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"ABSTRAKTujuan Mengetahui perbandingan sensitivitas antara pemeriksaan USG dan radiografi spot dalam menilai lesi proses aktif di tulang iga berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan skintigrafi planar tulang pada pasien dengan keganasan. Metode Penelitian analitik potong lintang ini dilakukan terhadap 13 pasien keganasan dengan proses aktif pada iga yang ditemukan pada pemeriksaan skintigrafi planar tulang. Pemeriksaan radiografi spot dan ultrasonografi dilakukan terhadap 54 lesi yang ditemukan Pada tiap pemeriksaan, dinilai proses yang mendasari terjadinya proses aktif. Sensitivitas radiografi spot dan USG dibandingkan. Hasil Pada radiografi spot didapatkan 5 (9,3%) lesi akibat fraktur pada 1 (1,9%) lesid an 4 (7,4%) lesi. Ultrasonografi menggambarkan 19 (35,2%) lesi akibat fraktur pada 2 (3,7%) lesi dan metastasis 17 (31,5%). Ultrasonografi terbukti memiliki sensitivitas yang lebih tinggi dibanding radiografi spot dalam menilai proses yang mendasari proses aktif pada iga (McNemar p=0,001) Kesimpulan Ultrasonografi terhadap iga merupakan modalitas yang baik untuk menilai proses yang mendasari proses aktif pada iga yang ditemukan pada skintigrafi planar tulang pada pasien keganasan.

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ABSTRACTObjective Our aim was to compare the sensitivity between spot radiography and ultrasonography in evaluating active process on ribs in patients with malignancy. Methodes In this analytic cross sectional study, thirteen subjects with malignancy with active process on ribs seen on bone scintigraphy were selected. Spot radiography and high-resolution sonography were performed on 54 active process. In each examination, active process were reviewed for underlying process. The sensitivity of spot radiography and ultrasound were compared. Results Spot radiography revealed 5 (9.3%) to be fracture in 1 (1.9%) lesion and metastasis in 4 (7.4%) lesions. Ultrasound revealed 19 (35.2%) lesions to be fracture in 2 (3.7%) and metastasis in 17 (31.5%). Ultrasound was proven to have higher sensitivity compared to spot radiography in evaluating the underlying process of active process on ribs seen in bone scintigraphy (McNemar=0.001). Conclusion High-resolution sonography of the ribs is a useful modality in evaluating ribs active process seen in bone scintigraphy in patients with malignancy."

"Latar Belakang: Pemeriksaan D-dimer dan ultrasonografi sering dipakai untuk menegakkan diagnosis trombosis vena dalam (DVT). Walaupun demikian, kedua pemeriksaan tersebut memiliki keterbatasan jika dipakai pada pasien trauma ekstremitas bawah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti tingkat akurasi dari pemeriksaan D-dimer atau ultrasonografi (USG) dalam mendiagnosis trombosis vena dalam pada pasien dengan trauma ekstremitas bawah. Metode: Pencarian literatur sistematis dilakukan pada database Pubmed, Cochrane, ProQuest, dan EBSCOhost. Hasil artikel yang diperoleh diskrining berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Artikel yang dimasukkan dalam tinjauan dilakukan telaah kritis menggunakan panduan dari The Center of Evidence Based-Medicine (CEEBM) University of Oxford untuk kategori systematic review dan Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). Hasil: Sebanyak 89 studi teridentifikasi dari pencarian yang dilakukan. Setelah proses inklusi dan eksklusi, 3 studi dipilih untuk dimasukkan. Ketiga studi yang ditemukan membandingkan akurasi USG dan/atau D-dimer dengan venografi, flebografi, atau USG Doppler. Pemeriksaan D-dimer menunjukkan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pasca operasi yang mencapai 95,5% dan 91,4% dengan ambang batas 10mcg/mL, namun dengan ambang batas 4,01 mcg/mL sensitivitas hanya 71.3% dan spesifitas 44.83%. Untuk sensitivitas dan spesifitas USG beragam dengan nilai sensitivitas 18%-96% dan spesifisitas 71,8-96,5%. Diskusi: Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas D-dimer dan USG cukup baik sehingga bisa dipakai untuk mendeteksi trombosis vena dalam. Untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas dan spesifitas D-dimer, ambang batas yang lebih tinggi bisa digunakan khususnya pada skrining DVT di ekstremitas bawah. Untuk sensitivitas dan spesifitas USG variatif. Hasil telaah kritis menunjukkan risiko bias yang rendah. Kesimpulan: USG dan DVT dapat menjadi alat diagnostik awal untuk mendeteksi DVT pada pasien dengan trauma ekstremitas bawah. 

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Background: The D-dimer test and ultrasonography are commonly utilized in establishing the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, both examinations have limitations when applied to patients with lower extremity trauma. The aim of this research is to investigate the accuracy of D-dimer testing or ultrasonography (USG) in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis in patients with lower extremity trauma. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on the Pubmed, Cochrane, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost databases. The obtained articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles included in the review underwent critical appraisal using guidelines from The Center of Evidence-Based Medicine (CEEBM) University of Oxford for systematic review categories and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). Results: A total of 89 studies were identified from the conducted search. Following the inclusion and exclusion processes, 3 studies were selected for inclusion. The three identified studies compared the accuracy of ultrasonography (USG) and/or D-dimer with venography, phlebography, or Doppler ultrasonography. D-dimer testing demonstrated postoperative sensitivity and specificity reaching 95.5% and 91.4%, respectively, with a threshold of 10 mcg/mL. However, with a threshold of 4.01 mcg/mL, sensitivity was only 71.3%, and specificity was 44.83%. Sensitivity and specificity for USG varied, with sensitivity values ranging from 18% to 96% and specificity ranging from 71.8% to 96.5%. Discussion: The sensitivity and specificity of both D-dimer testing and ultrasonography (USG) are deemed adequate, rendering them suitable modalities for the detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). To enhance the sensitivity and specificity of D-dimer, higher thresholds can be employed, particularly in screening for DVT in the lower extremities. The sensitivity and specificity of USG are variable. Critical appraisal results indicate a low risk of bias. Conclusion: Ultrasound (USG) and D-dimer testing can serve as early diagnostic tools to detect deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with lower extremity trauma."

"Penelitian ini mengembangkan Computer Aided Diagnosis CAD radiografi paru anak dengan menggunakan metode segmentasi Deformable Models untuk membantu mendeteksi abnormalitas. Metode Deformable Models mencari abnormalitas berdasarkan nilai piksel citra. Metode Deformable Models dikerjakan dengan dua variasi yaitu median filter Deformable Models dan wiener filter Deformable Models. Nilai piksel paru-paru abnormal dengan segmentasi wiener filter Deformable models adalah 186-255 dan median filter Deformable Models adalah 191-255. Metode wiener filter Deformable models menghasilkan nilai ROC lebih tinggi dibandingkan metode median filter dengan nilai akurasi 78,5, sensitivitas 74,5, spesifitas 80, presisi 90,0 dan overall error 21,0.

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This study developed a correlation test Computer Aided Diagnosis CAD radiographic of children pulmonary using segmentation Deformable Models method for detecting Abnormalities. Deformable models method searched abnormalities by value of the image pixel. Deformable models method used two variations, namely median filter Deformable Models and wiener filter Deformable Models. Abnormal result lung pixel values with segmentation Wiener filter Deformable models is 186 255 and median filter Deformable Models is 190 255. Wiener filter Deformable models method have ROC result relatively higher than median filter Deformable models with value of accuracy 78,5, sensitivity 74,5, specificity 80.0, precision 90,0 and overall error of 21,0."

"Latar Belakang: Obesitas diketahui memiliki berbagai macam komplikasi dalam jangka panjang, salah satunya yaitu gangguan motilitas lambung dan perlambatan pengosongan lambung. Hal ini memiliki implikasi yang cukup serius khususnya pada kondisi perioperatif dimana perlambatan pengosongan lambung meningkatkan risiko aspirasi cairan lambung ke saluran napas. Dibutuhkan penilaian isi konten lambung secara riil menggunakan ultrasonografi untuk menilai volume residual lambung perioperatif. Tujuan: Menganalisis posisi pemeriksaan yang optimal dan metode pengukuran ultrasonografi lambung yang terbaik serta membandingkan volume residual lambung berdasarkan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi dua jam pasca pemberian cairan maltodextrin 12,5% antara populasi obesitas dan non obesitas. Metode: Sebanyak 53 subjek berpartisipasi pada penelitian ini pada periode Desember 2023 hingga Maret 2024. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang perbandingan volume residual lambung antara populasi obesitas dan non obesitas yang dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Tidak didapatkan perbedaan hasil pengukuran diameter CSA antrum lambung dengan metode elipsoid ataupun dua dimensional. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara posisi pemeriksaan RLD dibandingkan berbaring dalam menilai volume residual lambung (p < 0,05). Median volume residual lambung dua jam pasca konsumsi cairan karbohidrat pada kelompok obesitas berat yaitu 1,93 (0,56-3,39) ml/KgBB dengan batas aman risiko aspirasi yaitu <1,5 ml/KgBB. Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan ultrasonografi lambung terbaik dilakukan pada posisi RLD dan dapat menggunakan metode elipsoid ataupun dua dimensional. Terdapat peningkatan volume residual lambung dua jam pasca konsumsi cairan karbohidrat yang melebihi batas aman risiko aspirasi pada kelompok obesitas berat.

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Background: Obesity is known to have various long-term complications, one of which is delayed gastric emptying. This condition has quite serious implications, especially in perioperative conditions which can increases the risk of aspiration of gastric fluid into the airway. Gastric content assessment using ultrasonography is needed to assess perioperative gastric residual volume. Objective: To analyze the optimal examination position, the best gastric ultrasound measurement method and to compare the gastric residual volume two hours after administration of 12.5% maltodextrin fluid in obese and non-obese populations. Method: A total of 53 subjects participated in this study during the December 2023 to March 2024. This was a cross-sectional comparative study of gastric residual volume between obese and non-obese populations analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: There were no differences in the results of measuring the CSA diameter of the gastric antrum using the ellipsoid or two-dimensional method. There was a significant difference between the RLD examination position compared to supine position in assessing gastric residual volume (p < 0.05). The median residual volume of the gastric antrum two hours after consuming carbohydrate fluids in the severely obese group was 1.93 (0.56-3.39) ml/KgBW which exceed the safe limit for aspiration risk (<1.5 ml/KgBW). Conclusion: The best gastric ultrasound examination is carried out in the RLD position and can use both ellipsoid and two-dimensional method. There was significant increase in gastric residual volume two hours after carbohydrate fluids administration which exceeded the safe limit for risk aspiration in the severely obese group."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang:Penentuan jenis cairan pleura merupakan langkah awal dalammenentukan etiologi suatu efusi pleura dan dilakukan menggunakan Kriteria Light.Kriteria Alternatif Heffner belum banyak diteliti dan digunakan di Indonesia.Kriteria ini memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan Kriteria Light, yaitu tidakmemerlukan pengambilan serum darah. Ultrasonografi (USG) toraks juga memilikinilai diagnostik dalam penentuan jenis cairan pleura serta semakin rutin dilakukanuntuk memandu torakosentesis dalam rangka mencegah komplikasi. ApabilaUltrasonografi dapat digunakan untuk menentukan jenis cairan pleura tentunyaakan meningkatkan efisiensi pemeriksaan efusi pleura.Tujuan: Membandingkan penambahan USG Thorax pada Kriteria AlternatifLaboratorium dengan Kriteria Alternatif Laboratorium saja dalam mendiagnosiseksudat/transudat pada populasi penderita efusi pleura di RSCM menggunakanKriteria Light sebagai baku emas.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan mengumpulkansampel konsekutif sebanyak 60 orang. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasien efusi pleuradengan usia lebih dari sama dengan 18 tahun dan kriteria eksklusi adalah pasienyang pernah dilakukan pungsi pada sisi yang sama sebelumnya. Penelitiandilakukan di RSCM pada periode Januari-Maret 2019. Pada subyek penelitiandilakukan pemeriksaan USG toraks dan pemeriksaan LDH,protein, dan kolesterolcairan pleura serta LDH dan protein cairan serum darah.Hasil: Pada pemeriksaan cairan efusi pleura menggunakan Kriteria AlternatifHeffner didapatkan hasil Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitas sebesar 97,67 % (IK 95%87,71-99,94) dan 94,12 % (IK 95% 71.31-99.85) . Sementara pada penambahanUSG toraks pada Kriteria Alternatif didapatkan hasil Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitassebesar 97,67 % (IK 95% 87,71-99,94) dan 88,24 % (IK 95% 63,56-98,54).Simpulan: Penambahan USG Thorax pada Kriteria Alternatif Laboratoriummenurut Heffner memiliki sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang tidak lebih baikdibandingkan dengan Kriteria Alternatif saja dalam mendiagnosiseksudat/transudat sesuai Kriteria Light sebagai baku emas pada populasi penderitaefusi pleura di RSCM. Tetapi hasil positif USG thorax mungkin sangat membantuuntuk menentukan tatalaksana efusi komplikata lebih cepat dan efisien sertamemangkas biaya berlebihan terutama pada kasus emergensi.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Determining the Nature of Pleural Effusion using Light Criteria isthe first step to find the right etiology in pleural effusion patient. The HeffnerAlternative Criteria was introduced to replace Light Criteria when there aredifficulties to obtain blood serum. The use of this new criteria is very few inIndonesia and there are no research in Indonesian population yet. ThoraxUltrasonography is also a routine diagnostic imaging modalities in pleural effusion.It is used to guide safe torakosentesis procedure. The use of ultrasonography indetermining the nature of pleural effusion can increase the efficiency of pleuraleffusion diagnosis.Objective: This study analyze the diagnostic performance between HeffnerAlternative Criteria alone compare to with adding thorax USG in determining thenature of pleural effusion using Light Criteria as gold standard.Methods: This was a cross sectional study, using 60 consecutive samples. Thepopulation of this study is patient in RSCM Hospital between January-March 2019.Inclusion criteria is pelural effusion patient age 18 years old or older. Patient wereexcluded if already puncture at the same side before. Thorax Ultrasonography wasdone and the LDH, Protein, Cholesterol of the pleural fluid was obtained.Results:The Sensitivity and Specificity of Heffner Alternative Criteria alone were97,67 % (CI 95% 87,71-99,94) and 94,12 % (CI 95% 71.31-99.85). The Sensitivityand Specificity of Heffner Alternative Criteria with added Thorax Ultrasonographywere 97,67 % (CI 95% 87,71-99,94) dan 88,24 % (CI 95% 63,56-98,54).Conclusions: Adding Ultrasonography to Heffner Alternative Criteria was notimproving the already very good Sensitivity and Specificity of Heffner AlternativeCriteria alone in determining the nature of pleural effusion. But a positive resultfrom the Ultrasonography may reduce time and cost for the management ofcomplicated pleural effusion especially in emergency cases."

"Tujuan : Mencari Korelasi antara ketebalan lemak subkutis dengan menggunakan ultrasonografi dibandingkan dengan persentase lemak total tubuh dengan metoda Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) dan mencari formula untuk memperkirakan persentase lemak total tubuh dengan menggunakan ketebalan lemak subkutis menggunakan ultrasonografi. Subjek dan Metode : Kami melakukan suatu studi prospektif antara bulan Januari sampai dengan April 2003 pada sebanyak 50 orang sukarelawan dengan indeks massa tubuh normal, dilakukan pemeriksaan Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) dan Ketebalan lemak subkutis dengan menggunakan ultrasonografi. Oari BIA dilakukan pengukuran impedance (Z) pada frekuensi 50 KHz yang selanjutnya dihitung massa bebas lemak dengan formulasi dari Oeurenberg kemudian dilakukan perhitungan persentase lemak total tubuh. Sedangkan USG jaringan lemak subkutis dilakukan dengan menggunakan transducel linier 7,5 MHz, dengan mengukur ketebalan lemak dari permukaan bawah kulit sampai batas atas otot pada daerah triceps, biceps, subscapula, midaxilla, suprailiaca dan abdominal. Menggunakan SPSS versi 10.0 dicari korelasi antara kedua indikator tersebut yang selanjutnya untuk menguji hubungan antara kedua variabel tersebut dilakukan suatu uji korelasi regresi.

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Objective: To find the correlation between subcutaneous fat thickness by using ultrasound compared to the percentage of total body fat by Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) method and to find formula to estimate the total body fat percentage using subcutaneous fat thickness using ultrasound. Subject and Method: We conducted a prospective study between January and April 2003 on 50 volunteers with normal body mass index, Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) and subcutaneous fat thickness examination using ultrasound. Oari BIA is measured impedance (Z) at a frequency of 50 KHz which is then calculated as a fat-free mass with the formulation of Oeurenberg then calculates the total body fat percentage. Meanwhile, ultrasonography of subcutaneous fat tissue was performed using a 7.5 MHz linear transducel, by measuring the thickness of fat from the lower surface of the skin to the upper limit of the muscles in the triceps, biceps, subscapula, midaxilla, suprailiaca and abdominal regions. Using SPSS version 10.0, a correlation between the two indicators was sought, and then to test the relationship between the two variables, a regression correlation test was carried out."

"Introduction: In 2010, the American Venous Forum developed a Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) scoring system to assess the severity of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI), where this system was said to be more comprehensive than the CEAP system. However, VCSS validation was still lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine VCSS for reflux and leg vein diameter based on ultrasonography. Method: This study was a cross-sectional diagnostic test on women workers with standing work positions of 114 people (228 limbs) in Jakarta. VCSS assessment and ultrasound examinations were carried out on all subjects. The relationship between VCSS with reflux and leg vein diameter was analyzed using an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Results: From 228 examined limbs, the VCSS score of 0-3 was 18.4%, and the score of ≥4 was 81.6%. Reflux was found in 21.9% of the limbs. There was a significant relationship between VCSS and reflux in leg veins. The diameter of the great saphenous vein was between 2.1-12.2 mm, the femoral vein was 7.1-17 mm, the popliteal vein as 3-11.4, and the small saphenous vein was 1.7-7mm. When VCSS was analyzed for association with venous diameter, a significant relationship was found. VCSS sensitivity compared with reflux based on USG was 78%, specificity was 98.31%, positive predictive value was 92.86%, and the negative predictive value was 93.86%.Conclusion: From the results of this study, it was concluded that the VCSS score could be used as a method for assessing chronic venous insufficiency. Although VCSS is was to assess the severity of the chronic venous disease, VCSS can also be used for screening because it shows a good relationship with the reflux and venous diameter of the limbs based on ultrasound."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan desain cross-sectional dengan teknik deskriptif dan korelatif untuk mendapatkan gambaran maturasi fistula A V dengan USG Doppler, mengkorelasikan antara kecepatan draining vein, flow darah pada draining vein, diameter internal draining vein, ketebalan dinding draining vein, diameter internal feeding artery, kecepatan feeding artery dengan flow darah pada mesin hemodialisa yang mencerminkan keadekuatan hemodialisis.

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A study has been conducted with a cross-sectional design with descriptive and correlative techniques to obtain an image of the maturation of the A V fistula with Doppler ultrasound, correlating between the velocity of the draining vein, the blood flow at the draining vein, the internal diameter of the draining vein, the thickness of the drainage vein wall, the diameter of the Internal Feeding Artery, the speed of feeding the artery with blood flow on the hemodialysis machine which reflects the adequacy of hemodialysis."

"Latar belakang: Pemeriksaan radiografi secara bedside sering dilakukan pada pasien non-transportable. Literatur dahulu menyatakan jarak 2 meter merupakan jarak yang aman, dimana radiasi sekunder teratenuasikan sesuai radiasi latar. Namun pada observasi dan studi didapatkan petugas medis cenderung meninggalkan ruangan, yang dapat mengganggu pelayanan pada pasien dan menyebabkan terhentinya prosedur yang sedang berjalan. Sejauh penelusuran data tidak ditemukan data yang mengukur dosis radiasi sekunder di ruang perawatan intensif, yang dilakukan pada jarak 2 meter di RSUPD Cipto Mangunkusumo maupun Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer berupa 42 radiografi toraks, dilakukan di ruang perawatan intensif (ICU) RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Juli 2019 hingga April 2021. Diperoleh juga data sekunder berupa jumlah pemeriksaan radiografi pada sistem Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) dengan lokasi di ruang perawatan intensif selama tahun 2017 hingga 2019. Hasil: Rerata dosis radiasi sekunder untuk pemeriksaan radiografi toraks pada jarak 2 meter di ICU adalah 0,323 (± 0,192) μSv, dengan estimasi radiasi sekunder kumulatif selama 3 tahun dalam rentang 0,40 – 0,44 mSv per tahun. Status gizi, kVp, mAs, dan ketebalan tubuh memiliki hubungan bermakna pada uji bivariat terhadap dosis radiasi sekunder (p < 0,05), dengan variabel akhir setelah uji multivariat adalah mAs (p < 0,001). Simpulan: Estimasi dosis radiasi sekunder kumulatif untuk petugas medis di ICU lebih kecil dibandingkan nilai batas dosis masyarakat umum. Faktor yang paling menentukan dosis radiasi sekunder pada jarak 2 meter adalah faktor eksposi yaitu mAs yang ditentukan oleh radiografer.

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Background: Bedside radiography often done to non-transportable patients. Previous studies has shown that 2 meter is a safe distance, at which secondary radiation would be attenuated to background level. Yet from observation and studies, medical personel tend to leave the room, which could disrupt care to patients and cause disturb ongoing procedure. Data tracing done by the researcher has shown no other study which measure secondary dose radiation in intensive care unit, at a distance of 2 meters, in RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo or Indonesia.

Method: This study collected primary data of 42 chest radiograph, done in intensive care unit of RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo from July 2019 to April 2021. Secondary data was also collected in form of number or radiograph from Picture archiving and communication system with location of intensive care unit from year 2017 to 2019.

Result: Mean secondary radiation dose for chest radiograph at a distance of 2 meters is 0,323 (± 0,192) μSv, with cumulative secondary radiation dose estimation of 3 years in range of 0,40 – 0,44 mSv per annum. Nutritional status, kVp, mAs, and chest thickness have statistically significant correlation in bivariate analysis to secondary radiation dose (p < 0,05), with final variable after multivariate analysis of mAs (p < 0,001).

Conclusion: Cumulative secondary radiation dose for medical personel in ICU is less than dose limit for public exposure. The most significant variable to determine secondary radiation dose in 2 meters distance is exposure factor which is mAs that is determined by operator."

"Telah dilakukan rekonstruksi panjang obyek dan posisinya (x,y,z) secara manual menggunakan radiografi ortogonal pada pencitraan anterior/posterior dan lateral pada kasus brakiterapi intrakaviter. Pengukuran dilakukan menggunakan fantom akrilik brakiterapi berdimensi 34 x 34 x 34 cm3. yang disisipi oleh lempeng Pb dengan panjang dan posisi bervariasi. Diperoleh hasil rekonstruksi 70% dari semua titik pengamatan yang berada 10 cm dari titik pusat lapangan menghasilkan deviasi posisi sampai 20%. Untuk rekonstruksi panjang obyek kurang dari 6 cm dari titik isocenter, 56% data menghasilkan deviasi dari panjang real sampai 15%. Disimpulkan bahwa radiografi ortogonal untuk kegunaan rekonstruksi panjang obyek dan koordinat masih menghasilkan deviasi yang cukup besar.

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Manual image reconstruction of object length and position by orthogonal radiography has been performed for anterior/posterior and lateral cases in intracavitary brachytherpy treatment planning. Measurement were done on self made acrylic brachytherapy phantom with 34x34x34 cm3 dimension where several lead slabs with different lengths were inserted at different positions. It has been obtained that 70% from all points which were located 10 cm from field center showed significant deviations reaching 20% from real positions. For reconstruction of object length positioned at less than 6 cm from isocenter also showed general deviations of up to 15% to real values.. It was therefore concluded that orthogonal radiography performed poorly in reconstructing object length and positions."