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"Proses lumpur aktif dalam suatu Instalasi Pengolahan Air limbah (IPAL) dapat menghasilkan lumpur biologis (WAS) dengan kadar air berkisar 90-99%. Pengolahan lumpur hingga pembuangannya dapat menghabiskan 60% dari total biaya operasional IPAL tersebut. Oleh karena itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses chemical conditioning yang optimal untuk mengurangi kandungan kadar air lumpur, dengan membandingkan variasi dosis tawas, FeCl3, kapur, dan polielektrolit kation. Variabel optimasi termasuk kadar air, pH, volatile solid (VS), dan total solid (TS), akan digunakan sebagai analisis dalam mendapatkan hasil chemical conditioning yang optimal. Tawas dengan dosis 18 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 77,79%. FeCl3 dengan dosis 12 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 69,60%. Kapur dengan dosis 6,5 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 73,23%. Polielektrolit kation dengan dosis 9 gr/L dapat menurunkan kadar air WAS dari 97,33% menjadi 57,30%. Conditioner yang paling optimal pada WAS PT. Rohm and Haas Indonesia (RHI) adalah tawas; dengan dosis optimum sebesar 10 gr/L. Peningkatan efisiensi dewatering lumpur melalui chemical conditioning yang dioptimalkan adalah sebesar 11,74%. Selanjutnya, dilakukan perhitungan biaya meliputi aspek bahan kimia, penyesuaian pH, dan timbulan lumpur. Biaya tahunan pada dosis tawas optimal adalah Rp7.434.136,-, dibandingkan biaya tahunan sebelum adanya chemical conditioning lumpur yang berkisar Rp 32.640.000,-. Penelitian chemical conditioning lebih lanjut disarankan untuk menambah parameter capillary suction time (CST) dan sppecific resistance of filtration (SRF) lumpur agar dapat mengestimasi dewaterability lumpur dengan lebih baik.

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Activated sludge process in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can produce biological sludge (WAS) with a water content ranging from 90-99%. Sludge treatment consist of up to 60% of the total operational cost of the WWTP. It is necessary to use dewatering process to reduce the water content of sludge. The method used in this study are chemical conditioning using a range of dosage of alum, FeCl3, lime, and cationic polyelectrolyte. Optimizing parameters consist of water content, pH, temperature, volatile solids (VS), and total solids (TS). Alum dose of 18 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 77.79%. FeCl3 dose of 12 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 69.60%. Lime dose of 6.5 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 73.23%. Cationic polyelectrolyte dose of 9 g/L reduced WAS water content from 97.33% to 57.30%. Alum was found to be the most conditioner for PT. Rohm and Haas Indonesia WAS with an optimum dose of 10 g/L. The efficiency increase of the optimized sludge dewatering process through chemical conditioning is 11.74%. Total cost including chemical conditioner, pH adjustment, and sludge generation. Total annual expenses is Rp7,434,136,- using sludge conditioner, compared to an annual total expenses before chemical conditioning of Rp32,640,000,-. Further research is recommended to add capillary suction time (CST) parameter as well as the specific resistance of filtration (SRF) in order to improve WAS dewaterability estimation."

"Peningkatan kebutuhan air bersih menyebabkan meningkatnya timbulan air limbah yang harus dikelola oleh IPAL. IPAL Krukut merupakan salah satu contoh IPAL yang beroperasi di Jakarta dengan kapasitas eksisting 8.640 m3/hari. Metode yang dilakukan pada unit pengolahan lumpur dewatering IPAL Krukut perlu dilakukan optimasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja treatment sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis lumpur sebelum dan sesudah proses dewatering, mengevaluasi parameter desain, serta mengoptimasi jenis dan dosis polimer pada proses dewatering. Penelitian ini bersifat terapan menggunakan grab sampling sebagai metode pengambilan sampel air limbah. Kandungan sampel diuji dengan parameter spesific gravity, TSS, pH, COD, BOD, Cd, Fe, Pb, minyak dan lemak, total coliform, fecal coliform dan Ammonia. Eksperimen yang dilakukan adalah Jar Test dan Buchner Funnel Test dengan jenis polimer anionik Dexfloc, PAC dan FeCl3 dengan variasi dosis 5, 15, 25, 35, dan 50 g/L. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas dewatered sludge pada IPAL Krukut memiliki pH 7.5, Fe 31 mg/L, fecal coliform 0,43 × 102, serta tidak mengandung Pb dan Cd. Unit pengolahan lumpur menghasilkan massa solid total 92,43 kg/hari dengan volume 1,5 m3 /hari. Persentase solid capture pada unit dewatering 97,17% dengan dosis polimer 5,517 g/kg solid sehingga efisiensinya belum memenuhi standar. Optimasi dalam proses chemical conditioning lumpur IPAL Krukut dilakukan menggunakan conditioner PAC dengan dosis 13 g/L, FeCl3 dengan dosis 14 gr/L, atau polimer anionik dengan dosis 26 g/L.

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The increased need for clean water causes higher wastewater generation that the WWTP must manage. Krukut WWTP is one of the example of WWTP operated in Jakarta with an 8,640 m3/day existing capacity. The method used in the Krukut WWTP dewatering sludge treatment unit was necessary to optimize to improve the performance of the previous treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the sludge before and after dewatering, evaluate the design parameters, and optimize the type and dosage of polymer in the dewatering process. This research applied using grab sampling as a method of taking wastewater samples. The sample was tested with parameters specific gravity, TSS, pH, COD, BOD, Cd, Fe, Pb, oil and fat, total and fecal coliform, and Ammonia. The experiments were Jar Test and Buchner Funnel Test with anionic polymer Dexfloc, PAC, and FeCl3 polymer types and doses of 5, 15, 25, 35, and 50 g/L. This study showed the quality of dewatered sludge at the Krukut WWTP had a pH of 7.5, Fe 31 mg/L, fecal coliform 0.43 × 102, and did not contain Pb and Cd. The sludge treatment unit produces a total solid mass of 92.43 kg/day with a 1.5 m3/day volume. The percentage of solid capture in the dewatering unit is 97.17%, with a polymer dosage of 5.517 g/kg solid; thus, the efficiency meets the standard. Optimization in the chemical conditioning process of Krukut WWTP sludge was carried out using a 13 g/L PAC conditioner, 14 g/L of FeCl3, or 26 g/L of anionic polymer."

"Fosfor merupakan sumber daya terbatas yang berperan penting dalam kegiatan agrikultur di seluruh dunia. Namun, keberadaan fosfor seringkali terbuang sia-sia baik dalam air limbah hasil kegiatan pertanian maupun dalam air limbah domestik. Maka dari itu, lumpur aktif dalam suatu Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) diperkirakan mempunyai potensi besar menjadi sumber fosfor yang baru. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kondisi optimum dalam upaya pemulihan fosfor dari lumpur aktif berdasarkan nilai pH, suhu, dan waktu kontak melalui proses fisik dan kimia. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah analisis potensi pemulihan fosfor dari lumpur aktif IPAL MBBR Setiabudi dengan bantuan pemodelan Visual MINTEQ 4.0. Jenis penelitian merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dimana akan didapatkannya nilai pH dan suhu optimum berdasarkan pelepasan fosfor yang telah diujikan. Penelitian terdiri dari 3 tahap utama, yaitu pengujian ICP-OES, simulasi Visual MINTEQ 4.0, dan pengujian eksperimen menggunakan shakers. Pengujian ICP-OES dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan logam pada  sampel lumpur aktif. Data tersebut kemudian digunakan sebagai inputan pemodelan Visual MINTEQ untuk mencari nilai indeks saturasi senyawa fosfor sehingga dapat ditentukannya kondisi ideal pelepasan fosfor. Selanjutnya, pengujian shakers dilakukan dengan rincian pengujian pH dan suhu dalam rentang waktu kontak yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi nilai pH, maka potensi pelepasan fosfor akan semakin rendah dimana nilai pH yang paling efektif adalah pH 4 dengan konsentrasi fosfor tertinggi sebesar 18,10 mg/L. Sedangkan berdasarkan waktu kontak, fosfor pada lumpur aktif akan mengalami proses pelarutan dan presipitasi sampai akhirnya mencapai titik kesetimbangan, yaitu pada menit ke-15. Adapun faktor yang mempengaruhi proses pelepasan fosfor adalah kandungan organik yang smendominasi sampel lumpur aktif, yaitu 85,42%. Selain itu, kandungan logam pada lumpur aktif yang tinggi juga dapat mengurangi potensi pemulihan fosfor karena fosfor cenderung berikatan dengan logam dan membentuk senyawa baru

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Phosphorus is a limited resource that plays an important role in agricultural activities troughout the world. However, phosphorus is often wasted both in wastewater resulting from agricultural activities and in domestic wastewater. Therefore, activated sludge in a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is estimated to have great potential to become a new source of phosphorus. The aim of this research is to determine the optimum conditions for recovering phosphorus from activated sludge based on pH value, temperature, and contact time through physical and chemical processes. The form of this research is an analysis of the potential of phosphorus recovery from the activated sludge of the IPAL MBBR Setiabudi with the help of Visual MINTEQ 4.0 modelling. This type of research is quantitive research where optimum pH and temperature values will be obtained based on the release of phosphorus that has been tested. The research consisted of 3 main stages, which is ICP-OES testing, simulation of Visual MINTEQ 4.0, and experimental testing using shakers. ICP-OES testing was carried out to determine the metal content in activated sludge samples. This data is then used as input for Visual MINTEQ modelling to find the saturation index value for phosphorus compounds so that ideal conditions for phosphorus release can be determines. Next, shakers testing is carried out with detailed pH and temperature tests within a predetermined contact time range. The experimental results show that the higher the pH value, the lower the potential for phosphorus releasem where the most effective pH value is pH 4 with the highest phosphorus concentration of 18,10 mg/L. Meanwhile, based on contact time, phosphorus in activated sludge will undergo a dissolution and precipitation proscess until it finally reaches the equilibrium point, namely in the 15 minutes. The factor that influences the phosphorus release process is the organic content in activated sludge which dominates, approximately 85,42%. In addition, the high metal content in activated sludge can also reduce the potential for phosphorus recovery because phosphorus tends to bind with metal and formed new compounds."

"Lumpur merupakan produk sampingan utama yang dihasilkan dari proses pengolahan air limbah. Di Indonesia, seringkali lumpur yang dihasilkan belum terolah secara maksimal dan hanya berakhir di TPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah lumpur aktif IPAL domestik (WAS) guna mengetahui potensi energi dari biogas yang dihasilkan melalui proses anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion (AD) merupakan teknologi pengolahan lumpur yang terbukti efektif untuk pemulihan sumberdaya dan konversi limbah menjadi energi. Eksperimen ini dilakukan menggunakan substrat lumpur IPAL Setiabudi dan inokulum digestat sampah makanan dengan rasio 1:1 (berdasarkan VS). Reaktor yang digunakan merupakan reaktor batch sederhana dan proses berlangsung selama lebih dari 20 hari. Pengujian karakterisasi dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah proses AD untuk parameter pH, COD, TS dan VS, rasio C/N, serta biogas (CH4 dan CO2). Dalam penelitian ini, biogas yang dihasilkan sebanyak 31 ± 2,43 mL CH4/gVS, dengan komposisi biogas yang diukur menggunakan gas chromatography menunjukkan konsentrasi metana sebesar 69,06 ± 1,4%. Sementara itu, nilai energi yang dihasilkan oleh lumpur IPAL tergolong rendah bila dibandingkan dengan gas alam, yaitu sebesar ±0,00224 kWh per m3. Meskipun demikian, hasil ini masih layak untuk diimplementasikan serta diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan rasio S:I yang variatif, penggunaan ko-substrat hingga pre-treatment untuk meningkatkan potensi energi yang dimiliki oleh WAS.

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Sludge is a major byproduct generated from the wastewater treatment process. In Indonesia, the sludge produced often remains inadequately treated and ends up in landfills. This study aims to treat domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) activated sludge (WAS) to determine the energy potential of the biogas produced through the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a proven sludge treatment technology for resource recovery and waste-to-energy conversion. This experiment was conducted using sludge from Setiabudi WWTP and food waste digestate inoculum of ratio 1:1 (VS-based). The reactor used was a simple batch reactor and the process was carried out for over 20 days. Characterization tests were performed before and after the AD process for parameters such as pH, COD, TS and VS, C/N ratio, and biogas (CH4 and CO2). In this study, the biogas produced amounted to 31 ± 2.43 mL CH4/gVS, with the biogas composition measured using gas chromatography showing a methane concentration of 69.06 ± 1.4%. Meanwhile, the energy value generated by the WAS was relatively low compared to natural gas, at ±0.00224 kWh per m3. Despite that, these results are still feasible for implementation and further research is needed using varied S:I ratios, co-substrate and pretreatment methods to enhance the energy potential of WAS."

"Dewatering of ultra fine coal and tailings slurries using the conventional technologies are difficult. In this report, a novel Centribaric technique was applied to study the effect of surfactants, flocculant, and mixed surfactant flocculant on the dewatering of coal and tailings. The results of both coal and tailings revealed that anionic surfactants were effective at reducing moisture content, but they decreased solid recovery. On the other hand, the effect of the anionic surfactant was negligible even at high dosages. The flocculant showed an increase in moisture content with increasing its dosage. However, there was a significant increase in solid recovery. Synergistic effect of mixed anionic surfactant flocculent was observed. In the mixture of anionic surfactant and flocculant, the final moisture acquired for a 0.5 kg t, 1 kg t, and 2 kg t surfactant concentration is 17.63 , 16.79 , and 13.39 , respectively.

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Proses dewatering batubara dengan menggunakan teknologi konvensional sulit dilakukan. Dalam laporan ini, Teknik centribaric baru ditetapkan untuk mempelajari pengaruh surfaktan, flokulan, dan campuran surfaktan/flokulan pada performa dewatering batubara. Hasil dari eksperimen menunjukan bahwa surfaktan anionic efektif dalam mengurangi kadar air, namun menurunkan solid recovery. Di sisi lain, efek surfaktan anionic dapat diabaikan bahkan pada dosis tinggi. Flokulan menunjukan terdapatnya peningkatan kadar air saat dosis ditambahkan. Namun, ada peningkatan yang signifikan dalam solid recovery. Dari pengamatan efek sinergis dari surfaktan anionik campuran / flokulan, dalam campuran surfaktan anionik dan flokulan, kelembaban akhir yang diperoleh untuk konsentrasi surfaktan 0,5 kg / t, 1 kg / t, dan 2 kg / t adalah 17,63 , 16,79 , dan 13,39."

"Latar belakang dari penelitian ini adalah di dalam dokumen RUPTL Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik PT X 2017-2026 telah direncanakan beberapa lokasi LNG storage berdasarkan kebutuhan LNG multi klaster pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar gas, namun demikian masih diperlukan pengujian optimisasi agar diperoleh skema logistik LNG yang handal dan efisien. Konsep pemikiran strategis dalam penyusunan tesis ini dibatasi pada optimisasi logistik LNG multi sumber LNG hingga storage yang berfungsi sebagai hub LNG di masing-masing klaster. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh biaya suplai LNG paling minimum. Metoda penelitian yang digunakan yaitu model optimisasi Mixed-Integer Linear Programming MILP dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak optimisasi Lingo. Hasil perhitungan optimisasi menunjukan bahwa dari 11 jenis kapal dengan ukuran beragam terpilih 3 kapal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan LNG di 5 tempat selama 10 tahun. Kapal tersebut berukuran 140.000 m3 sebanyak 2 unit dan 150.000 m3 sebanyak 1 unit dan 125.820 m3 atau 126.277 m3 untuk disewa yang setiap tahunnya akan memiliki rute perjalanan yang berbeda-beda. Selain itu berdasarkan hasil optimasasi biaya transportasi LNG dari sumber ke titik demand berkisar dari 0,24 ndash; 0,5 USD/mmbtu.

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The background of this analysis is based on the RUPTL Electricity Power Supply Business Plan document of PT X year 2017 2026 saying that there is a plan to have several LNG storage in several location to fulfill multi cluster of gas power plant demand, thus it still needs to be optimized to have the most reliable and efficient LNG logistic scheme. The concept of strategic thinking in this thesis is to optimize LNG logistic from multi source to several storage which will act as hub in each cluster. The objective of this study is to achieve the lowest cost of LNG supply chain.

Optimization method used in this research is mixed integer linear programing MILP model using Linggo software. The optimization results show that from 11 vessels with various sizes available selected 3 vessels to be purchased and 1 vessel to be rent to meet LNG demand in 5 places for 10 years. Those vessels are 2 unit 140.000 m3 and 1 unit 150.000 m3 for constructed and 125.820 m3 or 126.277 m3 for rent that will have different routing every year. Thus, based on the optimization the lowest the LNG transportation costs from source to all demands are in range from 0.24 to 0.5 USD mmbtu. "

"Sebagian besar kota-kota di negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia, menghadapi rendahnya cakupan layanan pengangkutan sampah. Layanan pengangkutan sampah yang sebagian besar dilakukan oleh pemerintah juga memiliki potensi tidak efisien dalam operasinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengestimasi inefisiensi layanan pengangkutan sampah dan kebutuhan biaya modal untuk mencapai 100 persen layanan pengangkutan sampah di Kota Cilegon sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam RPJMN (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional) untuk tahun 2019. Inefisiensi diukur dari selisih antara nilai estimasi biaya minimum yang paling mungkin dari layanan pengangkutan sampah dengan biaya operasi saat ini. Minimisasi biaya diperoleh dari model vehicle routing problem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inefisiensi yang terjadi mencapai 37 persen, yang sebagian besar berasal dari komponen tenaga kerja. Untuk melayani pengangkutan sampah bagi seluruh penduduk di Kota Cilegon, alokasi anggaran perlu ditingkatkan sebanyak Rp 34 miliar.

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Most cities in developing countries, including Indonesia, face a low coverage of waste collection service. The collection service that mostly carry out by government also has potential to be inefficient in their operation. The purposes of this study are to estimate the inefficiency of waste collection service and the capital cost requirement to cover 100 percent waste collection service in Cilegon City as mandated in RPJMN (National Medium-Term Development Plan) for year 2019. The inefficiency is measured by the deviation of estimate value of the most possible minimum cost of waste collection service with the current operation cost. The cost minimization is obtained from the model of vehicle routing problem.

The result shows that the inefficiency reaches 37 percent which largely comes from the labor component. To cover all of resident in Cilegon City, the City needs to increase their budget allocation as much as IDR 34 billion."

"ABSTRAKPertumbuhan usaha, peningkatan kepedulian terhadap lingkungan, serta kenaikanbiaya produksi merupakan tantangan sekaligus kesempatan bagi PT XYZ, yangmemproduksi sabun, kosmetik, dan bahan pembersih rumah tangga. Perusahaanini sudah menerapkan konsep eko-efisiensi melalui perbaikan IPAL, namunkualitas air limbahnya belum memenuhi standar baku mutu, sehingga dilanjutkandengan program cleaner production di area produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuanmenganalisis hubungan antara penerapan program cleaner production di areaproduksi dengan kinerja IPAL, menghitung keuntungan ekonomi, dan rasio ekoefisiensi,dengan mengikutsertakan karyawan. Penelitian dilakukan denganpendekatan kuantitatif serta mix method. Hasil analisis menunjukkan korelasipositif dan signifikan antara keberhasilan program cleaner production di areaproduksi dengan penurunan COD outlet IPAL, dari 458,70 mg/l menjadi 153,22mg/l. Tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku pekerja sangat baik; biayapengolahan air limbah di PT XYZ menurun 21%; dan rasio eko-efisiensipenggunaan air naik dari 0,55 menjadi 0,56. Hal ini memperlihatkan bahwaprogram cleaner production memberikan manfaat ekonomi dan lingkungan

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ABSTRACTGrowth in the business, increase of the environmental awareness, as well asincrease in the production costs are become a challenge and an opportunity forPT XYZ, that produces soap, cosmetics, and household products. The companyhas already implemented the eco-efficiency concept through improvement ofWWTP, however quality of the waste water effluent did not meet the qualitystandards applied yet, so that proceeded with implementing the cleanerproduction program in production area. A proper application of the ecoefficiencyconcept should get an appropriate quality of the waste water and alsodecrease in the production costs. This study was conducted to analyze correlationbetween implementation of the cleaner production program on production areaand performance of the WWTP and also to calculate the economic benefits andratio of the eco-efficiency, with involvement of the employee definitely. The studywas using a quantitative approach and the mix methods. Result of the analysisshows positive and significant correlation between successfully of the cleanerproduction program by decreasing COD of IPAL outlet from 458.70 mg/l to153.22 mg/l. The level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of workers related tothe program was very good; cost of waste water treatment in PT XYZ decreasedby 21%; and increased eco-efficiency ratio of water from 0.55 to 0.56. Thus,implementing the cleaner production program will provide economic andenvironmental benefits to the company"

"[ABSTRAKPasokan peralatan dalam proyek minyak dan gas membutuhkan standar danspesifikasi yang tinggi dikarenakan adanya persyaratan keamanan dan kehandalanyang juga tinggi. Keterlambatan pengiriman peralatan adalah sangat sensitifkarena sebagai dampaknya akan langsung ke seluruh proyek, sedangkanketerlambatan penyelesaian proyek akan berdampak pada produksi awal KKKS(Kemitraan Status Kontraktor). Hal ini akan mengganggu target produksi minyakdan gas dari Pemerintah Indonesia. Data operasional yang menunjukkan banyakpenundaan menjelaskan ketidakefektifan manajemen rantai pasokan di PT AMN.Kondisi ini meningkatkan keluhan dan denda dari pelanggan dan penurunanefisiensi operasional PT AMN. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini dan meningkatkankepuasan pelanggan, maka diperlukan evaluasi rantai pasokan yang ada danpengembangan kemampuan rantai pasokan baru. Dalam hal menentukankemampuan rantai pasokan baru dari PT AMN, diperlukan yaitu: analisia data PTAMN, kebutuhan pelanggan, penilaian internal, rantai pasokan yang ada, daftarperiksa kemampuan rantai pasokan, analisis SWOT, lima pilar, lanskap teknologirantai pasokan, game changer dan analisis manajemen risiko.Dalam hal penentuan kemampuan rantai pasokan, PT AMN dikategorikan dalamAdaptive Initiative atau disebut Inisiatif Continuous Improvement.

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ABSTRACTThe supply of equipments in oil and gas project requires high standard andspecification due to the high requirements of safety and reliability. Delay ofequipments delivery is very sensitive as the impact will be direct to the wholeproject, while the delay of project completion will disrupt PSC‟s (PartnershipStatus Contractor‟s) initial production. Ultimately, this would disrupt oil and gasproduction target of Government of Indonesia. Operational data shows that a lotof delay is caused by the ineffectiveness of supply chain management at PTAMN. These conditions increase complaints and penalties from customers whileat the same time decrease operational efficiency of PT AMN. To overcome thisproblem and enhance customer satisfaction requires the evaluation of existingsupply chain and development of new supply chain capabilities. In terms ofdetermining new supply chain capabilities of PT AMN, it requires the dataanalysis of PT AMN in terms of, customers need, internal assessment, existingsupply chain, check-list supply chain capabilities, SWOT analysis, five pillars,and landscape of supply chain technology, game changer and risk managementanalysis. In terms of determining supply chain capabilities, PT AMN iscategorized in Adaptive Initiative or called Continuous Improvement Initiatives;The supply of equipments in oil and gas project requires high standard andspecification due to the high requirements of safety and reliability. Delay ofequipments delivery is very sensitive as the impact will be direct to the wholeproject, while the delay of project completion will disrupt PSC‟s (PartnershipStatus Contractor‟s) initial production. Ultimately, this would disrupt oil and gasproduction target of Government of Indonesia. Operational data shows that a lotof delay is caused by the ineffectiveness of supply chain management at PTAMN. These conditions increase complaints and penalties from customers whileat the same time decrease operational efficiency of PT AMN. To overcome thisproblem and enhance customer satisfaction requires the evaluation of existingsupply chain and development of new supply chain capabilities. In terms ofdetermining new supply chain capabilities of PT AMN, it requires the dataanalysis of PT AMN in terms of, customers need, internal assessment, existingsupply chain, check-list supply chain capabilities, SWOT analysis, five pillars,and landscape of supply chain technology, game changer and risk managementanalysis. In terms of determining supply chain capabilities, PT AMN iscategorized in Adaptive Initiative or called Continuous Improvement Initiatives, The supply of equipments in oil and gas project requires high standard andspecification due to the high requirements of safety and reliability. Delay ofequipments delivery is very sensitive as the impact will be direct to the wholeproject, while the delay of project completion will disrupt PSC‟s (PartnershipStatus Contractor‟s) initial production. Ultimately, this would disrupt oil and gasproduction target of Government of Indonesia. Operational data shows that a lotof delay is caused by the ineffectiveness of supply chain management at PTAMN. These conditions increase complaints and penalties from customers whileat the same time decrease operational efficiency of PT AMN. To overcome thisproblem and enhance customer satisfaction requires the evaluation of existingsupply chain and development of new supply chain capabilities. In terms ofdetermining new supply chain capabilities of PT AMN, it requires the dataanalysis of PT AMN in terms of, customers need, internal assessment, existingsupply chain, check-list supply chain capabilities, SWOT analysis, five pillars,and landscape of supply chain technology, game changer and risk managementanalysis. In terms of determining supply chain capabilities, PT AMN iscategorized in Adaptive Initiative or called Continuous Improvement Initiatives]"

"Mengurangnya cadangan minyak mendorong para peneliti untuk mencari sumber energy alternatif. Biodiesel adalah salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Microalgae adalah salah satu sumber biodiesel yang baik karena ia memiliki pertumbuhan yang cepat dan tidak perlu mengkhawatirkan akan sumber pangan. Penanaman microalgae dapat dilakukan di air tawar maupun air limbah. Teknik dewatering dibutuhkan untuk memanen microalgae. Namun, proses dewatering membutuhkan biaya yang mahal, maka dari itu, teknik dewatering yang efektif dan efisien sangat dibutuhkan. Eksperimen ini menggunakan teknik Jameson Cell Flotation untuk fase pertama dan pressure filtration untuk fase kedua. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa proses pengurangan kadar air dipengaruhi oleh tekanan dan waktu.

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The depletion of oil reserve forces people to find alternative source for energy. Biodiesel is one of the alternative solution to overcome the problem. Microalgae has been found as a suitable source of biodiesel because it has a fast growth rate and it does not need to compete with edible crops. The cultivation of microalgae is done in freshwater or wastewater pond. Dewatering is required to harvest the cultivated microalgae. However, the dewatering contributes a significant proportion of production cost and an efficient and effective method of dewatering is desired. The Jameson Cell flotation is chosen to be the initial stage and the pressure filtration is chosen to be the second stage of dewatering process. It is known that the moisture removal is mainly affected by two factors, pressure and time."