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"Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is believed to lead to an increased susceptibility to infection, or cause impaired immunity. Infection, occurring with malnutrition, is a major cause of morbidity in all age groups and is responsible for two-thirds of all death under 5 yr of age in developing countries. Many cells of the immune system are known to depend for their function on metabolic pathways that employ various nutrients as critical factors. The most consistent changes in immune competence in PEM are in cell-mediated immunity, the bactericidal function of neutrophils, the complement system, the secretory immunoglobin A, and antibody response."

"A patient is said to be immuno-compromised (1C) if one or more of his or her natural and adaptive defense mechanisms are unable to function normally. Thus, immuno-compromised patients are easily susceptible to infection. Aim of study; to determine the immune response in immuno-compromised patients that makes them easily susceptible to infection. Method: the study was designed as a cross-sectional analytic observational study using multi-variant statistical tests. The samples were classified into the 1C and Non-iC groups, consisting of 14 people, 10 men, and 4 women, who were examined far the following immunologi-cal variables: IL-10, IFN-y, TNF-a, IL-I& IgG, C3, and C4. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the immune response of subjects from the 1C and NIC groups (p<0.05), with a significantly higher TNF-Ct, IL-10 and IgG levels, and a lower C3 level in the 1C group. Conclusion: during 1C conditions, there is a disorder in the natural as well as adaptive C3 natural immune system, making patients more susceptible to infection."

"Pada beberapa tahun ini, peningkatan keparahan penyakit kronis dan gangguan kualitas hidup berhubungan dengan kondisi overweight pada orang dewasa dan termasuk dalam chronic low grade Inflamation. Penelitan terhadap kondisi overweight pada orang dewasa dilihat dari sisi imunitas tergambarkan pada beberapa mediator sel imun khususnya sitokin dalam hal ini TNF-α, IL-6 dan IL-10. Sitokin inflamasi pada individu overweight diproduksi berlebih oleh white adipose tissue sehingga terjadi ketidakseimbangan dalam imunitas. Kuesioner Status imun dapat menilai kerentanan seseorang terhadap penyakit yang berhubungan dengan imunitas. Melalui penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan mediator inflamasi: TNF-α/IL-10 dengan skor status Imunitas menggunakan kuesioner yang tervalidasi dan membandingkan sitokin tersebut antara kelompok golongan non- dan Overweight -Obesitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi potong lintang dengan data kuesioner pada 100 subjek yang diukur serum darah TNFα, IL-10 menggunakan teknik magnetic luminex multiplex immunoassay. Hasil analisa didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara nilai TNFα di kelompok non- dengan nilai TNFα pada kelompok obese-overweight dengan p= 0.028 (p<0.05) dan pada rasio sitokin tersebut dengan p= 0.032(p<0.05). Hubungan skor ISQ dengan TNFa korelasi p=0.039 (p<0.05). Dapat disimpulkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara TNFα berikut rasionya dengan skor ISQ serta ditemukan kadar TNFα dan rasionya pada kelompok overweigth-obese lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok non Overweight -Obesitas

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In recent years, increased severity of chronic disease and impaired quality of life have been associated with overweight in adults and as part chronic low grade inflammation. Research on overweight conditions in adults in terms of immunity is described in several immune cell mediators, especially cytokines in this case TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. Inflammatory cytokines in overweight individuals are produced in excess by white adipose tissue, resulting in an imbalance in immunity. The Immune Status Questionnaire can assess a person's susceptibility to immune-related diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between inflammatory mediators: TNF-α/IL-10 with Immunity status scores using a validated questionnaire and compare these cytokines between the non- and Overweight-Obesity groups. This study was cross-sectional study with questionnaire data on 100 subjects and blood serum TNFα, IL-10 were measured using magnetic luminex multiplex immunoassay technique. The results of the analysis showed a significant difference between the TNFα in the non-group and the TNFα in the obese-overweight group with p= 0.028 (p<0.05) and the ratio with p= 0.032 (p<0.05). The relationship between ISQ scores and TNFa correlation p=0.039 (p<0.05). It concluded that there is a significant relationship between TNFα and its ratio with ISQ scores and found TNFα levels and ratios in the overweight-obese group were higher than in the non-Overweight-Obesity group"

"This paper consider a single bacth processing machne problem, in this problem, jobs whit release time and size will be assigned into some batches and processed aiming to minimize makespan. give taht this problem in NP-hard, an immunoglobulin-based artifical immune system (IAIS) alogarithm is used to solve the problem . the proposed IAIS alogarithm has two meaningful featurs. first, the searching area is limited in the somatic recombination process in order to decrease the computitational time. second, serveral local search metods area mxed for use in each run to change neighbor and ascape from local optimum. comparisons with an alogarithm for the problem are shown to verify proposed IAIS. comparisons results have shown that the proposed IAIS alogarithm has a better performance than the existing alogarithm. "

"Tuberkulosis (TB) disebabkan oleh infeksi kuman Mycobacterium tuberculosis merupakan satu dari sepuluh penyebab kematian tertinggi di dunia yang dapat dicegah melalui vaksinasi. Vaksin BCG sebagai satu-satunya vaksin TB, memiliki beberapa kekurangan, diantaranya tingkat proteksi yang tidak merata di populasi orang dewasa dan kekhawatiran aplikasinya pada populasi imunokompromais, hal ini mendorong dikembangkannya vaksin TB alternatif. PE11 merupakan protein yang bertanggung jawab dalam rekonstruksi komponen lipid dinding sel M. tuberculosis dan berdasarkan analisis in-siliko diketahui memiliki domain pengenalan terhadap antibodi dan MHC-II. Dalam studi ini, gen pe11 dari M. tuberculosis strain Beijing diinsersikan ke dalam plasmid pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1-pe11, yang kemudian diuji kemampuannya dalam menginduksi respon imun humoral dan mediator seluler pada mencit Balb/c sebagai bentuk DNA vaksin. Berdasarkan uji western blot, respon imun humoral berupa IgG spesifik terhadap protein rekombinan PE11-His berhasil dikonfirmasi. Selain itu, mediator imun seluler dari splenosit mencit pasca vaksinasi dan pajanan antigen secara in-vitro menunjukkan adanya peningkatan produksi IL-12, IFN-γ dan IL-4 dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, namun tidak terhadap sitokin IL-10.

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Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of ten causes of death in the world that can be prevented through vaccination. The BCG vaccine, as the only TB vaccine, has several drawbacks, including an uneven level of protection in adult population and risk application in immunocompromised population, this has led to the development of an alternative TB vaccine. PE11 is a protein that is responsible for the reconstruction of the lipid component of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis and based on in-silico analysis is known to have the recognition domain for antibodies and MHC-II. In this study, the pe11 gene from the Beijing strain of M. tuberculosis was inserted into the plasmid pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1-pe11, then tested for its ability to induce humoral immune responses and cellular mediators in Balb/c mice as a form of vaccine DNA. Based on the western blot test, the specific IgG humoral immune response to the recombinant protein PE11-His was confirmed. In addition, cellular immune mediators from post-vaccination mice splenocytes and in-vitro antigen exposure showed increased production of IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-4 compared to the control group, but not to the IL-10 cytokine."