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"Negara-negara membutuhkan sejumlah besar energi untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan. Seperti disebutkan oleh Administrasi Informasi Energi AS, total konsumsi energi dunia diperkirakan akan meningkat dari 575 kuadriliun Btu pada 2015 menjadi 736 kuadriliun Btu pada 2040, atau meningkat 28% (IEO 2017).Namun, terbatasnya sumber daya energi tak terbarukan, dan konsumsi dengan jenis energi tersebut menyebabkan permasalahan lingkungan yang paling utama di dunia. Untuk menyeimbangkan antara kebutuhan energi dengan masalah lingkungan, menggunakan energi terbarukan adalah salah satu pilihan terbaik bagi banyak negara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan membahas hubungan jangka panjang konsumsi energi terbarukan dengan output, emisi polutan dan perdagangan internasional. Studi ini menggunakan teknik kointegrasi panel dengan metode PMG-ARDL, untuk membandingkan sekelompok negara berkembang dengan sekelompok negara maju. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi energi terbarukan berhubungan positif dengan PDB riil per kapita dan perdagangan internasional pada negara-negara berkembang dan negara-negara maju, sementara itu berhubungan negatif dengan CO2 per kapita dengan skala besar. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi akan mendorong konsumsi energi terbarukan dalam jangka panjang. Namun, apakah peningkatan dalam persentase energi terbarukan yang dikonsumsi akan menyelesaikan masalah lingkungan sangat tergantung pada lintasan emisi CO2 dimasa mendatang seiring dengan perkembangan ekonomi. Secara keseluruhan, analisis empiris dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional mengarah pada promosi konsumsi energi terbarukan sebagai hubungan jangka panjang. Ini berarti bahwa, di masa depan, pembangunan ekonomi bersama dengan perdagangan internasional dan kemajuan teknologi lingkungan diharapkan dapat memudahkan dan mendorong konsumsi energi terbarukan di setiap negara. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan yang signifikan dan pengembangan energi terbarukan selaras dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi negara dengan cara yang konsisten sesuai dengan tingkat pembangunan negara tersebut.

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Countries require large amounts of energy for continuous economic growth. As mentioned by the US Energy Information Administration, total world energy consumption is expected to increase from 575 quadrillion Btu in 2015 to 736 quadrillion Btu in 2040, or an increase of 28% (IEO 2017). However, resources of non-renewable energy are limited, and energy consumption is known to worsen major environmental problems in the world. To reach a balance between energy needs and environmental problems, using renewable energy is one of the best options for many countries. Given this state of affairs, this study addresses the long-term relationship of renewable energy consumption with respect to output, pollutant emissions and international trade. It uses a panel cointegration technique, along with the Pooled-Mean Group Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) method, to compare a group of emerging countries with a group of developed countries.

The study shows that the consumption of renewable energy is positively related to real GDP per capita and international trade for both emerging countries and developed countries, while it is negatively associated with CO₂ per capita with a large magnitude. This result suggests that international trade and economic growth will promote the consumption of renewable energy in the long-run future. However, whether an increase in the percentage of renewable energy consumed solves the environmental problems depends a great deal on the future trajectory of CO₂ emissions along with economic development.

Overall, the empirical analysis in the present study demonstrates that international trade leads to the promotion of the consumption of renewable energy as a long-run relationship. It means that, in the future, economic development along with international trade and advances in environmental technology are expected to further facilitate and promote the consumption of renewable energy in every country. However, governments should issue policies to support significant growth and development of renewable energy along with the economic growth of the country in a manner consistent with the countrys level of development."

"A global demand for energy has forced many countries to search for alternative and renewable energy. An anticipated effect of the development of renewable is an increase in employment as part of new green jobs creation, a major benefit for Indonesia to cope with its high unemployment rate. This paper describes the impact of renewable energy development on the jobs creation in Indonesia. First, we identify current government policies relative to renewable energy. Second, this paper describes the definition of green jobs and what type of jobs might be created due to development of renewable energy. Third, companies in Indonesia currently operating in the renewable energy sector are analyzed for their potential growth. Research is based solely on secondary data analysis. Information publicly available from the government/ministry website was used to examine policies concerning renewable energy. Related journals and articles were used to explore plans for the creation of green jobs, and a database search was conducted to identify companies currently operating in the renewable energy sector. The Kammen et al. (2004) study of Jobs per Megawatt of Capacity identified that the renewable energy installed capacity in 2007 created approximately 14,000 jobs in Indonesia. The potential capacity of renewable energy will create 70,000-190,000 jobs in Indonesia."

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