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"Telah berhasil dibuat sebuah alat pengukuran arah dan kecepatan angin (anemometer) untuk menghitung turbulensi dan analisa potensi angin. Dengan mengukur potensi angin bisa didapat informasi tentang angin yang nantinya informasi angin tersebut dapat digunakan untuk keperluan pemanfaatan angin. Dari pengukuran potensi angin didapat data-data sebagai berikut frekwensi kecepatan angin tertinggi adalah 1 m/s dengan arah angin pada timur laut-timur atau 45° - 90°. Semakin besar kecepatan angin semakin tinggi pula potensi angin.

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This thesis have successfully created an instrument measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer) to calculate turbulence and analyze the potential of wind. By measuring the potential of wind can be obtained information about the wind that the wind information will be used for utilization of wind. From wind potential measurement data obtained following the highest frequency of wind speed is 1 m / s with the direction of the wind on the north-east or 45° - 90°. The greater the wind speed, the higher the potential for wind."

"ABSTRAKSeiring perkembangan teknologi, metode computational fluids dynamics CFD menjadi topik utama beberapa penelitian di bidang engineering, tidak terkecuali turbin piko hidro. Piko hidro merupakan kategori turbin air dengan daya di bawah 5 kW. Peningkatan keakurasian metode CFD, asumsi-asumsi yang dibangun harus mendekati kondisi sebenarnya.Pada studi turbin piko hidro, asumsi dasar yang banyak mempengaruhi keakuratan hasil simulasi adalah pemodelan turbulen. Namun, belum ada studi baku yang menjelaskan secara rinci karakteristik dan model turbulen yang dianggap cocok digunakan ditiap jenis turbin piko hidro. Studi ini bertujuan menjelaskan karakteristik aliran yang terjadi pada saluran turbin piko hidro, energi kinetik turbulen, laju disipasi dan spektrum energi turbulen serta model turbulen yang dianggap dapat merepresentasikan kondisi sebenarnya aliran yang terjadi ditiap jenis turbin piko hidro. Untuk mencapai tujuan studi, ada beberapa metode yang digunakan, yaitu: asymptotic invariance analisis bilangan Reynolds , local invariance karakterisasi aliran yang terjadi , analitikal dan studi literatur.Hasil analisis nondimensional bilangan Reynolds pada saluran turbin piko hidro dengan daya 1 kiloWatt didapatkan sebesar 420,972 yang terindikasi aliran yang terjadi adalah aliran turbulen. Karakteristik aliran pada saluran turbin piko hidro adalah steady stabil dan non-uniform tidak seragam , aliran yang memiliki karakter tidak seragam merupakan aliran turbulen. Selanjutnya, pembuktian aliran turbulen dilakukan dengan perhitungan secara teoritis dibantukan dengan software Matlab, nilai spektrum energi turbulen maksimum adalah sebesar 7.57 x 10-13 m3/s2. Hasil studi literatur, pertimbangan error hasil penelitian dan eksperimental, analisis berdasarkan keunggulan dan kekurangan tiap-tiap model turbulen dan kebutuhan daya komputasi serta analisis aliran yang terjadi, didapatkan ada empat model turbulen RANS yang cocok digunakan ditiap jenis turbin piko hidro, yaitu: model turbulen SST k-? cocok digunakan untuk analisis CFD pada turbin Propeller, Pelton, Turgo, dan Archimedes, model turbulen RNG k-? cocok digunakan pada turbin Cross-flow dan Undershot, model turbulen k-? cocok digunakan pada turbin Overshot dan Breastshot.Pembuktian kajian dilakukan dengan uji unjuk kerja turbin Pelton baik secara eksperimental maupun simulasi. Hasil eksperimental menunjukan untuk model turbulen RNG k-? didapatkan error terhadap eksperimen sebesar 10.7-19.24 , sedangkan untuk model turbulen SST k-? error hasil komputasi terhadap eksperimen adalah sebesar 4.8 jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan model RNG k-?.

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ABSTRACTComputational fluids dynamics CFD becomes one of the main topics of most researches in fluid engineering, not to mention the Pico hydro turbine. Pico Hydro Turbines are a hydro power plant with a maximum power output of 5 kilo Watts. To increase the accuracy of the CFD result, the assumptions built must be as close as possible to the actual conditions.In the study of pico hydro turbines, the underlying assumptions that influence the accuracy of the simulation results are turbulence modeling. However, there is no standard study that explains in detail the characteristics and of the turbulence models that are considered suitable for use in all types of pico hydro turbine. This study aims to explain the flow characteristics that occur in the pico hydro turbine channel, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate and turbulent energy spectrum as well as turbulent models that are considered to represent the actual flow conditions that occur in each type of turbine hydro turbine. To achieve the objectives of the study, there are several methods used, namely asymptotic invariance Reynolds number analysis , local invariance, analytical and literature study.Result of non benchmark analysis of Reynolds number in channel pico hydro turbine with power of 1 kiloWatt obtained value of approximately 420,972 indicated that the flow that happened was a turbulent flow. The flow characteristics of the pico hydro turbine channel are a steady flow and non uniform, a flow which is non uniform in character is considered a turbulent flow. Furthermore, the proof of turbulent flow is calculated theoretically coupled with matlab software, the maximum turbulent energy spectrum value is 7.57 x 10 13 m3 s2. The results of literature study, the consideration of experimental and experimental error, analysis based on the advantages and disadvantages of each turbulent model and computing power requirements and flow analysis, there are four RANS turbulent models suitable for each type of turbine pico hydro turbine, namely turbulent model SST k is suitable for CFD analysis on turbine propellers, Pelton, Turgo, and Archimedes, k RNG turbulent models suitable for cross flow and undershot turbines, k turbulent models suitable for overshot and undershot turbines.The proof of the study was conducted by Pelton turbine performance test both experimentally and simulated. The experimental results show for the turbulent model RNG k obtained error to the experiment of 10.7 19.24 , while for turbulent model SST k error computation result to experiment is equal to 4.8 much smaller than k RNG model."

"Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penerapan kajian ilmu Mekanika Fluida dalam bidang rekayasa proses utamanya proses elektrokimia di bidang manufaktur. Penelitian ini mengkaji pemanfaatan aliran turbulensi yang ditimbulkan oleh aliran separasi bertaut kembali (separating-reattached flow) akibat gangguan terhadap aliran, untuk meningkatkan laju perpindahan massa antara dua sel elektrokimia pelat sejajar dalam suatu kanal aliran fluida elektrolit yang merupakan dasar dari proses electroplating pada berbagai peralatan yang digunakan di dunia industri. Plat tembaga dan larutan CuSO4 dipilih sebagai elektroda dan elektrolit dalam penelitian ini. Dalam penelitian ini, laju perpindahan massa antar elektroda diukur dalam kondisi dimana turbulensi aliran dikendalikan secara pasif dengan memasang elemen pencetus turbulensi berupa kontur tangga dengan berbagai variasi kecepatan aliran utama cairan elektrolit tersebut. Pengukuran laju perpindahan massa ini menggunakan teknik limiting diffusion current yang merupakan representasi dari perpindahan elektron karena adanya arus listrik yang mengalir dari kedua plat tembaga dan elektrolit. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan perbandingan antara nilai koefisien perpindahan massa (Km) yang diperoleh dengan nilai Km yang terdapat pada referensi dan penelitian sebelumnya, serta dibandingkan pula dengan nilai diffusive flux yang didapat dari pendekatan komputasi menggunakan CFD yang dikerjakan oleh tim lain. Dalam penelitian ini, perpindahan massa berbanding lurus dengan kenaikan bilangan Reynolds. Dalam rentang Re=300-3000 diperoleh koefisien perpindahan massa sebesar Km=3,299 x 10^-4 (m/s) ? 3,891 x 10^-4 (m/s) yang merupakan peningkatan sebesar 25,52 % dari kondisi tanpa turbulensi aliran.

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This research is an application of fluid mechanics study in the field of process engineering, especially electrochemistry process in manufacture area. This research investigates the use of turbulence generated by separating-reattached flow to increase the rate of mass transfer in a parallel plate electrochemical flow cell which is the basic of electroplating process in industries. Copper plate is selected as electrode and CuSO4 as electrolyte in this experiment.

In this research, mass transfer will be measured in some condition, where turbulence flow is controlled passively by installing turbulence promoter (step) in the cathode. Mass transfer between two electrode is measured by using limiting diffusion current as result of electron movement between cathode and anode occurred in this experiment.

The result of this experiment shows the comparison between mass transfer coefficient (Km), obtained from the experiment, with value of Km in the reference, and also compared with the value of diffusive flux obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics works (done by separate team). Rate of mass transfer in this research increases linearly with Reynolds number. In the range of Re=300-3000, the maximum mass transfer coefficient range from Km=3,299 x 10^-4 (m/s) ? 3,891 x 10^-4 (m/s). This result shows 25,52 % improvement from the condition without turbulence."

"Siklon burner merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mengubah bahan bakar padat menjadi gas yang kemudian energinya dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai tujuan, seperti pembangkitan listrik, boiler, dan sebagainya. Sehubungan semua katup siklon burner harus selalu tertutup selama pengujian untuk menjamin kinerja burner yang maksimal, pengamatan fenomena turbulensi dalam ruang bakar tidak dimungkinkan. Oleh karena itu, Computatuonal Fluid Dynamics digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa nilai Energi Kinetik Turbulensi dan Kecepatan secara keseluruhan cenderung mengalami penurunan seiring dengan jarak yang ditempuh setelah memasuki ruang bakar. Hasil Validasi kecepatan pada bagian outlet menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan hasil simulasi dan pengukuran tidak jauh berbeda dan saling berdekatan.

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Cyclone Burner is a burner used in the purpose of converting solid fuel into gas whose energy is used for various applications such as power generation, boiler, et cetera. Direct observation of turbulence phenomenon is not possible since the combustion chamber must always be closed to ensure possible maximum performance achieved by the burner. Therefore, Computational Fluid Dynamics is used to solve those problems. The simulation results show that both Turbulent Kinetic Energy and Velocity tend to decrease in value by distance travelled by the flow upon entering the combustion chamber. Velocity Validation results show that both velocity curve and velocity point measured during experiment are in good agreement that their marginal results are not greatly different."

"This fourth issue on "progress in turbulence" is based on the fourth ITI conference (ITI interdisciplinary turbulence initiative), which took place in Bertinoro, North Italy. Leading researchers from the engineering and physical sciences presented latest results in turbulence research. Basic as well as applied research is driven by the rather notorious difficult and essentially unsolved problem of turbulence. In this collection of contributions clear progress can be seen in different aspects, ranging from new quality of numerical simulations to new concepts of experimental investigations and new theoretical developments. The importance of turbulence is shown for a wide range of applications including: combustion, energy, flow control, urban flows, are few examples found in this volume. A motivation was to bring fundamentals of turbulence in connection with renewable energy. This lead us to add a special topic relevant to the impact of turbulence on the wind energy conversion. The structure of the present book is as such that contributions have been bundled according to covering topics i.e. I Basic Turbulence Aspects, II Particle Laden Flows, III Modeling and Simulations, IV, Experimental Methods, V Special Flows, VI Atmospheric Boundary Layer, VII Boundary Layer, VIII Wind Energy and IX Convection. This book is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Tim Nickels. Shortly after giving an invited lecture at the 4th ITI conference, the turbulence community lost a world-class scientist, a friend and devoted family man."