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"The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant.

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The research was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic acid (50 mgl-1, 100 mgl-1, 200 mgl-1) and activated charcoal (0.5 gl-1, 1 gl-1, 2 gl-1) independently with different light duration (4 weeks in darkness, 2 weeks in darkness followed by 2 weeks in 16 hours light and 4 weeks in 16 hours light) on shoot regeneration. Explants of banana cultivar Barangan (Musa acuminata L.) were planted on MS basal media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA, 4.0 mgl-1 BAP and cultured for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, explant browning level was evaluated. Explants were then cut vertically into two pieces and planted on the same media to induce shoot regeneration. After 4 weeks in shoot regeneration media, number of shoot, colour of shoot and height of shoot were evaluated. MS media supplemented with 1.6 mgl-1 IAA and 4.0 mgl-1 BAP without ascorbic acid and activated charcoal in darkness for 4 weeks was the most suitable media for shoot regeneration. The shoot regeneration gave average of 10,4 shoots per explant."

"Color plays an important role in appearance and acceptability of fruits and vegetables. Changes in color of fruits and vegetables take place through enzymatic mechanism in which polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of phenolic compounds to quinones, which subsequently produce brown pigments through spontaneous non-enzymatic polymerization. Browning coloration of many fruits and vegetables may develop during ripening, handling, storage and processing, when tissue are wounded by cutting, bruising, or during peeling, slicing or pulping of raw material while on preparation. Therefore, it is important to control the browning process as it affects appearance, nutritional quality and quantity of marketable produces. This paper focuses on the nature of browning enzymatic in fruits and vegetables, and its controlling methods."

"Kitosan merupakan suatu turunan kitin yang memiliki efek anti kanker. Dalam penelitiaan ini, akan diuji efek kitosan terhadap HSC-4, yang berupa galur sel kanker skuamosa mulut, dan A-549, yang berupa galur adenokarsinoma paruparu, dalam medium kultur. Kedua jenis sel kanker dipajan dengan kitosan pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; 0,005%; 0,25%; dan 0,5%. Viabillitas sel akan dilihat setelah empat jam pemaparan menggunakan metode MTT assay. Viabilitas kedua jenis sel lebih tinggi pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; dan 0,005% serta lebih rendah pada konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kitosan dengan konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% mempunyai efek paling sitotoksik terhadap kedua jenis sel.

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Chitosan is derivate of chitin that has anticancer effect. This present study examined the anticancer effect of chitosan against HSC-4, which is oral squamous cell carcinoma, and A-549, which is lung adenocarcinoma, in vitro. Both cancer cells were exposed to chitosan, each with 0.0005%; 0.0025%; 0,005%; 0.25%; and 0.5% concentration. Cell viability was read after four hours with MTT assay. Both cancer cells were more viable at 0.0005%; 0.0025%; and 0.005% concentration; at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration were less viable than control. These result suggest that chitosan at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration have the most cytotoxic effect on both cells."

"[Natrium diklofenak merupakan obat anti-inflamasi non steroid (AINS) yang mengalami efek lintas pertama dihati sehingga bioavailabilitasnya hanya sebesar 50-60%. Selain itu natrium diklofenak juga memiliki efek samping induksi tukak lambung. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dikembangkan teknologi untuk mengontrol pelepasan obat, salah satunya adalah sistem penghantaran mikrospons. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelarut terhadap pembentukan granul mikrospons dan mengetahui presentase jumlah kumulatif natrium diklofenak yang terpenetrasi. Formulasi granul mikrospons dilakukan dengan optimasi perbandingan zat aktif dan polimer (1:1, 1:3 dan 1:5), dilanjutkan dengan optimasi jumlah pelarut yaitu diklorometan (5, 10, 15 dan 20 mL). Formula M5 dengan perbandingan zat aktif dan polimer 1:3 dan 10 mL diklorometan dipilih sebagai formula paling optimum. Selanjutnya formula M5 diformulasikan menjadi sediaan gel. Berdasarkan hasil yang ada, dapat disimpulkan bahwa semakin banyak pelarut yang digunakan dalam pembuatan mikrospons maka akan menghasilkan ukuran partikel dan uji perolehan kembali yang semakin besar. Presentase jumlah kumulatif natrium diklofenak yang terpenetrasi dari gel kontrol menunjukkan hasil sebesar 18,89%. Hasil tersebut lebih kecil dibandingkan gel mikrospons yaitu sebesar 25,77%., Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that experiences first pass metabolism so its bioavaliabilty only 50-60%. Moreover, diclofenac sodium also induces gastric ulcers. To solve those problems, controlled release technology of drugs have been developed. One of the technologies is microsponge delivery system. This study aim to determine the effect of solvents on the formation of granules microsponges diclofenac sodium, and determine the percentage of the cumulative amount of diclofenac sodium that penetrated . The formulation was done by optimizing the ratio of active substance and the polymer (1:1; 1:3; and 1:5) followed by optimizing the amount of solvent, dichloromethane (5, 10, 15 and 20 mL). Formula M5 with the ratio of active substance and the polymer 1:3 and 10 mL dichloromethane was chosen as the optimal formula. Formula M5 was formulated into a gel. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the more solvent used in the manufacture of microsponge, the greater its particle size and production yield. The percentage of cumulative amount of diclofenac sodium that penetrated from conventional gel was 18,89%. Those results give smaller result than microsponges gel which gives percentage of cumulative amount that penetrated around 25,77%.]"

"Dalarn melakukan investasi di pasar modai, investor akan bcrusaha memilihsaham-mam yang memniki kineaja yang lebih bam dm mam-sanam nimfa.Bcrbagai penelitian terdahulu telah menunjukkan adanya dua anomali di pasar modalyang dikenal sebagai smalljirrn eject dan value qiect. Smalkfirm qkct adalahkondisi dimana return saham dai penmahaan-perusahaan yang berukuran kecilmcngungguli return saham dari porusahaan-perusahaan berukuran besar. Value e_@2*ctadalah kondisi dimana remm saham perusahaan-perusahaan dmgan rasio P/B yangrendah mcngungguli return pemsahaan-perusahaan dengan rasio P/B yang tinggi.- Akan tetapi hasil peneliiian Jensen, Johnson dan Mercer (1997,l998)menunjukkan bahwa di Amerika Serikat, keberadaan kedua fenomcna di atas sangatdipengaruhi oleh kondisi monster. Tidak selamanya strategi inveatasi denganmemanfaatkan kedua fenomena terscbut dapat memberikan return yang tinggi.Fcnomcna smalljirm eject dan value eject hatlya ditemui secara konsistcn dansignilikan pada saat kondisi moneter bcrada dalam periods ckspansif.Tujuan dari pcnelitian ini adalah untuk mclihat apakah kondisi scrupa jugadapat ditemui di Indonesia, khususnya di Bursa Efek Jakarta. Apakah fenomenasmallgirm eject dan value eject dipengaruhi oleh kondisi moneter dan dalamkondisi yang bagaimanakah kedua fenomena torsebut mempunyai nilai yangsigniEkan. Selain itu juga diipelajari bagaimana huhungan antara return sahamdengan rasio P/B, ukuran pcrusahaan sorta kondisi monetef. Hasil penelitian mcnunjukkan bahwa hanya dalam kondisi moneter yangekspansif fcnomena smallqirm e_1?éct dan value eject mempunyai nilai yangsigniikan. Dalam periode tcrsebut, return yang diberikan oleh portfolio saham-saham yang termasuk ke dalam kelompok ?value? dan ?smalljirm? secara signitikanmcngungguli return portfolio kelompok ?growth? dan ?Iarge;firm?. Sebaliknyadalam perriode restriktii kedua fenomena tersebut tidak menunjukkan nilai yangsigniiikan.Melalui analisis rcgresi dapat dilihat adanya hubungan negatif yangsignitikan antara return saham dengan xasio P/B dan return saham dCll@1 ukumnpenlsahaan sorta hubungan positif yang signifikan antara return saham dengankondisi moneter. Hasil regresi lainnya menurqukkan bahwa dalam kondisi moneteryang ekspansiii return saham perusahaan-perusahaan yang termasuk kc dalamkelompok ?S>alue? dan ?small¢/?irrn" lcbih tinggi daripada return saham-saham yangterrnasuk kc dalam kelompok lainnya.Dari hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa dalam menggunakanslrategi investasi yang berkaitan dengan fenomcna value qééct dan srnallfirm ejectinvestor hams mempcrhatikan kondisi moneter. Hanya dalam kondisi ekspansif sajakedua strategi tersebut dapat mcmberikan return yang tinggi. Dengan demikiandalam kondisi monetzr yang reslriklill sebaiknya investor tidak menggunakan keduastrategi tersebut.

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Abstract When investing in capital market, investors will try to choose stocks that cangive higher retum. Previous researches had found that there are two anomalies in thecapital market, known as small-limi effect and value effect. Small-tirm effect is acondition in which stock returns from small iinns are higher than retums from largelirms. Value eifect is a condition in which stock returns ii'om iirms with low price-to-book (P/B) ratio are higher than retums from firms with high P/B Ratio.However, Jensen, Johnson and Mercer (1997, 1998) had folmd that in theUnited States monetary policy has a Bi@mC3Ilt impact on small-Hrm and valueeffect. Investor does not always receive high return by using investment strategieswhich exploits small-firm and value elfect phenomenon Both phenomenons canonly be seen consistently and signidcantly in expansive monetary condition.The purpose of this research is to leam whether the same condition can befound in Indonesia, especially in the Jakarta Stock Exchange. Does monetarycondition have any effect on small-Elm and value eEect ? In what kind of monetarycondition that we can find small-Itirm and value eifect had significant value ? Inaddition we also learn about the relationship between stock return, price-to-bookratio, inn size and monetary conditionThe results show that only in expansive monetary condition small-5111 andvalue eH`ect had signiicant values. In that period, returns from ?value? and ?small-lirm? portfolios are significantly higher than returns from ?growth? and ?large-firm"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh kepemilikan pengendali dan tata kelola perusahaan terhadap tingkat kualitas audit yang diukur dengan AQMS (Audit Quality Metric Score). Hasil pengujian penelitian ini terhadap sampel perusahaan manufaktur dari 2008-2012 yang berjumlah 432 observasi menunjukkan bahwa efek alignment dan entrenchment pemegang saham pengendali berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat kualitas audit. Tata kelola perusahaan berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas audit, namun melemahkan efek positif alignment pemegang saham pengendali terhadap kualitas audit.

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This research aims to investigate the effect of controlling shareholder and corporate governance to audit quality measured with AQMS (Audit Quality Metric Score). The result of testing to a sample of manufacturing firms from 2008-2012 with a total of 432 observations shows that the alignment and entrenchment effect of controlling shareholder have positive effect to the audit quality. Corporate governance showed a positive effect to the audit quality, but it weakens the positive effect of alignment of the controlling shareholder to the audit quality."

"ABSTRAKPengobatan pada pasien malaria rawat inap sebagian menunjukkan hasil yangdiharapkan yaitu sembuhnya penyakit, namun tidak sedikit yang gagal dalammenjalani terapi sehingga meningkatkan lama rawat bahkan dapat berujung padakematian. Oleh sebab itu dibutuhkan upaya dalam mengidentifikasi,menyelesaikan dan mencegah terjadinya masalah terkait obat. Penelitian inibertujuan mengevaluasi perbedaan pengobtan standar dan tidak standar pada hasilterapi pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUD Kabupaten Bangka Tengah Tahun2013. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kohort retrospektif berdasarkandata rekam medik pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUD Kabupaten Bangka TengahTahun 2013. Data 45 pasien malaria yang mendapat pengobatan standardibandingkan dengan 45 pasien pengobatan tidak standar dianalisis menggunakanchi-square dan regresi logistik multivariat. Pasien malaria rawat inap sebagianbesar menderita malaria tropika (62,22%), tanpa komorbit (88,89%), mendapatobat polifarmasi (88,89%), dirawat selama 1-4 hari (86,67%). Obat antimalariayang terbanyak digunakan adalah kombinasi dehidroartemisisn-piperakuin danprimakuin (44,44%). Masalah terkait obat yang paling banyak ditemui adalahobat tidak tepat (18,45%), durasi obat terlalu tinggi, regimen dosis terlalu sering(18,45%), tidak ada indikasi untuk obat (16,5%). Pengobatan standar tidakberpengaruh terhadap lama rawat (p=0,568) pasien malaria rawat inap di RSUDKabupaten Bangka Tengah. Pengobatan standar (RR= 0,10;CI=0,034-0,318) danadanya komorbiditas (RR=12,11;CI=2,607-56,296)) secara signifikan (p< 0,05)mempengaruhi kejadian masalah terkait obat.

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ABSTRACTTreatment of malaria patients hospitalized partially shows the expected result is toheal diseases, but others fail to undergo thereby increasing the length of stay caneven lead to death. Therefore, the contribution required to identify, resolve andprevent drug related problems. The purpose of this study was to assess theinfluence of the length of stay and the incidence of drug-related problems in thetreatment of malaria patients hospitalized at the Hospital of Central Bangka Midyear2013. This study was conducted using retrospective cohort based on datafrom medical records of patients hospitalized malaria in Central Bangka RegencyHospital Year 2013. Data of 45 patients who received the standard treatment ofmalaria compared with 45 patients is not standard treatment were analyzed usingchi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Hospitalized malaria patientsmostly suffering from tropical malaria (62,22%), with no comorbidity (88,89%),received medication polypharmacy (88.89%) and length of stay ≤ 4 days(86.67%). Antimalarial drugs most is a combination dehidroartemisin-piperaquineand primaquine (44.44%). Drug related problems, Inappropriate drug (not mostappropriate for indication) (18.45%), Drug dose too high or dosage regime toofrequent (18.45%), No clear indication for drug use (16.5%). The standardtreatment has no effect on length of stay (p = 0.568) malaria patients hospitalizedin hospitals of Central Bangka. Standard treatment (RR= 0,1;CI=0,034-0,318) andcomorbidity (RR=12,11;CI=2,607-56,296) was significantly (p <0, 05) affect theincidence of drug-related problems."

"ABSTRAKPaduan aluminium (AlMg3) digunakan pada reaktor nuklir terutama pada tangkireaktor, beam tube dan komponen lainnya yang ada didalam kolam reaktor. Salahsatu reaktor yang menggunakan material AlMg3 adalah reaktor yang ada di Serpong.Kolam reaktor berisi air sebagai media pendingin. Media pendingin didalam kolamdisebut Primer menggunakan air non mineral (air demin). Kualitas air yangdigunakan akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap integritas struktur, sistem dankomponen reaktor. PH air pendingin primer sekitar 5,8