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"Penggunaan alat-alat listrik saat ini tidak bisa dihindari, sehingga manusia terpajan dengan Extremely Low Frequency ? Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). Pemajanan ini dapat menyebabkan gangguan perkembangan folikel ovarium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel sekunder serta untuk melihat efek kumulatif pemajanan tiap generasi. Metode penelitian yaitu eksperimental terhadap mencit betina strain Swiss Webster. Digunakan 12 pasang mencit parental yang mendapatkan empat perlakuan pemajanan. Beberapa mencit dari tiap perlakuan akan dikawinkan untuk mendapatkan mencit generasi pertama, kedua dan ketiga. Mencit lainnya akan dietanasi untuk diambil ovariumnya dan dijadikan preparat. Jumlah preparat yang digunakan yang dianalisis adalah 60 sampel. Setiap sampel diamati untuk mendapatkan jumlah folikel sekunder normal dan folikel sekunder atresia. Uji hipotesis dilakukan uji One-Way ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis. Pada analisis data didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada folikel atresia sekunder berbagai tegangan di generasi F2 (p=0,002) dan F3 (p=0,027), dan dilanjutkan ke analisis Post Hoc. Didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antar tegangan di generasi F2 dan F3. Sementara pada analisis data folikel sekunder dan folikel atresia sekunder antar generasi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF berbagai tegangan terhadap morfologi folikel sekunder ovarium. Namun, tidak didapatkan efek kumulatif tiap generasi.

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We can hardly avoid the use of electricity tools, so human are exposed to Extremely Low Frequency ? Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). This exposure can affect development of ovarian follicles. Aim of this study is to determine the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on number and morphology of secondary follicles, also to see the inter-generational cumulative effects. This study use experimental design and strain Swiss Webster female mice as the subject. There are 12 pairs of parental mice who received four treatments. Some mice from each treatment will be mated to obtain the first, second and third generation of mice. Other mice's ovaries will be taken. There are 60 samples of ovaries preparation to be observed under microscope. Hypothesis testing is done by One-Way ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis. There is significant differences in the secondary atresia follicles at the various voltages in the F2 (p = 0,002) and F3 (p = 0,027). The analysis than continue to Post-Hoc analysis. There are significant differences in voltage between F2 and F3 generations, while there are no significant differences in data analysis of secondary follicles and secondary atresia follicles between generations. The conclution is there are significant effects of ELF-EMF exposure to various voltages on secondary ovarian follicles morphology. However, there are no cumulative effects in each generation."

"Exremely low frequency-electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) merupakan salah satu jenis radiasi non-ion yang dapat dihasilkan dari perangkat listrik rumah tangga atau alat komunikasi elektronik. Paparan ELF-EMF jangka panjang diduga mengganggu pelepasan hormon gonadotropin yang berperan dalam perkembangan dan pematangan folikel ovarium, terutama perkembangan folikel pre antral menjadi folikel antral ataupun folikel de Graaf. Oleh karena itu, melalui penelitian ini dapat diamati pengaruh paparan ELF-EMF dengan berbagai tegangan terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel de Graaf. Penelitian ini juga melihat apakah ada efek kumulatif pajanan medan elektromagnetik pada generasi-generasi selanjutnya. Dua belas pasang mencit strain Swiss Webster (P) dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok perlakuan 3 kV 5,5 μT, kelompok perlakuan 4 kV 5,4 μT, dan kelompok perlakuan 5 kV 5,3 μT. Perlakuan ini dilanjutkan dan diberikan pada mencit generasi pertama (F1), generasi kedua (F2), dan generasi ketiga (F3). Selanjutnya lima ekor mencit usia 2,5 bulan dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan pada tiap generasi diperiksa ovariumnya untuk mengevaluasi jumlah dan morfologi folikel de Graaf. Uji hipotesis Kruskall-Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna jumlah folikel de Graaf (p=0,480) dan folikel atresia de Graaf (p=0,336) di antara kelompok. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa pemajanan ELF-EMF tidak mempengaruhi jumlah dan morfologi folikel de Graaf mencit strain Swiss Webster serta tidak dijumpai efek kumulatif pemajanan pada generasi-generasi seterusnya.

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Extremely low frequency- electromagnetic fields are categorized as non-ionising radiation which could be produced by electrical household appliances or communication devices. ELF-EMF long term exposure suggested can disturb releasing gonadotropine hormon (GnRH) which have a role in follicle development and maturation, especially pre antral follicle development. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field in varying frequencies on number and morphology of follicle de Graaf. This study also evaluate ELF-EMF cumulative effect on multiple generation (F1, F2, and F3). Twelve pairs mice strains Swiss Webster as parental mice (F0) were divided into four groups. One group as control and three other groups were exposed by magnetic field,which doses were 3kV 5,5μT, 4kV 5,4μT,and 5kV 5,3μT. These treatments were also given to first, second, and third generation. Five female mices aged 2,5 months from each first (F1), second (F2),and third (F3) generation on each groups were examined to evaluate number and morphology (atresia follicle) of de Graaf follicle from their ovarium. The hypothesis was tested using Kruskall-Wallis which show no significant difference between groups on follicle de Graaf number (p=0,480) and atresia follicle de Graaf (p=0,336). These results suggest ELF-EMF exposure don?t affect number and morphology of follicle de Graaf and there are no cumulative effect on multiple generation."

"Energi listrik telah menjadi bagian yang penting dalam kehidupan manusia, terlebih lagi di zaman modern seperti saat ini, dimana dengan semakin meningkatnya perkembangan teknologi dan informasi, penggunaan alat elektrik rumah tangga yang diketahui merupakan sumber Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) tidak dapat dielakkan lagi. Pemajanan ELFEMF dalam jangka panjang diketahui memiliki banyak dampak bagi kesehatan manusia, termasuk sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh pajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel tersier ovarium mencit.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan mencit strain Webster sebagai hewan coba. Kelompok penelitian yang digunakan, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok perlakuan merupakan kelompok mencit yang diberikan pajanan ELF-EMF dengan tegangan masing-masing 3 kV, 4 kV, dan 5 kV. Masing-masing kelompok tersebut akan diamati pada setiap generasi, mulai dari generasi pertama hingga ketiga. Kemudian sampel diambil dari setiap kelompok penelitian untuk diamati di bawah mikroskop.Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa terdapat penurunan jumlah folikel tersier yang bermakna pada generasi pertama dan ketigadi semua besar tegangan yang diberikan. Didapati juga peningkatan jumlah folikel tersier atresia yang bermakna pada generasi pertama dan generasi kedua di semua besar tegangan. Sedangkan efek akumulasi pajanan ELF-EMF terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel tersier belum dapat dibuktikan.

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Electrical energy has become an important part of human life, especially in this modern society where the increasing development of information technology led to increase use of electrical appliances household that known as a source of Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF). Prolonged exposure of ELF-EMF can cause many effects on human health, including reproductive system. This study aimed to examines the effect of ELF-EMF exposure on the number and morphology of ovarian tertiary follicles of mice.This research uses experimental methods with Webster strain mice as experimental animals. There are two research group, the control and the treatment group. Treatment group is the group of mice given exposure to ELF-EMF voltage of 3kV, 4kV and5 kV. Each group will be observed from the first to the third generation. Then the samples were taken from each study group to be observed under a microscope.The result shows that there is a significant decreasing number of tertiary follicles in the first and third generation for all of the voltage. There is also an significant increasing number of tertiary follicle atresia in the first and second generation for all of the voltage. While the cumulative effects of exposure to ELF-EMF and the number of tertiary follicles morphology has not been proven."

"Latar Belakang: Seiring berkembangnya teknologi dan informasi di seluruh dunia, pemakaian tenaga listrik di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia, semakin meningkat. Tanpa disadari, hal tersebut mengakibatkan peningkatan pemajanan medan elektromagnet extremely low frequency (ELF) pada kehidupan manusia. Hal tersebut menyebabkan banyak kelainan pada tubuh manusia, termasuk pengaruh terhadap sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pemajanan medan elektromagnet ELF dengan perubahan jumlah folikel ovarium melalui mencit sebagai model. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi eksperimental dengan hewan coba, yang merupakan bagian dari penelitian eksperimental lain yang lebih besar. Kelompok yang digunakan terdiri dari 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang masing-masing terdiri dari 3 generasi. Penelitian ini membandingkan jumlah folikel ovarium antara mencit kontrol dan perlakuan dari generasi satu sampai generasi tiga serta melihat efek akumulasi pemajanan medan elektromagnet dengan membandingkan jumlah folikel ovarium antar generasi dalam kelompok perlakuan. Data folikel ovarium mencit diperoleh dengan melihat sediaan di bawah mikroskop cahaya untuk menghitung jumlah folikel primer, sekunder, tersier, de Graaf, dan atresia (primer, sekunder dan tersier). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel sekunder yang bermakna (p < 0.05, uji t tidak berpasangan) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol generasi pertama, serta terdapat perbedaan jumlah folikel tersier yang bermakna (p < 0.05, uji Mann-Whitney) pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol generasi pertama. Sedangkan perbedaan jumlah folikel primer dan folikel de Graaf serta folikel atresia pada kelompok perlakuan tidak bermakna. Begitu pula dengan efek akumulasi pemajanan ( p > 0.05, ANOVA 1 arah dan Kruskal Wallis). Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan adanya penurunan jumlah folikel sekunder dan tersier yang bermakna. Sedangkan penurunan jumlah folikel primer dan folikel de Graaf serta peningkatan folikel atresia pada kelompok perlakuan tidak tebukti, begitu pula dengan efek akumulasi pemajanan.

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Background: The usage of electricity in various countries including Indonesia has been increasing, along with the development of information and technology in the world. Without realizing it, the exposure of extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field on human life is increasing rapidly. This could bring up a lot of abnormalities in human body, including the influence of the electromagnetic field in the reproductive system. This research aims to determine the relationship between extremely low frequency-electromagnetic field exposures on changes of number of ovarian follicle with mice as a model.

Method: The design of this research is experimental design study with laboratory animals, which was part of a bigger experimental research. The mice take divided into 6 groups which were group of control and treatment each consisting of 3 generations. It compared the number of ovarian follicle between control and treatment mice from first generation to third generation and sees the effect of the accumulation electromagnetic field exposure which compares the number of ovarian follicle inter-generation in the treatment group. Mice ovarian follicle data obtained from observing the sample under light microscope to count the number of primary, secondary, tertiary, de Graaf, and atretic (primary, secondary and tertiary) follicle.

Result: There is significant difference in the number of secondary follicles between first generation of treatment and control group (p < 0.05, independent-unpaired-t-test). The significant difference is also found in the number of tertiary follicles between first generation of treatment and control group (p <0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The difference between the number of primary, de Graaf follicles, and atretic follicle in treatment is found not significant. The effect of accumulation in treatment is also found not significant (p > 0,05, One-Way-Anova and Kruskal Wallis).

Conclusion There was a significant decrease in the number of secondary and tertiary follicles. However the decrease in the number of primary follicle and de Graaf follicle, and the increase of atretic follicle in the treatment group were not proved, as well as the effect of the exposure accumulation."

"ABSTRAKPeralatan elektrik rumah tangga merupakan bentuk Extremely Low Frequency - Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) yang diduga dapat mempengaruhi aktivitashormonal siklus ovarium, termasuk folikulogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemajanan ELF-EMF dengan tegangan tertentu (kontrol, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) terhadap jumlah dan morfologi folikel primer, serta melihat ada tidaknya efek kumulatif antar-generasi (generasi pertama, kedua, dan ketiga).Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental pada mencit strain Swiss Webster. Mencit yang dietanasi akan diambil ovariumnya untuk dijadikan sampel penelitian. Sampel untuk tiap tegangan dan tiap generasi berjumlah sebanyak 5 buah, dengan total yang akan dianalisis sebanyak 60 sampel. Pada uji normalitas dengan Kolmogorov-smirnov, data yang terdistribusi normal (p 0,05) dianalisis dengan uji one-way ANOVA, sedangkan data yang distribusinya tidak normal (p < 0,05) dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-wallis. Seluruh analisis data menunjukkan p 0,05, sehingga tidak dilanjutkan dengan analisis Post Hoc. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemajanan ELF-EMF pada berbagai tegangan tidak mempengaruhi jumlah dan morfologi folikel primer mencit, serta tidak terdapat efek kumulatif antar-generasi.

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ABSTRACTHousehold electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational.;Household electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational.;Household electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational.;Household electrical appliances is a form of Extremely Low Frequency -Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) that might impact on hormonal activity ofovarian cycle, including folliculogenesis. This study aimed to examine the effectof ELF-EMF exposure with a certain voltage (control, 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV) to thenumber and morphology of primary follicles, and see whether there is acumulative effect of inter-generation (first, second, and third generation). Themethod used is experimental on strain Swiss Webster mice. Executed mice?sovary will be taken for the research sample. Sample for each voltage and eachgeneration amounted to as much as 5 pieces, with a total of 60 samples will beanalyzed. In the test of normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, normallydistributed data (p
0.05) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test, whileunnormally distributed data (p <0.05) were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test.The entire analysis of the data showed p
0.05, so it is not followed by Post Hocanalysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure of ELF-EMF with certainvoltage does not affect the number and morphology of primary follicles of mice,and there is no cumulative effect of inter-generational."

"Sinyal frekuensi ultra rendah dari aktivitas geomagnetik dapat digunakan sebagai penanda awal gempa bumi, di wilayah Sumatera dari tahun 2016 hingga 2018 pada khususnya gempa bumi yang tercatat di stasiun Gunung Sitoli (GSI), Tuntung (TUN), Meulaboh (MLB), dan Sic Cincin (SCI). Penelitian sebelumnya memberikan gambaran rentang frekuensi ultra-rendah yang terkait dengan gempa bumi, berdasarkan ini, peneliti melakukan analisis untuk menemukan frekuensi yang paling berhubungan prekursor gempa menggunakan data gempa bumi yang pernah terjadi dengan memanfaatkan filter bandpass. Data komponen medan magnet dalam fokus Penelitian ini merupakan komponen Z dari medan magnet selama fase pra-seismik. Tentang penelitian ini didapatkan frekuensi optimum pada frekuensi 0,01-0,03 Hz yang reliabel dalam memantau tanda-tanda gempa bumi.

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Ultra low frequency signals from geomagnetic activity can be used as an early marker of earthquakes, in the Sumatra region from 2016 to 2018, especially earthquakes recorded at Gunung Sitoli (GSI), Tuntung (TUN), Meulaboh (MLB), and Sic Cincin stations. (SCI). Previous research provided an overview of the ultra-low frequency range associated with earthquakes, based on this, the researcher conducted an analysis to find the frequencies most associated with earthquake precursors using earthquake data that had ever occurred by utilizing a bandpass filter. Magnetic field component data in focus This study represents the Z component of the magnetic field during the pre-seismic phase. Regarding this research, it was found that the optimum frequency was at a frequency of 0.01-0.03 Hz which was reliable in monitoring earthquake signs."

"Berbagai produk teknologi berupa alat elektronik yang dipergunakan sehari-hari ternyata mampu menghasilkan medan elektromagnetik dengan frekuensi samgat rendah (extremely low frequency) yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan sistem organ manusia, salah satunya sistem reproduksi. Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikan gangguan pada sistem reproduksi pria dapat memicu terhambatnya proses spermatogenesis sehingga menurunkan produksi sperma. Untuk itu, dilakukan penelitian terhadap salah satu sel pada proses spermatogenesis, yakni sel spermatosit 1 pakiten, dan dilihat pengaruh pajanan elektromagnetik terhadap jumlah sel tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan melakukan pemajanan pada mencit jantan Strain Webster generasi pertama (F1), kedua (F2), dan ketiga (F3) dengan tegangan 0 kV (kontrol), 3 kV, 4 kV, dan 5 kV. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya penurunan jumlah sel spermatosit 1 pakiten pada pemajanan kelompok mencit 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p < 0,05). Pemajanan dengan tegangan 3 kV tidak memiliki efek akumulatif pada generasi pertama, kedua, dan ketiga (p > 0,05). Pemajanan dengan tegangan 4 kV hanya memiliki efek akumulatif pada generasi pertama ke generasi kedua. Pemajanan dengan tegangan 5 kV memiliki efek kumulatif pada generasi kedua ke generasi ketiga. Selain itu, pemajanan dengan tegangan 3 kV, 4 kV, 5 kV berkorelasi sebanding dengan penurunan jumlah sel. Dengan demikian, pajanan medan elektromagnetik ELF berpengaruh terhadap penurunan jumlah sel spermatosit 1 pakiten dan memiliki efek akumulatif pada generasinya.

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Many high tech-product electronic devices that is used daily capable on producing extremely low frequency electromagnetic field that could disturb human organ, one of which is reproduction system. Many research has showed that disturbance in male reproduction system could cause impeded spermatogenesis process so as decrease sperm production. This research was done to one of the cell related to spermatogenesis process, which is the spermatocyte 1 in its pachytene stage. Consequently, the effect of the electromagnetic exposure to the quantity of the cell was observed. This experimental research was done by exposing first generation (F1), second generation (F2), and third generation (F3) male Webster strain albino house mouse with 0 kV (control), 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV voltage.

The result show a decline in pachytene spermatocyte 1 at the 3 kV, 4kV, 5kV exposure group than the control group (p<0,05). The exposure of more than 3kV did not have accumulative effect on first, second, and third generation (p>0,05). Exposing with 4 kV only has an accumulative effect in the first and second generation. Exposing with 5 kV showed an accumulative effect on second to third generation. Moreover, exposing with 3kV, 4kV, 5kV correlated consecutively with propotional decline in cell quantity. Therefore, ELF electromagnetic field exposure has an effect to decline in pachytene spermatocyte 1 quantity and have an accumulative effect to each generation."

"Latar belakang: Penelitian epidemiologi pada pekerja kelistrikan yang terpajan medan elektromagnet (EMF) memperlihatkan terjadi peningkatan risiko leukemia, limfoma dan tumor otak. Hasil penelitian terdahulu dengan pajanan medan elektromagnet (1-5 kV) hingga 4 generasi mencit menimbulkan kelainan morfologi dan tumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pajanan dengan medan elektromagnet terus menerus dengan tegangan 3, 4 dan 5 kV pada mencit berimplikasi terhadap rusaknya kromosom yang dideteksi sebagai pembentukan kromosom double minute.Metode: Empat pasang mencit galur Swiss Webster umur 3-4 bulan, dipajankan terhadap EMF 3, 4, dan 5 kV, dan satu pasang diambil sebagai kontrol tanpa pajanan. Pembentukan double minute diperiksa pada semua turunan, kecuali satu pasang untuk dipajan seperti di atas untuk mendapatkan generasi F2, dan F3 . Dua puluh metafase kromosom diperiksa, dan frekuensi double minute dihitung pada tiga generasi semua kelompok.Hasil: Frekuensi double minute pada mencit F1, F2, dan F3 yang dipajan EMF 3 kV adalah berturut-turut (0,78+0,08; 0,83+0,09; dan 0,80+0,05). Pada pajanan 4 KV (0,083+0,11; 0,73+0,03; dan 0,96+0,15), dan 5 kV (0,96+0,25; 0,75+0,05; dan 0.99+0.33), sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak ditemukan. Frekuensi double minute pada mencit yang dipajan dengan EMF lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrolnya.Kesimpulan: Pajanan medan elektromagnet terus menerus dengan tegangan 3 kV, 4 kV, dan 5 kV selama tiga generasi menyebabkan peningkatan perubahan pada kromosom yang menghasilkan double minute. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:109-13).

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AbstractBackground: Epidemiological studies indicate increased risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and brain tumor among electrical workers exposed to electromagnetic fi eld (EMF). Other investigator reported that continuous exposure of four successive generations of mice to EMF in doses of 1 kV to 5 kV caused tumor formation in offspring. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous exposure of three successive generations of mice (Mus musculus L) to EMF of 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV and its implication of chromosomal breakage, as detected by double minute formation.Methods: Four couples of mice of Swiss Webster strain, 3-4 months of age, and 7-40 gram of body weight were exposed to EMF at the doses of 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV, and one couple served as control. Double minute formation was examined in all offspring, except one couple of each group to be exposed with the same doses of EMF to get the F2 generation, and so forth until F3 generation. Twenty metaphases of chromosomes were examined and frequencies of double minute were calculated in the three generations of all group.Results: Frequencies of double minute in F1, F2, and F3 of mice exposed to EMF of 3 kV were respectively 0.78+0.08; 0.83+0.09; and 0.80+0.05. In the 4 kV group were 0.083+0.11; 0.73+0.03; and 0.96+0.15, and in the 5 kV group were 0.96+0.25; 0.75+0.05; and 0.99+0.33, whereas no double minute chromosomes were noted in control group. Frequencies of the double minute in mice exposed to EMF were signifi cantly higher than control group.Conclusions: Continuous exposure of mice during three successive generations to EMF at doses of 3 kV, 4 kV, and 5 kV causes increased chromosomal breakage as detected as double minute chromosome formation. (Med J Indones 2011; 20:109-13)"

"This excellent text covers a year's course in advanced theoretical electromagnetism, first introducing theory, then its application. Topics include vectors D and H inside matter, conservation laws for energy, momentum, invariance, form invariance, covariance in special relativity, and more."