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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Pendapatan Domestik Bruto (PDB), ekspor industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat, jumlah tenaga kerja dan upah tenaga kerja industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat, krisis ekonomi 1998 dan pajak atas distribution right fee terhadap nilai penanaman modal asing langsung industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat di Indonesia kurun waktu 1980 sampai dengan 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dan menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisa data deret waktu.Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa PDB, jumlah tenaga kerja, upah tenaga kerja, dan ekspor di industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat serta krisis ekonomi 1998 dan pajak distribution right fee memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan. PDB dan ekspor industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat memiliki hubungan positif sedangkan jumlah dan upah tenaga kerja di industri kendaraan bermotor roda empat serta krisis ekonomi 1998 dan pajak distribution right fee memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap investasi asing langsung di Indonesia.

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The research was conducted to analysis the effect of distribution right fee tax and other factors, namely Gross Domestic Product (GDP), export of automobile industry products, automobile industry workers and workers wages, 1998 Indonesian economic crisis towards the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia Automobile Industry from 1980 untill 2012. The research using secondary data and quantitative method with time series data descriptive analysis.The result of this research showed that GDP and export of automobile industry product have a positive impact meanwhile automobile industry workers and workers wages, Indonesian 1998 economic crisis and distribution right fee tax have a negative impact toward FDI in Indonesia Automobile Industry."

"Studi ini menganalisis dampak investasi asing langsung dan spillover effect yang ditimbulkan terhadap tingkat entry dan exit pada industri manufaktur Indonesia tahun 2010-2015. Studi ini menggunakan data Input Output tahun 2010 dan data Industri Besar Sedang tahun 2010-2015 yang keduanya berasal dari Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Random Effect Model keluar sebagai model terbaik untuk mengestimasi data panel dengan observasi sebanyak 2.592 industri. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa investasi asing langsung dan forward spillover memberikan kontribusi yang positif signifikan terhadap entry rate, namun backward spillover berkontribusi negatif terhadap entry rate. Backward spillover dan forward spillover juga berkontribusi terhadap exit rate, namun efeknya tidak dominan. Masuknya investasi asing langsung ke dalam industri yang memiliki tingkat konsentrasi dan tingkat impor yang tinggi masing-masing berdampak pada entry rate yang negatif dan exit rate yang positif. Selain itu, masuknya investasi asing langsung ke dalam industri yang memiliki rata-rata ukuran perusahaan yang besar dan tingkat ekspor yang tinggi masing-masing berdampak pada entry rate yang positif dan entry rate yang negatif.

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This study analyzes the impact of FDI and the spillover effect on entry and exit levels in the Indonesian manufacturing industry in 2010-2015. This study uses data for Input Output in 2010 and data for Large and Medium Industries in 2010-2015, both of which are from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. Random Effect Model came out as the best model for estimating panel data by observing 2,592 industries. This study concludes that FDI and forward spillover make a significant positive contribution to the entry rate, but backward spillover contributes negatively to the entry rate. Backward spillover and forward spillover also contribute to the exit rate, but the effect is not dominant. The entry of FDI into industries that have a high level of concentration and a high level of imports each have an impact on a negative entry rate and a positive exit rate. In addition, the entry of FDI into industries that have a large average company size and high export rates have an impact on positive entry rates and negative entry rates, respectively."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisa peran penanaman modal asing (PMA) dari Korea terhadap perdagangan intra-industri (IIT) Indonesia dan Korea untuk produk manufaktur pada kurun waktu 2000-2013. Menggunakan data tahunan dari World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) pada level produk SITC Rev.3, didekomposisi IIT ke dalam 3 kelompok yaitu horizontal IIT (HIIT), upper vertical IIT (upper VIIT), dan lower vertical IIT (lower VIIT) sesuai Ito dan Okubo (2012). Memanfaatkan data agregasi terkecil, unit value dijadikan proksi pengelompokkan kualitas, hal yang sulit dilakukan dengan agregasi terbesar walaupun yang didapatkan adalah rata-rata harga tahunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PMA Korea secara positif dan signifikan mempengaruhi indeks IIT. Terkait dengan AKFTA, terjadi peningkatan pada lower VIIT namun penurunan indeks IIT.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis aim to analyze the role of Korea?s Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia and its effect to the extent of intra-industry trade between Korea and Indonesia on manufacture products during the period 2000-2013. Using World Integrated Trade Solution data at the level of SITC Rev. 3, trade is decomposed into 3 group of quality: horizontal IIT (HIIT), upper vertical IIT (upper VIIT), and lower vertical IIT (lower VIIT) in Ito and Okubo (2012). The results in general shows inter industry trade dominates with share of more than 80% of trade. The decomposition of Grubel-Lloyd index into the three intra-industry groups support the notion that the intra-industry trade rose after ASEAN-Korea Free Trade (AKFTA) particularly for the human capital and technology intensive products. Korea?s FDI inflow to Indonesia also shows a positive impact on IIT index of manufacture sector. We agree that AKFTA may bring more imports to Indonesia leading to increase intra-industry trade in lower vertical group."

"Penanaman Modal dalam Negeri dan Penanaman Modal Asing diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap perekonomian Indonesia, baik dalam perannya untuk meningkatkan modal maupun dalam meningkatkan produktifitas melalui kemajuan teknologi, managemen dan sebagainya.Untuk itu diperlukan kebijakan yang lebih terarah, khususnya mengenai arah pengembangan secara sektoral, mengingat setiap sektor memiliki karakteristik tersendiri. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui peran PMA dan PMDN terhadap PDB melalui observasi data tahun 1990 - 2008.

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Domestic investment and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are expected to contribute higher in Indonesian economy, particularly from the augmented investment and the impact of their advanced technology. It is necessary to provide policy and direction of investment development, by considering sectoral characteristic. This study is conducted to obtain the information on the role of domestic investment as well as foreign direct investment to gross domestic product, by using data of 1990 - 2008."

"Sastra dalam pengembangan ekonomi terkait Investasi Asing Langsung (FDI) telah banyak diteliti oleh para sarjana, sebagian besar menggunakan data pemotongan lintang atau data rangkaian waktu, namun penelitian mengenai data panel yang melibatkan faktor determinan FDI terhadap sektor dan wilayah secara keseluruhan belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini menguji dampak investasi langsung asing terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian di 15 Negara Asia menggunakan metode efek tetap dan efek acak serta diuji dengan uji Hausman menggunakan data sampel dari tahun 1990 hingga 2019. Ditemukan bahwa FDI memiliki hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan nilai tambah pertanian. Namun, FDI melalui perkembangan keuangan memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tambah pertanian. Ditemukan pula bahwa inflasi memiliki dampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian, sementara formasi modal bruto dan tetap memiliki dampak signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan pertanian. Di sisi lain, keterbukaan perdagangan memiliki dampak negatif namun tidak signifikan. Oleh karena itu, rekomendasi yang diberikan kepada pembuat kebijakan adalah menciptakan kebijakan yang dapat menstabilkan tingkat inflasi serta meringankan kebijakan yang dapat menghambat keterbukaan perdagangan.

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Literature in the economic development regarding FDI have been widely studied by scholars, mostly used either cross-section or time series data, a panel-data on the determinants of FDI and towards the sectoral region, on the other hand, is understudied. This study examines the impact of foreign direct investment on agriculture growth in 15 Asian Countries using a fixed effect and random effect and further tested with the Hausman test on the sample data ranging from 1990-2019. It is found that FDI has a positive relationship and significant relationship with agriculture value added. However, FDI through financial development has a negative and significant impact on agriculture value added.  It is also found that inflation has a negative and significant impact on agriculture growth while gross and fixed capital formation is found to be significant and positively impacts agriculture growth. On the other hand, trade openness has a negative but non-significant impact. Therefore, a recommendation is for policy maker to create a policy that could stabilize the inflation rate and ease the policy that could inhibit trade openness. "

"Due to the lack of internal finance, a country might need a foreign investment. It also happens to Indonesia that is not recovery from its economic problems up to now. One of the solutions to this condition is by giving Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). By FDI it is hoped that it can employ a lot of people, and it can reduce the unemployment rate in this country, as a result it can increase the welfare of society.This study will focus on the relation between the given PPh incentives and Japanese Investor behavior in investing its fund, elaborate and analyze Japanese Investor to tax incentives given, and research, formulate and make the analysis on which tax incentive is the best way in inviting Japanese direct investor.This thesis is analytical descriptive which uses qualitative method by scrutinizing data in the form of information, theory from library research, then by analyzing the data to solve the formed case, so that conclusion can be drawn and suggestions and understanding to the influence in giving incentive to foreign direct investment can be given.The references theory in this research is one instrument to invite Japanese direct investment by giving tax incentive. However, tax administration is the key on the success of tax policy.It can be concluded that PPh facility given to tax payers in Indonesia who invest in certain business and area is quite good, in the result of the decrease of netto 30% (thirty percent) as the highest, quicken reduction and amortization, longer loss compensation and given PPh to the dividend as in Article 26 to 10% (ten percent), except if the valid tariff to the tax agreement is lower. Japanese Investors accept this facility positively, but they say it is more interesting if those tax facilities are followed by administration tax which gives law assurance.Tax incentive given by tax law is quite interesting for the Japanese investors to invest in Indonesia, but the regulations do not give the law assurance, they who have the license hope that they will be given the tax incentive as stated in the law, furthermore, it is suggested that the government not only faces on tax incentive to invite foreign direct investment but also is concern on the law assurance, security, eliminating high economy cost and improving infrastructure. Arranged and good tax administration will give law assurance and security to the investors. Furthermore, the license to foreign investors and the given PPh facilities are managed by one institution under one roof."

"PMA merupakan investasi langsung dalam bentuk penambahan modal fisik, seperti pabrik dan mesin. Masuknya PMA akan memberikan pengaruh pada perekonomian karena dapat menambah lapangan pekerjaan dan kesejahteraan para pekerja. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis bagaimana dampak PMA terhadap tingkat upah, dan juga meneliti bagaiman dampak dan hubungan variabel-variabel lainya terhadap tingkat upah. Penelitian ini mengambil studi kasus di industri tekstil Indonesia. Dengan periode penelitian 1990-2009, maka metode pengolahanya menggunakana data panelyaitu model pooled least square. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PMA memberikan pengaruh yang positif terhadap tingkat upah industri tekstil. Variabel lain yang memberikan hasil signifikan sesuai estimasi adalah jumlah tenaga kerja(size) dan upah tahun sebelumnya(Wit-1).

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Foreign direct investment is additional physical capital, such as factories and machinery. The inflow of FDI will have an impact on the economy because it can increase employment and welfare of the workers. This study tries to analyze how the impact of FDI on wage levels, and how the impact and relationship to other wage rate's variables.

This research took a case study in Indonesian textile industry. Within the year of 1990 to 2009 period, this study use pooled least squares models.

The results of the study showed that FDI have a positive influence on the level of wage textile industry. Another variable which gives the corresponding estimation results are significant number of workers (size) and wage of the previous year (Wit-1)."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji dampak kualitas institusi dan pengembangan infrastruktur terhadap aliran penanaman modal asing (PMA) di Asia Tenggara. Dengan menggunakan model regresi dan kumpulan data aliran PMA, efektivitas pemerintahan, kontrol korupsi, penetrasi internet, dan pembentukan modal tetap bruto dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas institusi dan pengembangan infrastruktur secara signifikan memengaruhi aliran PMA di suatu negara. Akan tetapi, negara-negara dengan tata kelola yang efektif, Tingkat korupsi rendah, dan infrastruktur yang kokoh menarik lebih banyak investasi asing. Sehingga, pembuat kebijakan harus fokus pada reformasi institusi, langkah-langkah anti-korupsi, dan investasi dalam infrastruktur untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang menarik bagi investor asing. Temuan ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman tentang determinan PMA di Asia Tenggara dan memberikan wawasan bagi para pembuat kebijakan.

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This thesis examines the impact of institutional quality and infrastructure development on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Southeast Asia. Using regression models and a dataset of FDI inflows, government effectiveness, control of corruption, internet penetration, and gross fixed capital formation were analyzed. The results demonstrate that both institutional quality and infrastructure development significantly influence FDI inflows in the region. Countries with effective governance, low corruption, and robust infrastructure attract more foreign investment. Policymakers should focus on institutional reforms, anti-corruption measures, and investments in infrastructure to create an attractive environment for foreign investors. These findings contribute to the understanding of FDI determinants in Southeast Asia and provide insights for policymakers."

"Indonesia bertujuan untuk menjadi negara berpenghasilan tinggi pada tahun 2045 yang mengharuskan negara untuk mentransformasi perekonomiannya. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan sektor manufaktur adalah dengan menggunakan penanaman modal asing. Selain itu, penanaman modal asing diyakini dapat mentransfer teknologi ke negara penerima. Dengan menggunakan fixed effect, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa teknologi transfer investasi asing langsung ke Indonesia terlihat pada tingkat produktivitas yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tenaga kerja, produksi, dan modal sebagai saluran mekanisme transfer teknologi di Indonesia. Selain itu, inovasi memengaruhi transfer teknologi sementara tidak terdapat bukti yang kuat untuk mendukung dampak dari penelitian dan pengembangan.

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Indonesia aims to be a high-income country in 2045, which requires it to transform its economy. One of the ways is by increasing the manufacturing sector using foreign direct investment. In addition, foreign direct investment is believed to transfer technology to the receiving country. By using fixed effect, this study found that foreign direct investment transfer technology to Indonesia which is seen in higher productivity levels. This research discovered that employment, production, and capital as the channel of transfer technology in Indonesia. Furthermore, innovation is found to affect technology transfer, while no evidence is found to support the impact of research and development."

"Optimalisasi penerimaan negara dengan penerapan omnibus law perpajakan yaitu melalui peningkatan pendanaan investasi. Peningkatan pendanaan investasi yang dilakukan pemerintah berfokus pada reformasi kebijakan relaksasi pemangkasan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan dari 25% ke 22% di tahun 2021 dan 2022. Kebijakan ini diharapkan dapat menarik investor asing untuk menanamkan modalnya ke Indonesia. Penggerusan penerimaan yang diakibatkan kebijakan ini diseimbangkan dengan perluasan basis pajak salah satunya dengan kenaikan tarif PPN. Terdapat keterkaitan antara perpajakan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi karena potensi perpajakan terletak pada kegiatan ekonomi sehingga dibutuhkan analisis formulasi kebijakan dan kendala dalam formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan dalam meningkatkan penerimaan penanaman modal asing di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif pajak penghasilan badan dilihat dari tahapan perumusan masalah, agenda kebijakan, pemilihan alternatif kebijakan, dan penetapan kebijakan, dan menganalisis faktor penghambat dari formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa studi literatur dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses formulasi kebijakan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan Badan sesuai dan memenuhi tahap-tahap formulasi kebijakan publik. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam formulasi kebijakan ini adalah keterbatasan koordinasi antar tim dan waktu penyusunan kebijakan yang singkat, mengetahui peraturan yang terkait dan memahami benchmarking negara lain, dan minimnya investor baru yang masuk ketika pandemi.

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Optimizing state revenue by implementing omnibus law, namely increasing investment income. Investments made by the government are focused on reforming the corporate income tax rate relaxation policy from 25% to 22% in 2021 and 2022. This policy is expected to attract foreign investors to invest in Indonesia. The erosion of revenue originating from this policy is balanced with tax expansion, one of which is an increase in VAT rates. There is a relationship between taxation and economic growth which lies in economic activity so that policy analysis and determination of income tax rates are needed in increasing foreign direct investment in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to find out how the formulation of income tariff reduction policies is seen from the stages of problem formulation, policy agendas, alternative election policies, policy determination, and analysis of inhibiting factors for the Agency's tariff reduction policies. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with data collection in the form of literature studies and in-depth interviews. The results of this study indicate that the process of formulating a policy for reducing corporate income tax rates is in accordance with the stages of public policy. Constraints faced in the formulation of this policy are the limited coordination between teams and short policy formulation time, understanding benchmarking from other countries, and the lack of new investors entering Indonesia during pandemic."