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"Autism spectrum disorders in infants and toddlers: an introduction / Fred R. Volkmar, Katarzyna Chawarska, and Ami Klin -- Diagnostic assessment / Somer L. Bishop ... [et al.] -- Assessment of cognitive and adaptive skills / Katarzyna Chawarska and Karen Bearss -- Communication development and assessment / Rhea Paul -- Understanding, assessing, and treating sensory-motor issues / Grace T. Baranek, Linn Wakeford, and Fabian J. David -- Case studies of infants first evaluated in the second year of life / Ami Klin ... [et al.] -- Developmental approaches to treatment / Amy M. Wetherby and Juliann Woods -- Naturalistic behavioral approaches to treatment / Lynn Kern Koegel ... [et al.] -- Controversial treatments / Tristram Smith and Jennifer Wick -- Medical issues / Fred R. Volkmar ... [et al.] -- Supporting families / Karyn Bailey -- Opportunities for research: concepts and future directions / Ami Klin, Katarzyna Chawarska, and Fred R.Volkmar."

"Autisme merupakan gangguan perkembangan pervasif dalam bidang interaksi sosial, komunikasi dan perilaku. Keberadaan anak autisme akan menjadi stressor bagi keluarga sebagai suatu sistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang pengalaman keluarga selama merawat anak autisme di Sekolah Kebutuhan Khusus Bangun Bangsa Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain fenomenologi deskriptif dengan metode wawancara mendalam. Partisipan adalah anggota keluarga yang berperan sebagai caregiver utama anak autisme yang diperoleh melalui purposive sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa hasil rekaman wawancara dan catatan lapangan yang dianalisis dengan menerapkan tehnik Collaizi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan 17 tema. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan perasaan berduka yang dirasakan keluarga terjadi melalui tahapan menyangkal, marah, tawar-menawar, depresi dan menerima. Berbagai penyebab berduka membuat keluarga berduka sepanjang masa dan menimbulkan berbagai beban dalam keluarga. Perawatan yang dilakukan keluarga memperhatikan tujuan dan jenis kebutuhan dengan menggunakan berbagai metode tertentu. Keluarga membutuhkan dukungan sosial dan finansial dan telah menggunakan beberapa sumber dan bentuk dukungan selama merawat anak autisme. Tuntutan perawatan dan respon lingkungan mengharuskan keluarga melakukan modifikasi cara merawat, mekanisme koping dan pemberdayaan keluarga. Keluarga mengharapkan adanya perhatian khusus dan peningkatan kemampuan perkembangan anak autisme. Keluarga merasakan makna positif dan negatif selama merawat anak autisme. Temuan penelitian ini dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tenaga kesehatan profesional, khususnya perawat spesialis jiwa untuk mengembangkan desain asuhan keperawatan jiwa anak dalam konteks keluarga, penelitian tentang pemberdayaan keluarga dalam pengelolaan beban selama merawat anak dengan autisme serta penyempurnaan modul terapi psikoedukasi keluarga dan terapi kelompok suportif yang spesifik untuk keluarga dengan anak autisme.

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Autism is a pervasive development disorder in social interaction, communication and behavior. Children with autism will be a stressor to their family. This research aims to describe about family experience in taking care of their children with autism at Special Needs School Bangun Bangsa, Surabaya. This research used descriptive phenomenology design with indepth interview method. The participant of this research was a member of a family who plays role as the main caregiver for autism child. This study employs the purposive sampling method. The data is gathered through interviews and field notes that is then analyzed with the Collaizi technique. This research generated 17 themes.The results illustrate families display the grieving process which they pass through in to five stages of grief: denial, anger, depression, bargaining and acceptance. Large amounts of grief cause families in grief for a long period and this causes family burden . Family care is focused on completing its objectives and covering particular needs by using specific methods. The families need both social and financial support by using several kinds of sources and supports. The demands and environmental responses cause families to do modifications in taking care of the child, coping mechanisms and family empowerment. The families wish to get special attentions and improvement in autism children developments. The families find positives and negative meaning in their experiences in taking care of the children to their families? system. Finding of the research would hopefully be beneficial to professional health staff, especially psychiatric nurses to complete their ability in minimizing various negative impacts that the family may suffer from while taking care their autism children with autism through nursing care plans designs development, researches about family empowerment in burden managements and also a research to improve the Family psychoeducation Therapy and a specific Supportive Group Therapy modules for family with autism children."

"Pola asuh merupakan rangkaian interaksi intensif yang melibatkan orang tua dan anak. Sibling relationship adalah interaksi antar dua individu maupun lebih yang memiliki hubungan secara biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua terhadap sibling relationship dengan anak penyandang Autisme Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan potong silang pada 107 responden dipilih melalui teknik purposive sampling. Peneliti melihat pola asuh orang tua menggunakan kuesioner Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) dan sibling relationship menggunakan kuesioner Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 77,78% ibu yang menerapkan pola asuh demokratis memfasilitasi sibling relationship bersifat positif dan 74,28% ayah yang menerapkan pola asuh demokratis memfasilitasi sibling relationship bersifat negatif. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara pola asuh responden dengan sibling relationship (p>0,05; α=0,05). Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan observasi dan wawancara langsung kepada sibling serta memperluas lokasi penelitian untuk lebih menggambarkan populasi penelitian.

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Parenting is an intensive interaction involving parents and children. Sibling relationship is the interaction between two or more individuals who have a biological relationship. The aim of this research was to identify the relation between parenting style of sibling relationship with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

This research used cross-sectional on 107 respondents was involved with purposive sampling technique. Researcher used Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) to study parenting style and Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ) to measure sibling relationship.

The result showed that 77,78% mother applying authoritative facilitate sibling relationship is positive and 74,28% applying authoritative facilitate sibling relationship is negative. Bivariate analysis result showed that there was no relation between parenting style of sibling relationship with Autism Spectrum Disorder (p>0,05; α=0,05). It is recommended that research should conduct observation and interview are more appropriate toward sibling. Beside, the future research can increasing the number of respondents will benefit the future research."

"Latar belakang. Gangguan interaksi sosial merupakan karakteristik utama dari gangguan spektrum autisme (GSA), selain itu 59-79% anak GSA dilaporkan mengalami gangguan gerak. Gangguan gerak merupakan komorbiditas yang mungkin memengaruhi kemampuan sosialisasi anak GSA. Hingga saat ini belum ada data mengenai gangguan gerak kasar pada anak GSA di Indonesia, termasuk kemungkinan kaitannya dengan kemampuan sosialisasi. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) apakah kemampuan gerak kasar anak GSA lebih rendah dibandingkan anak normal, (2) gambaran kemampuan gerak kasar anak GSA, (3) gambaran kemampuan sosialisasi anak GSA, (4) hubungan kemampuan gerak kasar dengan kemampuan sosialisasi pada anak GSA. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang pada Agustus-September 2013 dengan subjek berusia 18 bulan sampai 6 tahun. Subjek GSA didapatkan dari Klinik Anakku dan kelompok kontrol diperoleh dengan matching usia. Kemampuan gerak kasar dan sosialisasi kedua kelompok dinilai melalui wawancara kepada orangtua dengan instrumen Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, edisi ke-2 (Vineland-II). Hasil. Sebanyak 40 subjek GSA (12 gangguan autistik, 3 gangguan Asperger, dan 26 PDD-NOS) dan 40 kontrol memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Kemampuan gerak kasar di bawah normal ditemukan pada 8 dari 40 (20%) anak GSA. Rerata v-scale gerak kasar pada kelompok GSA 15,1 (SD 3,12), lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok kontrol 18,7 (SD 2,09) dengan p 0,000 (p<0,05) dan interval kepercayaan 95% (IK95%) - 4,725;-2,525 berdasarkan uji T-berpasangan. Perbedaan tersebut tampak nyata pada klaster melempar dan menangkap bola, menggunakan tangga, melompat, dan mengendarai sepeda. Subdomain hubungan interpersonal menunjukkan nilai v-scale terendah (median 9, rentang 3-15) dibandingkan kedua subdomain lain (subdomain waktu bermain dan bersantai dengan rerata 11,2 (SD 3,2) dan subdomain kemampuan coping dengan median 15, rentang 10-18). Kemampuan gerak kasar berhubungan dengan kemampuan sosialisasi pada anak GSA. Anak GSA dengan gangguan gerak kasar memiliki rerata nilai standar domain sosialisasi 66,6 (SD 6,50). Nilai tersebut lebih rendah dibandingkan 85,7 (SD 10,90) pada anak GSA tanpa gangguan gerak kasar, dengan p 0,000 dan IK95% -25,327;-12,736. Simpulan. Kemampuan gerak kasar anak GSA lebih rendah dibandingkan anak normal. Dua puluh persen anak GSA mengalami gangguan gerak kasar berdasarkan Vineland-II, khususnya pada klaster melempar dan menangkap bola, menggunakan tangga, melompat, dan mengendarai sepeda. Anak GSA memiliki kemampuan sosialisasi yang rendah khususnya pada subdomain hubungan interpersonal. Anak GSA dengan gangguan gerak kasar memiliki kemampuan sosialisasi lebih rendah dibandingkan anak GSA yang tidak mengalami gangguan gerak kasar.

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Background. Social impairment is considered the core deficit in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 59-79% of ASD children were reported as having poor gross motor. Gross motor deficit is a comorbidity which may influence socialization skills in ASD. There is no data in Indonesia about gross motor problems, including the possible association with socialization skills, in ASD children.

Objectives. This study aimed: (1) to compare gross motor skills in ASD to normal children, (2) to describe gross motor problems in ASD, (3) to describe socialization skills in ASD, (4) to identify the relationship of gross motor and socialization skills in ASD.

Method. A cross-sectional study involving 18-months-old to 6-years old children was taken on August-September 2013. ASD children were recruited in Klinik Anakku while control group were their age-matched children with normal development. Gross motor and socialization skills were scored using Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd edition (Vineland-II).

Results. Forty ASD children (12 autistic disorder, 3 Asperger syndrome, 26 PDD-NOS) and 40 age-matched control fulfilled study criteria. Gross motor below normal were reported in 8 of 40 (20%) ASD children. Mean gross motor v-scale of ASD group 15.1 (SD 3.12), significantly lower than control group 18.7 (SD 2.09) with p value 0.000 (p < 0.05) and confidence interval 95% (CI95%) -4.725;-2.525 using paired T-test. The differences were prominent in several cluster− throwing and catching ball, using stairs, jumping, and bicycling. The lowest v-scale score was found in interpersonal relationship subdomain (median 9, interval 3-15), compared to the other subdomains (play and leisure time with mean 15 (SD 3.2) and coping skills with median 15, interval 10-18). Gross motor skills is associated with socialization skills in ASD. ASD children with gross motor impairments showed socialization domain mean score 66.6 (SD 6.50). The score is lower than 85.7 (SD 10.90) in those without gross motor impairments, with p value 0.000 and CI95% -25.327;-12.736.

Conclusion. Gross motor skill in ASD is lower than normal children. Gross motor impairments were found in 20% ASD children based on Vineland-II, especially in several cluster - throwing and catching ball, using stairs, jumping, and bicycling. ASD children showed poor socialization skill especially in interpersonal relationship subdomain. ASD children with gross motor impairments showed lower socialization skills compared to those without gross motor impairments."

"Perilaku agresif pada anak dengan autisme dengan disabilitas intelektual merupakan masalah yang sering dihadapi oleh guru-guru di sekolah. Penanganan yang tepat perlu dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah perilaku agresif agar perilaku tersebut tidak menetap dan tidak menghalangi proses pengembangan kemampuan pada anak. Penelitian dengan desain single subject experimental design, menggunakan teknik differential reinforcement dengan positive reinforcement dan extinction bertujuan untuk mengurangi frekuensi perilaku agresif pada satu orang anak laki-laki berusia 11 tahun dengan autisme dengan disabilitasintelektual. Keberhasilan dari program intervensi dilihat dengan membandingkan frekuensi sebelum intervensi dan sesudah intervensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan frekuensi kemunculan perilaku agresif

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Aggressive behavior in children with autism with intellectual disability is an ongoing issue often faced many teachers in educational settings. A comprehensive intervention is needed to reduce or eliminate the aggressive behavior due to its negative affect on the child social and academic development. This current study, applied differential reinforcement with positive reinforcement and extinction techniques to reduce the frequency of aggressive behavior on a 11 year old boy with autism with intellectual disability. The effectivity of the intervention was measured by comparing the data taken before and after the intervention. The results showed a decrease in the frequency of the aggressive behavior."