, khususnya di NSW bergerak ke arah integrasi pengendalian pencemaran antara sate jenis media dengan media lainnya, dan mulai berperannya pemerintah federal dalam upaya pengendalian pencemaran.Terkait dengan tujuan penelitian, dari studi ini diketahui bahwa di DKI Jakarta produk kebijakan (policy output) berupa pendayagunaan berbagai macam instnunen kebijakan (mixed policy instrument) masih lemah, kondisi basil antara kebijakan (intermediate outcomes) berupa perilaku penaatan industri terhadap kebijakan masih rendah dan hasil akhir kebijakan (end outcomes) berupa beban emisi dari industri dan kualitas udara ambien di daerah industri juga masih belum baik. Sedangkan di New South Wales, produk kebijakan (policy output) berupa pendayagunaan berbagai macam instrumen kebijakan (mixed policy instrument) cukup kuat, kondisi hasiI antara kebijakan (intermediate outcomes) berupa perilaku industri terhadap kebijakan cukup tinggi dan hasil akhir kebijakan (end outcomes) berupa beban emisi dari industri dan kualitas udara ambien juga cukup baik.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat diambil kesimpulan: (1)kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di DKI Jakarta termasuk dalam kategori belum efektif (2)kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di New South Wales termasuk kategori potensial efektif. (3)kebijakan pengendalian penemaran udara industri di New South Wales lebih efektif dibanding kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara industri di DKI Jakarta.Untuk mengurangi kesenjangan tingkat efektivitas di Jakarta dibandingkan di New South Wales perlu dilakukan perbaikan strategi kebijakan, penguatan kapasitas kelembagaan pemerintah, penguatan upaya penegakan hukum, serta perhatian politik yang cukup dari penentu kebijakan.

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The main sources of urban air pollution are come from transportation and industrial activity. To overcome the problem, the governments in the world are trying to formulate and implement policy to control industrial air pollution in various policy approaches. However, the research about the effectiveness of that policy is still rare. The aims of this research are: (1) To know about the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia, (2) To know about the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in New South Wales, Australia. (3) To compare the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta and New South Wales.This research is based on ex-post facto approach which uses secondary data from the report of government agency in bath countries that issued between 1990 - 2006 and another research report which are relevant with this thesis. The analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative method to find the value for each research indicator in 1-5 scale. The average value fromall indicator then classified into the effectiveness scale index to know the degree of the effectiveness. This research divide the effectiveness scale, from lower to higher, are: not effective, not yet effective, potentially effective, sufficiently effective and very effective.With the Indonesian unitary state system, the air pollution control policy is on the hand of local as well as the central government. The pollution control policy, including pollution from industry, was begin in 1980-s. The policy instrument that had been applied in national and local level are very similar and give more emphasize on command and control approach. Meanwhile, the economic instrument are still under developed. The evolution of pollution control in Indonesia are moving from centralized to decentralized system and the empowering of local government role in protecting environment Indonesia also at the stage of elaborating the environment protection policy in various kind of pollution media, including air pollution, from general principle and regulation of environmental protection.Meanwhile, with the Australian federal system of the state, air pollution control policy in NSW is heavily on the hand of the state. While the federal government only developing general policy such as ambient air quality standard. The air pollution control policy in Australia was begin in 1960-s. The economic instrument in the form of load based licensing are developed in NSW since 1997 beside the reformation of the enforcement system. The evolution of pollution control in Australia, especially in NSW, are moving from media specific to more integrated and multimedia approach. Australia also at the stage of empowering the federal government to take responsibility for controlling pollution especially on national significant pollution issues.Related with the objective of the research, this study found that, in Jakarta, the utilization of mixed policy instrument as a policy output are weak, the condition of the compliance behavior of industry as an intermediate policy outcome is low and the emission load and the ambient air quality in industrial area as end policy outcomes is not so good. Meanwhile, in New South Wales, the utilization of mixed policy instrument as a policy output are strong, the condition of the compliance behavior of industry as an intermediate policy outcome is high and the emission load and the ambient air quality in industrial area as end policy outcomes are relatively better than in Jakarta.The conclusion of this research are, generally the effectiveness level of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta are not yet effective, while the effectiveness level of industrial air pollution control policy in New South Wales are potentially effective. So the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in New South Wales is one level higher than in Jakarta.To fill the effectiveness gap in Jakarta which is lower than in New South Wales, it is a need to reform the policy strategy, strengthening institutional capacity, strengthening law enforcement efforts, and adequate political support from the policy makers."

"Summary:A book on biotechnological processes for odor and air pollution control, the nuisance and hazard side effects of industries. It describes various biotechnological methods ranging from laboratory, to pilot evaluation and to full-scale process implementation"

"Peternakan sapi perah, merupakan salah satu usaha peternakan dengan tujuan untuk memberikan peningkatan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan petani peternak. Peternakan sapi perah, juga merupakan introduksi teknologi dari luar negeri, kegiatannya berpotensi menimbulkan pencemaran.Pencemaran pada usaha peternakan, menurut kegiatannya, dapat dibagi dalam 2 (dua) macam, yaitu pencemaran di sekitar tempat usaha peternakan dan pada hasil ternak berupa susu. Agar potensi timbulnya pencemaran dapat ditekan, diperlukan upaya pengendalian.Peternak sebagai pengelola usaha peternakan, dituntut untuk melakukan upaya pengendalian pencemaran, yang dalam bidang peternakan, dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang atau karakteristiknya yakni umur, mata pencaharian, tingkat pendidikan, lama beternak, jumlah ternak yang dipelihara, pendapatan, keterlibatan peternak dalam lembaga sosial dan tipe usaha peternakan.Penelitian dilakukan pada peternakan sapi perah rakyat di Kabupaten Banyumas, Propinsi Jawa Tengah yang mendapat bantuan ternak dari Proyek Pengembangan Sapi Perah Baturraden bantuan Pemerintah dengan sistem Sumba Kontrak.Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui peran serta peternak dalam upaya pengendalian pencemaran dan hubungan antara variabel karakteristik peternak dengan variabel upaya pengendalian pencemaran.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode survei. Penelitian bersifat diskriptif analisis. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah Multi Stage Purposive Random Sampling menurut petunjuk Sutrisno (1981), hingga didapat 15 desa sampel dan 133 responden (17,8 persen populasi peternak). Variabel bebas dalam penelitian adalah karakteristik peternak yang diasumsikan memberi pengaruh dalam upaya pengendalian pencemaran, sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah upaya pengendalian pencemaran di sekitar tempat usaha peternakan dan hasil ternak berupa susu.Dalam usaha mengkuantitatifkan kondisi kualitatif, digunakan bentang 1-5 dari kondisi sangat kurang sampai sangat baik. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh antar variabel, digunakan rumus koefisien korelasi Pearson dan Uji t, sedangkan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh, digunakan Uji Koefisien Determinasi.Berdasarkan uji di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa :1. Upaya pengendalian pencemaran yang dilakukan peternak sapi perah di sekitar tempat usaha peternakan, terdapat pada tingkat cukup berperanserta, sedangkan upaya pengendalian pencemaran terhadap hasil ternak berupa susu, pada tingkat baik peransertanya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan usaha peternakan sapi perah yang sebagian besar (52,53 persen) terdapat di tengah-tengah permukiman penduduk dengan potensi menimbulkan pencemaran, walaupun kondisi tersebut masih dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Untuk hasil ternak berupa susu, ditunjukkan dengan tingkat pemahaman yang telah baik dalam hal hasil susu dapat berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan masyarakat, walaupun pada kondsisi termotivasi oleh persyaratan penerimaan kualitas susu.2. Terdapat hubungan antara umur, tingkat pendidikan, jumlah ternak yang dipelihara, pendapatan peternak, keterlibatan peternak dalam lembaga sosial dan tipologi usaha peternakan dengan upaya pengendalian pencemaran di sekitar tempat usaha peternakan dan pengaruh terbesarnya adalah variabel tingkat pendidikan sebesar 12,25 persen. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan pada kenyataan bahwa mayoritas peternak berpendidikan rendah.3. Terdapat hubungan antara mata pencaharian, tingkat pendidikan, lama beternak, jumlah ternak yang dipelihara, keterlibatan peternak dalam lembaga sosial dan tipologi usaha peternakan dengan upaya pengendalian pencemaran terhadap hasil ternak berupa susu, dan pengaruh terbesarnya adalah variabel jumlah ternak sebesar 34,81 persen. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan pada kenyataan bahwa mayoritas peternak jumlah pemilikan ternaknya, sedikit.Dattar Kepustakaan : 63 (1957-1995).Jumlah halaman permulaan xx, jumlah dalam isi 167, Tabel 22, Gambar 3, dan Lampiran 11

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Dairy cattle production is one of animal production. It has purposes for increasing the income and enhancing the prosperity of farmers. Culturally, dairy cattle is merely introduced technology from Western countries.

In fact, dairy cattle production has a potency to make pollution, caused by this activity itself. Pollution on dairy cattle, from their activity can be divided into two kinds i.e. pollution around the farm and pollution on the product of milk. In order to eliminate the potency of the pollution, then, the effort to control it is urgently needed.

To control pollution in their farm. The success of the effort is influenced by their background or their characteristic i.e. age, mean of livelihood, level of education, the duration in conducting animal production activity, number of animal, income of farmers, participation of farmers on social institution and type of animal production.

The research was conducted in Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province, and was on animal production held by the farmers who obtained the aid from the Development Dairy Cattle Paturraden Project from the Government, by Sumba Contract system.

The aim of the research was to uncover participation farmers on pollution control and correlation between the farmers characteristics and the effort of pollution control.

Survey method and descriptive analysis were used in this research. 133 respondents from 15 samples villages were collected by Multi Stage Purposive Random Sampling from Sutrisno (1501). The independent variables of this research was characteristic of the farmers with an assumption that it would have been influencing the effort of pollution control. Meanwhile, the dependent variable was the effort of pollution control around the farm and the product of milk.

Coefficient of Correlation by Pearson and the t test were exploited to uncover the influence between the variables. In the meantime, the determination Coefficient Test was used to meansure the degree of the influences.

Based on the analysis, it was found that :

1. In general, the participation of the farmers on the efforts to control pollution around the farm was in the level of "fair" (since the score was 3.15 from the maximum of 5). In the meantime, the effort to control pollution on the product of milk was in the level of "good" for the score was 4.3B.

These results were sustained by the fact that the majority the farm (52.63 percent) were located in the middle of public settlement, which have a potency to create pollution. In the meantime the farmers understanding about the effects of milk on public health was in level "good".

2. There was a correlation between age, level of education, number of animal, income of farmers, participation of farmers in social institution, and type of animal production with effort of pollution control around the farm. The lighest effect was the level of education i.e. 12.25 percent. This result was supported by the fact that the majority of farmers had a law education level.

3. There was a correlation between mean of live hood, level of education, duration in conducting animal production activity, number of animal, participation of farmers in social institution, and type of animal production with effort of pollution control on product of milk. The highest effect was the number of animal i.e. 34,81 percent. This result was supported by the fact that the majority of farmers had raised only a little number of animals.

Number of References s 63 (1957-1995).

Number of pages m Number of initial pages xx, Number of Content pages 167, Tables 22, Figures 3, Enclosures 11."