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"Artikel ini membahas tentang upaya dari sineas film nasional untuk meningkatkan kualitas dari film yang tayang di bioskop Jakarta pada tahun 1950 hingga 1965. Film Indonesia pada tahun 1950 memiliki permasalahan terhadap rendahnya kualitas film nasional yang ditayangkan. Rendahnya kualitas film nasional dilatar belakangi oleh peralatan produksi yang masih sederhana, kurangnya sumber daya manusia yang berpengalaman dalam film, kurangnya promosi terhadap film dan kurangnya kerjasama antara sineas serta pemerintah untuk membangun citra film nasional. Contoh permasalahan terhadap kualitas film adalah sinematografi dan alur cerita yang kurang baik. Rendahnya kualitas film Indonesia mendorong terjadinya dominasi terhadap film-film impor di bioskop besar Jakarta dan menarik minat penonton terhadap film impor seperti film Hollywood, India dan Cina yang tayang di bioskop kelas I dan II. Merasa berada di posisi yang sulit karena film nasional berada di bioskop kelas II dan III dengan target pasaran yang masih rendah, beberapa sineas Indonesia mulai berupaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas film yang mereka produksi. Upaya tersebut berupa revitalisasi terhadap produksi, promosi dan penayangan film, membangun kerjasama antar sineas dalam menyelenggarakan acara apresiasi Festival Film Indonesia. Upaya tersebut kemudian berhasil membawa dampak yang cukup besar, seperti masuknya film Lewat Djam Malam, Harimau Tjampa dan Tarmina kedalam Festival Film Asia Tenggara. Artikel ini disusun menggunakan metode sejarah, dengan pengumpulan data berupa arsip, surat kabar sezaman, buku dan jurnal artikel, yang diperoleh melalui Sinematek Indonesia, Perpustakaan Nasional dan melalui arsip online.

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This article discusses the efforts of the national film sineas to intensify the quality of films shown in Jakarta cinemas from 1950 to 1965. The Indonesian movie in 1950 had problems with the low quality of national movies being screened. The low quality of national movies is caused by simple production equipment, lack of experienced human resources in film, lack of promotion of films and lack of cooperation between filmmakers and the government to build a national movies image. Examples of problems with movie quality are poor cinematography and storylines. The low quality of Indonesian movies encourages the dominance of imported movies in big cinemas of Jakarta and attracts audiences' interest in imported movies such as Hollywood, Indian and Chinese movies that are shown in class I and II cinemas. Feels that they are in a difficult position because national movies are in class II and III cinemas with a low target market, several Indonesian filmmakers have begun to try to improve the quality of the movies they produce. These efforts are in the form of revitalizing movies production, promotion, screening and building cooperation between filmmakers in organizing the Indonesian Film Festival appreciation event. These efforts then succeeded in having a considerable impact, such as the inclusion of the movies Through Djam Malam, Harimau Tjampa and Tarmina into the Southeast Asian Film Festival. This article was compiled using the historical method, with data collection in the form of archives, contemporary newspapers, books and journal articles, which were obtained through Sinematek Indonesia, the National Library and online archives."

"This thesis is a study of a particular aspect of Indonesian foreign policy: that country's relations with the United Nations.Its aim.si try tc isolate the variables which determined the ways in which various Cabinets pursued their political objectives within t.3ic Organisation. An explan¬ation of the methods used in investigating these variables can be found in the Preface: a discussion of the sources consulted is contained in the 'Sources' section of the Notes on the Text. Section I of the thesis is concerned with Indonesia's experience with the UN during the period of the physical rev¬olution. This is not, however, treated in very great depth, since it lies outside the main chronological limits of the thesis. The basic aim of this Section is to look at the back-ground to Indonesia's decision to join the UN in September 1930; a background which could well have affected the ways in which Indonesian political leaders viewed the Organisation at that time. Sections Ii to V form the main body of the thesis. They examine the use various Indonesian Cabinets made of the UN from 1950 to 1965. Each Section concentrates on one particular prob¬lem area: Section II on the maintenance of international peace and security; Section IIl on the eradication of colonialism; Section IV on the recovery of West Irian; and Section V on the campaign against Malaysia. It is believed that these topics cover virtually the entire ambit of Jakarta's political rela¬tions with the UN, ranging as they do over items of great, immediate significance to Indonesia, to matters which were of as much interest to Indonesia as to any other UN member.The final Section presents the conclusions drawn from the research carried out. It is suggested that there were three major variables which determined Indonesia's UN policy over this period: the particular political complexion of the Cabinet in office; the nature of the particular case being con¬sidered; and the power balance in the Assembly, as perceived in Jakarta. Of these three, the former is felt to be the most important, due to its influence over the latter two"

"Lada (Pepper ningrum linn) merupakan produk rempah-rempah yang memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian antara lain sebagai sumber devisa, memberikan lapangan pekerjaan, bahan mentah industri dan konsumsi di dalam negeri.Lada berasal dari India Barat dan dikenal sebagai Rajanya rempah-rempah.Untuk menganalisa daya saing produk lada Indonesia di pasar dunia, maka dalam penulisan thesis ini di gunakan dua methode, yaitu Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA) dan Competitiveness Matrix. CMSA digunakan untuk menganalisa produk lada Indonesia dan negara-negara pesaingnya, sedangkan Competitiveness Matrix digunakan untuk melihat daya saing produk lada Indonesia di negara-negara tujuan ekspornya.Analisa CMS menunjukkan bahwa lada Indonesia untuk HS 090411 tidak kompetitif di pasar dunia. Indonesia memiliki efek daya saing negative yaitu -0,22. Negara pesaing utama Indonesia untuk lada utuh atau yang tidak di tumbuk adalah Vietnam, Brazil, European Union, Jerman dan China. Untuk lada bubuk atau produk lada HS 090412, analisa CMS menunjukkan bahwasannya Indonesia memiliki efek daya saing positif yaitu 0,75. India, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, USA, dan Singapura merupakan negara-negara pesaing Indonesia untuk produk ini.Competitiveness Matrix menunjukkan bahwa pasar yang sesuai untuk lada utuh Indonesia adalah Kanada, Jerman, Malaysia dan Afrika Selatan. Negara-negara tersebut memiliki pertumbuhan yang positif dan diklasifikasikan sebagai rising stars. Sedangkan pasar yang sesuai untuk lada bubuk adalah Jepang dan Korea yang memiliki nilai baik untuk setiap variable daya saing.Pepper (Pepper ningrum Linn) is one of the spice products that has a significant role on the economy such as national foreign exchange earnings, providing job opportunity, raw material of internal country industry and direct consumption in the country. Pepper comes from West India and is called by ?King of Spices?.

To examine the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper product in the world market, uses two methods; constant market share analysis (CMS) and competitiveness matrix. CMS Analysis is to measure Indonesia and its main competitors, while Competitiveness Matrix is to examine Indonesian pepper product competitiveness in Indonesia?s destination exporting countries. CMS analysis shows that Indonesian pepper HS 090411 is not competitive in the global market.

Indonesia has negative competitiveness effect (-0.22). Indonesian main competitor for pepper neither crushed nor ground are Vietnam, Brazil, European Union, Germany and China. For pepper crushed or ground CMS analysis shows that Indonesia has positive competitiveness (0.75). India, Vietnam, China, Malaysia, USA, and Singapore are Indonesia?s competitors for pepper crushed or ground.

Competitiveness matrix result shows that the appropriate markets for Indonesia?s pepper neither crushed nor ground are Canada, Germany, Malaysia, and South Africa, which have a positive growth and graded as rising stars. Meanwhile, for Indonesia?s pepper crushed or ground, the appropriate markets are Japan and Korea that have a good remark in all variables of competitiveness."