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"Dalam penyembuhan jaringan yang rusak dalam tubuh manusia, sebuah teknik bernama tissue engineering digunakan sebagai “jalur” yang di implantasikan kedalam tubuh sebagai jalur untuk regenerasi. Ini disebut dengan scaffold. Dalam bidang tissue engineering, sebuah metode bernama Organ Printing dikembangkan oleh Dr. Gabor Forgasc. Organ printing adalah sebuah teknik yang dikembangkan untuk mencetak sel baru yang dapat diimplantasikan ke dalam tubuh manusia untuk menggantikan fungsi jaringan organ yang rusak. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mencetak organ dengan material hydrogel gelatin. Sebuah system esktrusi dibuat untuk mencetak scaffold berbahan gelatin. Gelatin yang terekstrusi di karakterisasi dengan mengatur kecepatan dan konsentrasinya. Hasil yang optimal didapat pada kecepatan 800 mm/min dan konsentrasi 25%. Setelah itu, parameter yang optimal tersebut digunakan untuk memfabrikasi scaffold 2 dimensi dengan pola heksagonal dan kuadratik.Lebar garis dan ketebalan yang didapatkan adalah 364 μm dan 8.83 μm.

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In the healing of damaged tissue in humans, a technique called tissue engineering uses a "track" that is implanted in the body as a pathway for regenerating. This “track” is called scaffold. In the field of tissue engineering, a method called Organ Printing was developed by Dr. Gabor Forgasc. Organ printing is a technique that was developed to print new cells that can be implanted inside human body to replace the function of the damaged organ tissue. The main purpose of this research is to print organs with gelatin hydrogel material. An extrusion system is realized to print gelatin scaffold. The extruded gelatin is characterized by modifying its speed and concentration. An optimal result is achieved at the speed of 800 mm/min and 25% concentration. Moreover, the optimal parameter is used to fabricate a 2-dimensional scaffold with hexagonal and quadratic patterns. The line width and thickness that is achieved are 364 !m and 8.83 !m respectively."

"This book about the cell-surface interaction, studying cell-surface interactions In vitro : a survey of experimental approaches and techniques, harnessing cell-biomaterial interactions for obsteochondral tissue regeneration, interaction of cells with decellularized biological materials, evaluation of biocompatibility using In vitro methods : interpretation and limitations, artificial scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells for hard tissues, bioactive glass-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, microenvironment design for stem cell fate determination, stem cell differentiation depending on different surfaces, designing the biocompatibility of biohybrids, interaction of cartilage and ceramic matrix, and bioresorption and degradation of biomaterials."

"Osteoartritis merupakan penyakit kronis yang ditandai dengan kemunduran tulang rawan dan menyebabkan kekakuan, nyeri, dan gangguan pergerakan. Strategi rekayasa jaringan tulang menggunakan perancah dapat menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk regenerasi jaringan tulang yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk fabrikasi dan karakterisasi perancah dengan material chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyapatite (Hap) dengan kombinasi penambahan graphite (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), dan multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNCT) untuk aplikasi rekayasa jaringan tulang. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan sintesis GO dan fungsionalisasi kimia dari material Gr dan MWNCT. Fabrikasi perancah dilakukan dengan metode freeze drying. Seluruh kelompok perancah dilakukan karakterisasi SEM dan FTIR, uji tekan dan porositas, uji swelling, wettability, dan laju degradasi. Fabrikasi perancah dibagi menjadi empat kelompok yaitu CS/HA/HAp, CS/HA/HAp/GO, CS/HA/HAp/f-Gr, dan CS/HA/HAp/f-MWNCT dengan ukuran diameter 1 cm, tinggi 1,5 cm, dan luas permukaan luas permukaan 4,71-6,28 cm2. Keseluruhan perancah memiliki ukuran pori yang bervariasi dan terdistribusi pada permukaan. Berdasarkan hasil FTIR, perancah mengandung gugus fungsi O-H, C=O, C-O-C, amida I, amida II, dan fosfat (PO43-). Pada uji kekuatan tekan, keseluruhan perancah memiliki CS/HA/HAp memiliki kekuatan tekan dan young modulus yang serupa dengan cancellous bone sebesar 5,76-6,14 MPa dan 3,95-471 MPa. Perancah memiliki laju porositas dengan rentang 13,8- 86,6%. Perancah memiliki kemampuan wettabiliy yang baik dengan rentang persentase 726-1069%. Rasio swelling perancah berada pada rentang 25,2-39,3%. Laju degradasi perancah cukup terkontrol dengan rentang 16,7-35,5%. Berdasarkan seluruh hasil karakterisitik, perancah CS/HA/HAp dengan penambahan GO merupakan kandidat terkuat sebagai perancah ideal pada penelitian ini. Perancah GO mempunyai karakteristik yang berada diantara perancah kontrol dan perancah f-MWNCT/f-Gr.

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Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease characterized by the deterioration of cartilage and causes stiffness, pain, and impaired movement. The bone tissue engineering strategy using scaffolds can be a promising alternative for the regeneration of damaged bone tissue. This study aims to fabricate and characterize scaffolds with chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyapatite (Hap) with a combination of addition of graphite (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNCT) for tissue engineering applications. In this study, GO synthesis and chemical functionalization of Gr and MWNCT materials were carried out. Scaffolding was done by freeze drying method. All groups of scaffolds were characterized by SEM and FTIR, compressive and porosity tests, swelling, wettability, and rate of degradation tests. Scaffolding was divided into four groups, namely CS/HA/HAp, CS/HA/HAp/GO, CS/HA/HAp/f-Gr, and CS/HA/HAp/f-MWNCT with a diameter of 1 cm, height 1, 5 cm, and a surface area of ​​4.71-6.28 cm2. The entire scaffold has varying pore sizes and is distributed over the surface. Based on the results of FTIR, the scaffold contains functional groups O-H, C=O, C-O-C, amide I, amide II, and phosphate (PO43-). In the compressive strength test, all scaffolds having CS/HA/HAp had similar compressive strength and young modulus with cancellous bone of 5.76-6.14 MPa and 3.95-471 MPa. Scaffolds have porosity rates in the range of 13.8-86.6%. Scaffolds have good wetability with a percentage range of 726-1069%. The swelling ratio of the scaffolds was in the range of 25.2-39.3%. The rate of degradation of the scaffold was quite controlled with a range of 16.7-35.5%. Based on all the characteristic results, the CS/HA/HAp scaffold with the addition of GO was the strongest candidate as the ideal scaffold in this study. The GO scaffold has characteristics that are between the control scaffold and the f-MWNCT/f-Gr scaffold."

"Resin kompositterus dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan performa estetiknya. Resin komposit terbaru yaitu nanofiller dan nanohybrid yang masih diperdebatkan ketahanannya terhadap zat warna minuman kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan perubahan warna permukaan resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohybrid setelah perendaman kopi. Terdapat 36 sampel yang dibagi dalam 6 kelompok dengan ukuran diameter 6 mm, tebal 3 mm. Pengukuran warna menggunakan vita easyshade classic yang diurutkan berdasarkan value. Hasil data dianalisis menggunakan Wilcoxon Test dan Mann-Whitney Test. Didapatkan Perubahan warna pada nanohybrid lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada nanofiller dan secara statistik berbeda bermakna (p<0,05). Sehingga nanohybrid memiliki ketahanan terhadap zat warna yang lebih baik daripada nanofiller.

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Resin composites continue developed to improve aesthetic performance. The newest composite resin are nanofiller and nanohybrid where color resistance to coffee drinks still debating. The aim of this study is to compare surface discoloration nanofiller and nanohybrid resin composites after immersion coffee. There are 36 samples were divided into 6 groups with a diameter of 6 mm, thickness 3 mm. Color measurements using vita easyshade classic that is sorted by value.Results data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney Test. Changes in color on nanohybrid lower than the nanofiller and statistically significant (p<0.05). Therefore nanohybrid has resistance to color better than nanofiller."

"Cell and tissue engineering” introduces the principles and new approaches in cell and tissue engineering. It includes both the fundamentals and the current trends in cell and tissue engineering, in a way useful both to a novice and an expert in the field. The book is composed of 13 chapters all of which are written by the leading experts. It is organized to gradually assemble an insight in cell and tissue function starting form a molecular nano-level, extending to a cellular micro-level and finishing at the tissue macro-level. In specific, biological, physiological, biophysical, biochemical, medical, and engineering aspects are covered from the standpoint of the development of functional substitutes of biological tissues for potential clinical use. Topics in the area of cell engineering include cell membrane biophysics, structure and function of the cytoskeleton, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and mechanotransduction. In the area of tissue engineering the focus is on the in vitro cultivation of functional tissue equivalents based on the integrated use of isolated cells, biomaterials, and bioreactors. The book also reviews novel techniques for cell and tissue imaging and characterization, some of which are described in detail such as atomic force microscopy"

"Kerusakan tulang adalah salah satu penyebab utama kecacatan manusia yang secara keseluruhan menyebabkan penurunan kualitas hidup. Teknologi rekayasa jaringan telah dikembangkan untuk solusi kerusakan tulang dengan menerapkan perancah berbasis biomaterial. Berbagai material polimer alami dan sintesis dapat digunakan sebagai material perancah tulang untuk membantu adhesi dan proliferasi sel. Material konduktif berbasis karbon juga dapat dikombinasikan dalam perancah tulang dan telah diteliti dapat meningkatkan kekuatan mekanis perancah serta membantu proses pertumbuhan sel. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengembangan perancah tulang menggunakan material kolagen, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), dan poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), dengan penambahan material multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) dan reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Material kolagen diekstraksi secara mandiri menggunakan metode deep eutectic solvent dari sumber ikan king kobia. Kolagen hasil ekstraksi dikarakterisasi secara fisika kimia dengan SEM, FTIR, XRD, dan DSC, dengan hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan kolagen mengandung gugus amida dan memiliki struktur triple helix khas kolagen. Dengan demikian kolagen king kobia hasil ekstraksi cocok untuk dilanjutkan sebagai material perancah. Fabrikasi perancah dilakukan menggunakan freeze-drying, kemudian dikarakterisasi secara fisika kimia dengan mengamati morfologi melalui SEM, identifikasi gugus fungsi melalui FTIR, sifat mekanik tekan, porositas, wettability, swelling, dan laju degradasi. Hasilnya menunjukkan perancah berpori dan struktur saling terhubung dengan kekuatan mekanik sekitar 9 MPa yang telah sesuai dengan tulang trabekular, porositas tinggi mencapai 90%, swelling tinggi mencapai 300% tetapi dapat tetap mempertahankan integritas perancah, laju degradasi yang sesuai dengan kehilangan massa perancah yang kurang dari 20% dalam 28 hari, serta sifat hidrofilik dengan sudut kontak air kurang dari 90o. Hasil ini menunjukkan perancah yang difabrikasi dapat menjadi kandidat yang potensial dalam aplikasi rekayasa jaringan tulang. Selain itu, karakteristik konduktivitas perancah dievaluasi melalui pengukuran elektrokimia menggunakan cyclic voltammetry (CV), menghasilkan perancah konduktif yang ditandai dengan pembentukan puncak redoks.

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Bone damage is one of the leading causes of human disability which leads to an overall decrease in quality of life. Tissue engineering technology has been developed for bone damage solutions by applying biomaterial-based scaffolds. Various natural and synthetic polymeric materials can be used as bone scaffold materials to facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation. Carbon-based conductive materials can also be combined in bone scaffolds and have been investigated to increase the mechanical strength of the scaffold and assist the cell growth process. In this research, bone scaffolds were developed using collagen, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), with the addition of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) materials. Collagen material was extracted independently using deep eutectic solvent method from king cobia fish source. The extracted collagen was characterized physically and chemically by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC, with the characterization results showing that collagen contains amide groups and has a typical triple helix structure of collagen. Thus, the extracted king cobia collagen is suitable to be continued as a scaffold material. The scaffolds were fabricated using freeze-drying and characterized physically and chemically by observing morphology through SEM, functional group identification through FTIR, compressive mechanical properties, porosity, wettability, swelling, and degradation rate. The results showed porous scaffolds and interconnected structures with mechanical strength of about 9 MPa which is compatible with trabecular bone, high porosity of up to 90%, high swelling of up to 300% but still maintaining the integrity of the scaffold, suitable degradation rate with mass loss of less than 20% in 28 days, and hydrophilic properties with water contact angle of less than 90o. These results suggest the fabricated scaffold could be a potential candidate in bone tissue engineering applications. In addition, the conductivity characteristics of the scaffolds were evaluated through electrochemical measurements using cyclic voltammetry (CV), resulting in conductive scaffolds characterized by the formation of redox peaks."

"Fused depositiom modeling (FDM) menawarkan keuntungan unik menuju manufaktur fleksibel, yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat scaffold dengan geometris kompleks dan struktur internal yang berpori. Untuk meningkatkan kinerja biologis printedscaffold, sangat penting untuk menentukan biomaterial yang sesuai dan sifat mekanisnya yang terikat. Sifat mekanik memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan kinerja scaffold medis, sehingga mempengaruhi kinerja produk medis rekayasa jaringan. Akibatnya, pengaruh parameter printing pada berbagai jenis biopolimer yang berbeda untuk pembuatan scaffold masih bervariasi dan memerlukan pendalaman lebih lanjut. Penelitian yang diusulkan bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh dan kelayakan parameter printing 3D dalam meningkatkan sifat mekanik, sekaligus memahami faktor biologis perancah TEMP (Tissue Engineered Medical Product) berdasarkan bahan biopolimer yang berbeda. Tujuannya adalah langkah awal menuju pemanfaatan pendekatan baru dalam pembuatan TEMP dengan cara yang lebih canggih melalui penggunaan teknik 3D pemodelan deposisi fusi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan berbagai kinerja mekanik dan aspek biologis yang sesuai antara ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) dengan PLA (poly-lactic acid).

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) offers unique advantages for flexible manufacturing, which can be employed to fabricate scaffolds with complex shapes and internal porous structures. To improve the biological performance of printed scaffolds, it is crucial to determine suitable biomaterials and their mechanical attached properties. Mechanical properties have a significant role in establishing the functionality of a medical scaffold, thus affecting the performance of the tissue-engineered medical product. Consequently, the influence of printing parameters in different biopolymer for scaffold manufacturing still varies and require further investigation. The proposed research aims to study the influence and feasibility of 3D printing parameters in improving mechanical properties, while also understanding biological factors of TEMP (Tissue Engineered Medical Product) scaffold based on different biopolymer materials. The aim is an initial step toward utilizing a novel approach in manufacturing TEMP in a more sophisticated manner through employing the fused deposition modeling 3D technique. Research is conducted by comparing various mechanical performances and the corresponding"

"Kitosan telah diketahui sebagai material scaffold poten pada rekayasa jaringan tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi lain kitosan sebagai induktor diferensiasi sel punca pulpa gigi (SPPG) menjadi osteoblas dibandingkan dengan deksametason yang telah umum digunakan, melalui ekspresi mRNA Col1A1. SPPG dikultur pada medium yang mengandung kitosan, deksametason dan kombinasi keduanya selama 7 hari. Ekspresi mRNA Col1A1 diuji dengan metode comparative CT real-time PCR. Medium mineralizing yang ditambahkan 5 ng/ml kitosan dapat meningkatkan ekspresi mRNA Col1A1 pada SPPG dibandingkan dengan kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan lainnya (p<0,05). Kitosan dapat menginduksi diferensiasi tahap awal SPPG menjadi osteoblas bergantung pada konsentrasi yang diberikan.

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Chitosan has been proven as potential scaffold in bone tissue engineering. This research intends to analyze the other potency of chitosan as inductor in dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) differentiation into osteoblast compared to dexamethasone which is commonly used, by Col1A1 mRNA expression. DPSC were cultured in medium loaded with chitosan, dexamethasone and combination of both for 7 days. Col1A1 mRNA expression was analyzed by comparative CT method real time PCR. Mineralizing medium loaded with 5 ng/ml chitosan could enhance Col1A1 mRNA expression compared to control and another treated group on p<0,05. Chitosan could stimulate early stage of osteoblast differentiation. The effect was dose-dependent."

"Kitosan dan deksametason merupakan material yang digunakan dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang. Kitosan biasa digunakan sebagai scaffold, sedangkan deksametason sering digunakan sebagai sinyal. Salah satu penanda diferensiasi osteoblas adalah Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek kitosan dibandingkan deksametason dalam menginduksi diferensiasi osteoblas melalui aktivitas ALP pada sel punca pulpa gigi (SPPG). Aktivitas ALP dianalisis dengan ALP assay. Terdapat 4 perlakuan yang memiliki aktivitas ALP diatas kontrol, yakni kitosan 5 ng/ml, deksametason 10 nM dan 100 nM, serta campuran kitosan 5 ng/ml dan deksametason 10 nM. Peningkatan konsentrasi deksametason meningkatkan aktivitas ALP. Peningkatan konsentrasi kitosan menurunkan aktivitas ALP.

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Chitosan and dexamethasone are materials that can be used in bone tissue engineering. Chitosan is often used as a scaffold, while dexamethasone is often used as signal. One of the markers of osteoblast differentiation is Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This research objective is to analyse the effects of chitosan compared to dexamethasone in inducing osteoblast differentiation through ALP activity in Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs). ALP activity determined by ALP Assay. There were four treatments that have higher activity than the control, they are chitosan 5 ng/ml, 10 nM dexamethasone and 100 nM, and mixture of chitosan 5 ng/ml and 10 nM dexamethasone. The increased concentrations of dexamethasone increases ALP activity and the higher concentration of chitosan will decrease the ALP activity."