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"Die soldering terjadi ketika lelehan alumunium menempel ke permukaan material cetakan dan tetap tertinggal setelah pengeluaran produk cor, yang berakibat pada peningkatan biaya produksi dan kehilangan produksi pada industri pengecoran. Perlakuan permukaan seperti nitridisasi dianggap sebagai cara yang efektif dalam menahan terjadinya reaksi soldering. Pada penelitian ini, baja perkakas H13 dengan tiga perlakuan permukaan berbeda dicelup ke dalam lelehan alumunium ADC12 pada temperatur 680°C dan di tahan selama 30 detik, 30 menit, 2 jam, dan 5 jam.Karakterisasi permukaan baja difokuskan pada struktur mikro, distribusi kekerasan, komposisi kimia, kekasaran permukaan, dan kehilangan berat dari baja perkakas H13. Hasilnya ditemukan bahwa shot peening sebelum nitridisasi menghasilkan kekerasan permukaan dan kedalaman lapisan nitrida yang lebih tinggi, yaitu 1033 HV (68 HRC) dan 105 µm, dibanding dengan perlakuan nitridisasi saja, 1033 HV (68 HRC) dan 105 µm.Hasil pernelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan permukaan yang berbeda memberikan morfologi permukaan yang berbeda, dimana perlakuan shot peening saja menghasilkan kecenderungan soldering yang disertai pembentukan lapisan intermetalik; namun soldering tidak ditemukan pada permukaan dengan perlakuan nitridisasi dan shot peening yang dilanjut dengan nitridisasi.

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Die soldering occurs when molten aluminum sticks to the surface of a die material and remains there after the ejection of the part. This resulted in low productivity and economic value in the foundry industry. Nitriding surface treatment is considered as an effective way to prevent soldering. In this research, H13 tool steel with three different surface treatments were dipped into the molten of ADC12 at temperature 680°C and held for 30 seconds, 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 5 hours.

Characterizations on the surface of the steel were focused on the microstructure, microhardness profile, chemical composition, surface roughness, and weight loss of the H13 tool steel. It was found that shot peening prior to nitriding gives a higher surface hardness and depth of nitride layer of H13 tool steel, 114 HV (>70 HRC) and 120.5 µm, than the nitriding only process, 1033 HV (68 HRC) and 105 µm.

The research results also showed that different surface treatment produced different morphologies of the steel surface in which the shot peening only treatment showed a soldering tendency with the present of intermetallic layer; while the soldering was not found on the nitrided and shot peened - nitrided sample."

"In this study, H13 tool steel and Cr-Mo-V steel were treated by two different types of surface treatments, i.e. double shot peening with nitriding and single shot peening. Samples were dipped into the molten aluminum alloy ADC12 as a simulation of the die casting process and held there for 0.5, 5, and 30 minutes. Several characteristics were analyzed, including surface hardness, microstructure observation, and identification of elements on the intermetallic layer formed. The results of the research showed that H13 steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding had higher surface hardness (1402 VHN) than when treated by shot peening only (536 VHN). A similar tendency emerged with the Cr-Mo-V steel, which had 1402 VHN and 503 VHN after treatment with double shot peening with nitriding and the single shot peening process. In addition, with a dipping time of 30 minutes, the H13 steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding produced a lower average thickness of the compact intermetallic layer. Moreover, double shot peening did not form a broken intermetallic layer, while single shot peening formed one (91.66 µm). Likewise, the Cr-Mo-V steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding produced a thinner compact intermetallic layer than single shot peening, 22.2 µm vs. 27.77 µm, as well as a lower average thickness of the broken intermetallic layer, 40.2 µm vs. 113 µm. This indicates that material treated by double shot peening with nitriding could minimize the occurrence of die soldering."

"Karakterisasi soldering pada die casting mengharuskan cetakan memiliki ketahanan erosi dan juga bebas dari kegetasan white layer pada nitriding. Penggabungan Shot peening dan nitriding adalah proses perlakuan pada permukaan yang biasa digunakan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan untuk komponen struktural maupun mekanis Pada penelitian ini material H13 pebanding yaitu H13 Premium dan H13 Superior yang masing masing dilakukan 5 variasi proses perlakuan permukaan dan 2 variasi waktu tahan pada proses nitriding kemudian dicelup ke dalam lelehan alumunium ADC12 pada temperatur 680°C dan di tahan selama 30 detik, 5 menit, dan 30 menit. Karakterisasi permukaan baja difokuskan pada struktur mikro, distribusi kekerasan, komposisi kimia, kekasaran permukaan, dan kehilangan berat dari baja perkakas H13. Hasilya didapat H13 modifikasi menunjukkan kekerasan hingga 1416 HV serta selisih ketebalan lapisan compound dan broken layer pada soldering yaitu 13.35 μm dan 73.14 μm dibandingkan dengan shot peening saja. Pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variasi shot peening sebelum dan sesudah nitriding menghasilkan ketahanan soldering yang lebih baik.

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Soldering characteristic on die casting makes it's should be has high wearability erotion and also realeased from white layer embrittlement on nitriding process. Both of shot peening and nitriding are kind of process which can increasing surface strength characterization in structural or mechanical components and also as an effective way to prevent soldering. In this case research, H13 tool steel will be compared with supreme and superior which each part of materal has 5 combination surface treatment and 2 kind of holding time of nitriding. Then dipped into the molten of ADC12 Alumnium at temperature 680°C and held for 30 second, 5 minutes and 30 minutes.

Characterizations on the surface of the steel were focused on the microstructure, microhardness profile, chemical composition, surface roughness, and weight loss of the H13 tool steel. Result found that H13 modification show hardness until 1416 HV and diffence thickness compound and broken layer on soldering 13.35 μm and 73.14 μm compare with only shot peening treatment. This research result showed that best resistance to soldering create from combination shot peening before and after nitriding."

"Karakterisasi soldering pada die casting mengharuskan cetakan memiliki ketahanan erosi dan juga bebas dari kegetasan white layer pada nitriding. Penggabungan Shot peening dan nitriding adalah proses perlakuan pada permukaan yang biasa digunakan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan untuk komponen struktural maupun mekanis Pada penelitian ini material H13 pebanding yaitu H13 Premium dan H13 Superior yang masing masing dilakukan 5 variasi proses perlakuan permukaan dan 2 variasi waktu tahan pada proses nitriding kemudian dicelup ke dalam lelehan alumunium ADC12 pada temperatur 680oC dan di tahan selama 30 detik, 5 menit, dan 30 menit. Karakterisasi permukaan baja difokuskan pada struktur mikro, distribusi kekerasan, komposisi kimia, kekasaran permukaan, dan kehilangan berat dari baja perkakas H13. Hasilya didapat H13 modifikasi menunjukkan kekerasan hingga 1416 HV serta selisih ketebalan lapisan compound dan broken layer pada soldering yaitu 13.35 μm dan 73.14 μm dibandingkan dengan shot peening saja. Pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variasi shot peening sebelum dan sesudah nitriding menghasilkan ketahanan soldering yang lebih baik.

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Soldering characteristic on die casting makes it?s should be has high wearability erotion and also realeased from white layer embrittlement on nitriding process. Both of shot peening and nitriding are kind of process which can increasing surface strength characterization in structural or mechanical components and also as an effective way to prevent soldering. In this case research, H13 tool steel will be compared with supreme and superior which each part of materal has 5 combination surface treatment and 2 kind of holding time of nitriding. Then dipped into the molten of ADC12 Alumnium at temperature 680oC and held for 30 second, 5 minutes and 30 minutes.

Characterizations on the surface of the steel were focused on the microstructure, microhardness profile, chemical composition, surface roughness, and weight loss of the H13 tool steel. Result found that H13 modification show hardness until 1416 HV and diffence thickness compound and broken layer on soldering 13.35 μm and 73.14 μm compare with only shot peening treatment. This research result showed that best resistance to soldering create from combination shot peening before and after nitriding."

"ABSTRAKDie soldering merupakan salah satu masalah yang sering dihadapi dalam proses pengecoran cetak tekanan tinggi, akibat pelekatan aluminium cair dengan baja 8407 S dan Dievar sebagai material cetakan pengecoran tekanan tinggi sehingga produk cor sulit untuk dikeluarkan. Dalam rangka meminimalisir terjadinya fenomena ini dilakukan proses perlakuan permukaan mekanik dan pengerasan permukaan terhadap permukaan material cetakan. Pada penelitian ini material baja 8407 S dan baja Dievar dilakukan dua variabel perlakuan permukaan berbeda yaitu shot peening saja dan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi yang selanjutnya dilakukan proses pencelupan ke dalam paduan aluminium cair ADC12 sebagai simulasi proses pengecoran cetak tekanan tinggi dengan perbedaan waktu tahan yaitu 0.5, 5 dan 30 menit. Karakterisasi meliputi kekerasan permukaan, pengamatan struktur mikro, identifikasi elemen pada lapisan intermetalik yang terbentuk dan kehilangan berat dari material baja 8407 S dan baja Dievar. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa baja 8407 S pada perlakuan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi menghasilkan kekerasan permukaan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu 1402 VHN dibandingkan dengan variabel shot peening saja yaitu 536 VHN. Demikian pula pada baja Dievar yang dilakukan proses double shot peening dengan nitridisasi menghasilkan kekerasan permukaan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu 1402 VHN dibandingkan dengan variabel shot peening saja yaitu 503 VHN. Selain itu pada waktu pencelupan 30 menit, baja 8407 S pada perlakuan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi menghasilkan ketebalan rata-rata compact intermetallic layer yang lebih rendah yaitu 17,1 μm dibandingkan dengan variabel shot peening saja, yaitu 18 μm. Dan pada perlakuan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi tidak terbentuk broken intermetallic layer sedangkan dengan shot peening saja, yaitu terbentuk 91,66 μm. Demikian pula baja Dievar pada perlakuan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi menghasilkan ketebalan rata-rata compact intermetallic layer yang lebih rendah yaitu 22,2 μm dibandingkan dengan shot peening saja, yaitu 27,77 μm. Dan pada perlakuan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi menghasilkan broken intermetallic layer yang lebih rendah, yaitu 40,2 μm dibandingkan dengan shot peening saja, yaitu terbentuk 113 μm. Hal ini mengindikasikan dengan perlakuan double shot peening dengan nitridisasi dapat meminimalisir terjadinya die soldering

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ABSTRACT Die soldering is one of the problems that is frequently encountered in high pressure die casting process, due to molten aluminium stick on the surface of 8407 S steel and Dievar steel as a material of high pressure die casting so that the cast product remains there after the ejection. In order to minimize the occurrence of this phenomenon, mechanical surface treatment and surface hardening of the mold material has been done. In this study, the material 8407 S steel and Dievar steel treated by two different variables of surface treatment, i.e. double shot peening with nitriding and shot peening only process were dipped into molten aluminum alloy ADC12 as a simulation of die casting process and held for 0.5, 5 and 30 minute. Characterization includes surface hardness, microstructure observation, identification of elements on the intermetallic layer formed and weight loss of the material. The results of the research showed that 8407 S steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding has higher surface hardness, 1402 VHN than the shot peening only process, 536 VHN. Similarly with Dievar steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding has higher surface hardness, 1402 VHN than the shot peening only process, 503 VHN. In addition, on the immersion time for 30 minutes, 8407 S steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding produce lower average thickness of the compact intermetallic layer, 17.1 μm than the shot peening only process, 18 μm. Moreover, doule shot peening with nitriding does not form broken intermetallic layer compared with the shot peening only process formed broken intermetallic layer, 91.66 μm. Similarly with Dievar steel treated by double shot peening with nitriding produce lower average thickness of the compact intermetallic layer, 22.2 μm than the shot peening only process, 27.77 μm. Moreover, double shot peening with nitriding produce lower average thickness of the broken intermetallic layer, 40.2 μm than the shot peening only process, 113 μm. This indicates that material treated by double shot peening with nitriding could minimize the occurrence of die soldering"

"If you work with soldering processes or soldered components, Principles of Soldering will help you understand and solve practical engineering challenges. Clearly written and well referenced, this book takes you from the fundamental characteristics of solders, fluxes, and joining environments to the impact these have in the selection and successful use of soldering processes. Priority is given to the fundamental principles that underlie this field of technology rather than recipes for making joints. Striking a balance between being unduly simplistic or overly mathematical in their approach, the authors provide the critical analysis that is missing from much of the literature on soldering. An entire section is devoted to the difficult art of fluxless soldering and includes strategies for devising successful processes. The final chapter is devoted to recent advances in soldering technology and covers a variety of topics including lead-free solders, flip-chip interconnection, diffusion soldering, amalgams as solders, composite solders and other hot areas of research. Containing approximately 200 figures and 60 tables, this book updates and greatly expands the soldering content in the book Principles of Soldering and Brazing (1993) by the same authors. A companion volume, Principles of Brazing, is in development."

"Die soldering merupakan masalah yang sering terjadi dalam proses Die Casting. Die soldering merupakan peristiwa penempelan aluminium cair dengan baja sebagai material cetakan yang mengakibatkan produk cor sulit dilepaskan dari cetakan. Untuk meminimalisasi die soldering, dilakukan perlakuan pada permukaan baja 8407 Supreme dan Dievar berupa nitridisasi dan shot peening. Pada penelitian ini, baja 8407 Supreme dan Dievar diberi dua variabel perlakuan permukaan, yaitu : shot peening dan nitriding-shot peening yang selanjutnya dilakukan pencelupan pada Aluminium ADC12 cair dengan tiga variabel waktu pencelupan, yaitu : 0,5; 5; 30 menit. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah kekerasan makro, kekerasan mikro, pengamatan struktur mikro, identifikasi fasa dan senyawa intermetalik serta kehilangan berat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baja 8407 Supreme dan Dievar dengan perlakuan nitriding? shot peening memiliki kekerasan mikro dua kali lipat lebih besar dibandingkan dengan perlakuan shot peening saja. Pada baja 8407 Supreme ketebalan compact layer berkurang dari 19 μm menjadi 17 μm dan ketebalan broken layer berkurang dari 96 μm menjadi 80 μm. Pada baja Dievar ketebalan compact layer berkurang dari 38 μm menjadi 19 μm dan ketebalan broken layer berkurang dari 119 μm menjadi 45 μm. Hal ini mengindikasikan baja 8407 Supreme dan Dievar yang diberi perlakuan nitriding-shot peening memiliki ketahanan terhadap die soldering yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan hanya dilakukan shot peening.

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Die soldering is a problem happened in High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC). Die soldering is sticking phenomenon between molten aluminium with the surface of steel which makes cast product difficult to eject. In order to minimize die soldering, surface treatments such as shot peening and nitriding were done on the 8407 Supreme steel and Dievar steel. In this research, 8407 Supreme steel and Dievar steel were treated by two variables shot peening and nitriding-shot peening dipped into molten aluminum alloy ADC12 and with three variables of dipped times 0.5; 5; 30 minutes. Characterization included surface hardness, microstructure observation, identification of phase and intermetallic compund and weight loss.

The results of the investigation shown that 8407 Supreme steel and Dievar steel are treated by nitriding?shot peening have two times higher of hardness than are treated by shot peening. On 8407 Supreme steel the thickness of compact layer decreased from 19 μm to 17 μm and the thickness of broken layer also decreased from 96 μm to 80 μm. On Dievar steel the thickness of compact layer decreased from 38 μm to 19 μm and the thickness of broken layer also decreased from 119 μm to 45 μm. These results prove that 8407 Supreme steel and Dievar steel are treated by nitriding?shot peening have a better resistance to die soldering than are treated by shot peening."

"Paduan Al-7wt%Si merupakan salah satu jenis paduan aluminium silikon yang memiliki aplikasi besar dalam dunia pengecoran khususnya proses die casting. Dalam aplikasi di dunia industri die casting terdapat problem yang disebut dengan die soldering. Die soldering adalah fenomena menempelnya aluminium cair pada permukaan material cetakan dan ada bagian benda casting yang tersisa ketika dikeluarkan dari cetakan. Reaksi die soldering biasanya terjadi pada pengecoran cetak tekan dengan tekanan tinggi dalam paduan aluminium dan membentuk lapisan intermetalik antara aluminium cair dan cetakan. Fenomena ini menyebabkan rusaknya cetakan serta mengakibatkan kualitas permukaan cetakan yang jelek, sedangkan biaya akan terus meningkat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat karakteristik pembentukan ketebalan dan kekerasan dari lapisan intermetlic selama proses pencelupan. Dalam penelitian ini, ditemukan adanya lapisan fasa binary dari lapisan intermetalik FeAl2, Fe2Al5, and FeAl3 yang ditemukan di permukaan baja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari morfologi dan karakteristik dari lapisan AlxFeySiz yang meliputi ketebalan dan kekerasan selama proses pencelupan. Material cetakan untuk penelitian ini adalah baja perkakas H13 yang dicelup dengan Al-7wt%Si dengan temperatur holding 700°C, 720°C, dan 740°C serta penambahan mangan dengan 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, dan 0.7 %. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa penambahan mangan diatas 0.3% pada temperatur 700°C efektif menurunkan die soldering dari ketebalan lapisan 101 mikron sampai 86 mikron di kadar 0,5%Mn dan 54 mikron pada kadar Mn 0,7%. Fenomena tersebut juga terjadi pada temperatur 740°C. Sedangkan pada temperatur 720°C, penambahan Mn efektif menurunkan fenomena die soldering setelah penambahan 0.5%Mn. Adapun kekerasan lapisan intermetalik sangat bervariasi, hal ini disebabkan karena ukuran kekerasan sangat tergantung terhadap kandungan paduan FexAly yang terdapat dalam lapisan. Semakin banyak kandungan Fe dalam paduan lapisan intermetalik FexAly, maka kekerasannya semakin meningkat, begitu juga sebaliknya. Dengan demikian, penambahan mangan terhadap Al-7wt%Si tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kekerasan lapisan intermetalik.

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Al-7wt%Si is one of aluminium alloys which have largest application in the world of casting, especially in die casting process. In the application of die casting technology, there is a dominant problem names die soldering. Die soldering is a phenomenon in which molten aluminium ?welds? to the die surface and remains there after the ejection of the part. Soldering reactions are commonly observed during high pressure die casting of aluminium alloys, and involve the formation and growth of interfacial intermetallic layers between the die and the cast alloy. This phenomenon resulting in damage to the die and poor surface quality of the casting, but increase the production cost. This research is done to study the thickness and hardness characteristic formation of the intermetallic layers during dipping test.

In this research, the appeared binary phase of intermetallic layer is FeAl2, Fe2Al5, and FeAl3 which available at steel?s surface. This research aim is investigating morphology and characteristic of AlxFeySiz intermetallic layer which consist thickness and hardness of the layer during immersing period. The testing material for this research is annealed tool steel H13 which is immersed at Al-7%Si with various holding temperature at 700°C, 720°C, and 740°C and also added by four types mangan (Mn) composition at each temperature. The compositions of this mangan are 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 %.

From the laboratory activity, it was clearly shown that additional Mn above 0.3% at 700°C can decrease die soldering effect significantly. This phenomenon can be seen from the intermetallic layer thickness formed with additional Mn at 101 to 86 micron for 0.5% Mn content and 54 micron for 0.7% Mn. This tendency is happen for 740°C reacting temperature also. But for 720°C reacting temperature, the effect of additional Mn for decreasing die soldering effect start from 0.5% Mn content.

Then, intermetallic layer formed are vary due to FexAly alloy content at layer itself. The more FexAly alloy content, the more hardness level formed; and vice versa. So that, additional Mn to Al-7wt%Si did not have significant effect to hardness of intermetallic layer formed due to spreading of random hardness level at each intermetallic layer."