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"This book analyzes, first part describes the soft threats to human rights, derived from the devaluation of the politics and the productive economy with regard to the finance. It entails the concealment of the reality in the shape of exploitation as the tax havens and in the shape of marginalization of the persons with different abilities. The second part include a study of hard threats to human rights and examines two cases of failed states, Afghanistan and Somalia, in which the violence has supplanted the politics and the economy. In view of these situations it is necessary to rethink the force of classic ius gentium and the humanitarian right. The third part presents the European Union as a legal and political space in which conditions of a worthy life are better defended by means of the primacy of practical reason and social state of law, and by the requirement of peace as the main rule of international relations. "

"This volume examines human rights in the context of globalization. It discusses the challenges faced by the international human rights framework from contemporary developments such as climate change, global terrorism, and advances in technology. "

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ABSTRAK Disertasi ini merupakan penelitian juridis normatif yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan privacy rights theory, prinsip-prinsip internasional tentang penerapan hak asasi manusia dalam communication surveillance dan teori sistem peradilan pidana. Fokus penelitian ini adalah mengkaji bagaimana hukum di Indonesia mengakomodir prinsip-prinsip perlindungan terhadap hak asasi dari intersepsi baik dalam konstitusi, peraturan perundang-undangan, dan putusan pengadilan serta perbandingannya dengan negara Amerika Serikat, Australia, Belanda, Inggris dan Prancis. Hasil penelitian ini mendapati bahwa intersepsi merupakan tindakan yang melanggar zona privasi, tindakan tersebut merupakan tindakan yang dilarang. Tindakan intersepsi memiliki karakter yang khusus dan berbeda dengan upaya paksa lainnya, oleh karena intersepsi dilakukan dengan cara rahasia, tidak terlihat dan tidak terasa. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa intersepsi selain berfungsi sebagai upaya paksa khusus namun terkadang dapat disalahgunakan dan melanggar hak asasi manusia. Intersepsi dipandang sebagai tindakan yang mengurangi hak privasi, namun intersepsi tetap dipergunakan oleh aparat penegak hukum dimanapun didunia ini sebagai salah satu instrumen upaya paksa dengan pertimbangan adanya kebutuhan untuk penegakan hukum. Hal tersebut dimungkinkan karena hak privasi masih termasuk derogable rights sehingga hak privasi masih dapat dibatasi sepanjang pembatasan tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan undang-undang. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa intersepsi yang diatur di Indonesia baru sebatas pemberian wewenang (legality) kepada aparat untuk penegakan hukum (legitimate aim) dan belum menerapkan prinsip proportionality dan necessity. Selain itu prinsip admisibility dan due process of law belum sepenuhnya diadopsi dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia sehingga hakim belum banyak berperan dalam menentukan keabsahan alat bukti yang diperoleh dari intersepsi. Sehingga alat bukti yang diperoleh dengan melanggar hak asasi manusia pun masih dapat diakui sebagai alat bukti yang sah dan digunakan sebagai pertimbangan hakim dalam putusannya. Hal tersebut berbeda dinegara Amerika Serikat, Australia, Belanda, Inggris dan Prancis yang menerapkan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip tersebut. Penelitian ini menemukan RUU KUHAP saat ini berupaya membangun hukum acara pidana Indonesia yang compatible dengan prinsip-prinsip penghormatan terhadap hak asasi manusia di atas. Oleh karena itu saran dari hasil penelitian ini berupa : Pertama, diperlukan unifikasi bentuk upaya paksa dalam satu peraturan perundang-undangan yang menerapkan prinsip legitimate aim, necessity dan proportionality sehingga intersepsi dipandang sebagai upaya terakhir setelah jalan lain sudah ditempuh sebelumnya. Kedua, memberlakukan hukum acara pidana yang menerapkan prinsip admisibility dan due process of law sehingga hakim lebih berperan dalam menentukan keabsahan alat bukti dan membatalkan alat bukti yang diperoleh dengan melanggar hak asasi. Ketiga merobah klasifikasi alat bukti tertutup yang diatur dalam Pasal 184 KUHAP menjadi klasifikasi alat bukti terbuka dengan menambahkan klausula pengamatan hakim dalam persidangan sehingga alat bukti apapun dapat diterima di pengadilan (admissible) sepanjang diperoleh secara sah. Keempat, agar RUU KUHAP saat ini diteruskan pembahasannya dan untuk melengkapinya diperlukan suatu RPP yang mengatur secara detail teknis dari tatacara intersepsi, misalnya monitoring pasca dilakukannya intersepsi melalui post audit oleh lembaga eksternal diluar lembaga penegak hukum yang melakukan intersepsi.

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ABSTRACT This dissertation is a normative juridical research which has been conducted by using privacy rights theory, international principles about implementing of human rights in communication surveillance and theory of the criminal justice system. The focus of this research is to study how the law in Indonesia accommodates the principles of the protection to the human rights of interception whether in the constitution, legislation, verdicts, and its comparison with the United States, Australia, Netherland, UK, and France. The result of this research found that interception is an intrusion to privacy zone, and it is a forbidden act. Interception, however, has special characteristics and differ with other coercion, therefore interception is done by secret, is not visible and is not noticeably. This research affirm that interception beside has its functions as a special coercion but sometimes can be misused and violate the human rights. Interception is deemed as an action which decrease the privacy right, but however it is used as a tools of state by the law enforcement officer in the world with the law enforcement consideration. It is still possible to be done because the privacy right is classified as derogable rights therefore it is could be limited by the regulations. This research found that the interception regulated in Indonesia is merely granting authority (legality) to the law enforcement agencies (legitimate aim) and yet implemented proportionality and necessity principles. Moreover, the principle of admissibility and due process of law are not entirely adopted yet in Indonesian criminal procedure so that the judge does not get his perfect role in determining the validity of evidence obtained from the interception. It is so that the evidence obtained by violating human rights can still be admitted as a valid evidence and it can be used as a Judge consideration in its verdict. The situation above is different in the law system of USA, Australia, Netherland, UK, and France which have applied such principles. This research found that the Draft of Criminal Procedure Code nowadays tries to build Indonesian criminal procedural law that is compatible with the principles of respecting the human rights, as above. Because of that, the suggestions from this research are, as follow : One, it is required the unification in coercion within one regulations which implement the principles of legitimate aim, necessity and proportionality, therefore interception can be regarded as the last resort after other coercion had previously been through. Two, imposing criminal procedural law which implement the principle of admissibility and due process of law therefore the judge is able to play it’s role in determining the validity of the evidence and exclude the evidence which was obtained by violating human rights. Three, to amend the classification of limited evidence-which is regulated in Chapter 184 Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) – to be the classification of unlimited evidence by ammending the clause of judge observation in the trial so that any evidence can be accepted in the court (admissible), as long as it is obtained lawfully. Four, Continuing the discussion of the Draft of Criminal Procedure Code in House Representative, and in order to complement it, it needs a RPP (Draft of Governmental Regulations) which regulates in detail, the technical order of interception, for example : monitoring the things after implementing the interception through post audit by external body outside the law enforcement agencies which implements the interception.

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"A world beyond difference unpacks the globalization literature and offers a valuable critique: one that is forthright, yet balanced, and draws on the local work of ethnographers to counter relativist and globalist discourses. Presents a lively conceptual and historical map of how we think about the emerging sociopolitical world, and above all how we think politically about human cultural differences Interprets, criticizes, and frames responses to world culture. Draws from the work of recent major social theorists, comparing them to classical social theorists in an instructive manner Grounds critique of theory in years of ethnographic research."

"Penelitian ini memfokuskan kepada kebijakan Australia yang dikenal dengan istilah Operation Sovereign Borders, terutama mengenai faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Australia memberlakukan Operation Sovereign Borders dan hak-hak yang dilanggar di dalam melaksanakan Operation Sovereign Borders tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif-deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa sebagai negara yang telah meratifikasi dan menjadi negara pihak dalam Konvensi PBB Tahun 1951 tentang Pengungsi dan Protokolnya Tahun 1967, serta ICCPR, maka seharusnya pelaksanaan Operation Sovereign Borders yang dijalankan oleh Pemerintah Australia tetap tunduk pada kewajiban-kewajiban internasional terkait pencari suaka dan pengungsi yang datang ke negaranya dan tidak melanggar hak-hak mereka.

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This research focuses on Australia's policy known as The Operation Sovereign Borders. In particular, it emphasizes on the sources of changes (factors) that causes Australia to establish The Operation Sovereign Borders and the human rights that are breached from the implementation of The Operation Sovereign Borders. This is a qualitative-descriptive research design. The results of this thesis suggest that as a country that has ratified and become a state party of The United Nations Convention and Protocol Relating to The Status of Refugees in The Year 1951 and 1967, and The ICCPR, The Operation Sovereign Borders that is carried out by the Australian Government should be align with its international obligation regarding asylum seekers and refugees entering its territory and does not breach its human rights obligation."

"Sejak Uni Eropa didirikan pada tahun 1957, telah terjadi perubahan berarti yang berkaitandengan hak-hak asasi manusia di dalam Uni Eropa sendiri dan di sekitarnya. Tetapi, barusejak tahun 199Oan Uni Eropa/Masyarakat Eropa lebih memfokuskan diri padapengembangan agenda hak-hak asasi manusia yang terkait dengan dunia luar Eropa. Promosidan perlinclungan hak-hak asasi manusia yang dilakukan Uni Eropa merupakan faktorpenting, terutama dalam hal kerja sama terkait. Juga, konsep tata kelola pemerintahan yangbaik merupakan bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari proses demokratisasi dalam konteksyang lebih luas pada tahun 1990an. Sarana khas dalam mencapai atau menggiatkan tatakelola pemerintahan yang baik sebetulnya merupakan sarat politis, sebagaimana dicontohkanoleh Cotonou Agreement. Sebagai gambaran khusus, ranah kebijakan pembangunanmencerminkan kondisi bahwa dimensi eksternal hak asasi manusia telah menjadi kebijakanhak-hak asasi manusia umum di Masyarakat Uni Eropa selama bertahun-tahun. "