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"This article addresses two contested issues of crucial importance to policy, namely : formal labour regulations as a cause informal employment and so-called "voluntary" informal employment...."

"Within the framework of the European Employment Strategy,the European Union has defined a set of indicators to monitor employment quality-the socalled Laeken indicators....."

"This paper introduced and evaluates the five employment promotion programs for single mothers enacted from 2003 in Japan. These programs are designed to grant job training to mothers (Prpgram 3 ), to meet comprehensive needs (program 4 ) or motive employers through subsides (Program 5)..."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat besarnya kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender para wirausaha dan pekerja dengan menggunakan metode dekomposisi Blinder-Oaxaca. Metode ini membagi penyebab kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender menjadi dua bagian, yaitu faktor endowment yang dijelaskan oleh variabel umur, pendidikan, tempat tinggal, jam kerja, status kegiatan, jenis pekerjaan, dan lapangan usaha, serta faktor diskriminasi. Dari data Sakernas Agustus 2013, ditemukan bahwa kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender para pekerja lebih besar dibandingkan para wirausaha. Kontribusi faktor endowment lebih besar dalam menjelaskan kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender para pekerja, sedangkan kontribusi faktor diskriminasi lebih besar dalam menjelaskan kesenjangan penghasilan antar gender para wirausaha.

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This research aims to find out the gender earnings gap in self and wage employment using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. This method divides the causes of the gender earnings gap into endowment factor which is explained by age, education, residence, working hours, activity status, occupation and industry, as well as discrimination factor. Using Sakernas August 2013, it is found that the gender earnings gap in wage employment is greater than self employment. Endowment factor contribution is bigger in explaining the gender earnings gap in wage employment, while discrimination factor contribution is bigger in explaining the gender earnings gap in self employment."

"Penelitian ini mendalami hubungan antara kompetensi digital (IP-TIK) dan rasio penduduk bekerja (RPB) di 34 provinsi Indonesia, dengan faktor-faktor seperti upah minimum provinsi, PDRB-HK per kapita, inflasi, dan kepadatan penduduk. Data diperoleh dari BPS dan Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan. Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan analisis regresi model ekonometrika dengan metode Fixed Effect Model, hasil penelitian menunjukkan IP-TIK berhubungan positif dan signifikan dengan RPB, di mana peningkatan 1% (relatif) IP-TIK berhubungan dengan peningkatan 0,1138% (absolut) RPB. PDRB-HK per kapita dan kepadatan penduduk juga positif signifikan, sementara UMP dan inflasi negatif signifikan. Terdapat variasi regional di mana IP-TIK signifikan di luar Jawa dengan peningkatan 1% (relatif) IP-TIK berhubungan dengan peningkatan 0,0908% (absolut) RPB, namun tidak signifikan di Jawa. Dari komponen IP-TIK, hanya komponen penggunaan yang signifikan, dengan peningkatan 1% (relatif) berhubungan dengan peningkatan 0.05154% (absolut) RPB.

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This study explores the relationship between digital competency that is represented by Information and Communication Technology Development IndekX (ICT-DI) and Employment-to-Popultaiton Ratio (EPR) in 34 provinces of Indonesia, considering factors such as the provincial minimum wage, GRDP per capita, inflation, and population density. Data were obtained from BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics, Republic of Indonesia) and the Ministry of Manpower, Republic of Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach and regression analysis with an econometric model employing the Fixed-Effect Model method, the results show that ICT-DI has a positive and significant relationship with EPR, where a 1% (relative) increase in IP-TIK is associated with a 0.1138% (absolute) increase in EPR. GRDP per capita and population density are also significantly positive, while the minimum wage and inflation are significantly negative. There are regional variations where ICT-DI is significant outside Java, with a 1% (relative) increase in ICT-DI is associated with a 0.0908% (absolute) increase in EPR, but it is not significant in Java. Among the components of ICT-DI, only the “use” component is significant, with a 1% (relative) increase associated with a 0.05154% (absolute) increase in EPR."