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"ABSTRAKThis paper reviews the making of singapore's ethnic conflicts during the 1950s and 1960s, the rise of opposition forces during 1980s, the theory asserting that the group representation constituency has helped the minority groups enter the parliament, and contemporary ethnic concerns in 2017 presidential election. the authors argue that singapore's ceaseless memory of conflicting ethnic relations is the product of political management. the singapore government therefore creates an electoral system that ensures minority representations in politics, but is in fact favorable to the ruling party and its political elites from the majority group. as a result, the ruling party consolidates its power by strengthening negative stereotypes of the minority, and continues to reproduces ethnic disharmony"

"This paper argues and shows how ethnic dimension is stillvery important in understanding political contestations inMalaysia. To do this, the paper reviews the political as wellas population demography to back its assertion. And it isnot necessarily improper to continue to use this ethnic lens,although the continued use of this approach has comeunder heavy criticism both within and from outsideMalaysia. Raging debates in Malaysia and by Malaysians arestill very much shaped by ethnicity and increasing regionaldifferences. This is further compounded by other factorssuch as religion, language, and education. In fact, thesetools have been more intensely used of late compared toany period before in history as they easily politicize andattract followers."

"Singapura selalu meninggalkan ruang bagi para peneliti untuk terjun lebih dalam kemultirasialisme. Pentingnya multikulturalisme telah menjadikan multikulturalisme itu sendiri sebagai fondasi dari peraturan dan kebijakan pemerintah untuk mendefinisikanapa artinya menjadi orang Singapura atau biasa disebut sebagai Singaporean. Namun, representasi multirasialisme dalam identitas Singapura melalui media sosialdalam studi budaya masih kurang dieksplorasi, terutama di dalam ranah Instagram. Studi ini meneliti representasi identitas Singaporean melalui perspektif multirasialisme dalam studi budaya. Akun Instagram Human of Singapore (HoS) telahmenjadi subjek untuk penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menganalisis enam pos yang diambil dari akun Instagram Humans of Singapore sebagai data penelitian. Analisis kontekstual digunakan untuk mengeksplorasi sudut pandang yang berbeda dari enampos berdasarkan pada dua kategori tentang bagaimana orang-orang yang ditampilkan berdasarkan pengalaman mereka yang tertuang dalam akun HoS Instagram atau berpikir tentang menyeberang atau menghilangkan prasangka stereotip etnis danbagaimana orang-orang Singapura (Singaporeans) dewasa ini bereaksi terhadap kebijakan pemerintah mengenai kebijakan nasional identitas sementara juga mengeksplorasi rasa memiliki sebagai termasuk dalam bagian komunitas orang-orangSingapura (Singaporeans). Makalah ini menunjukkan bahwa representasi orangSingapura saat ini adalah: (1) memadukan budaya dan menekankan rasa memiliki diantara berbagai etnis di Singapura untuk melawan stereotip etnis, (2) menentang ataumenegosiasikan kebijakan pemerintah, dengan menceritakan rasa kepemilikan dengan Singapura dengan sebutan orang Singapura atau Singaporeans sebagai identitas bangsa dan negara Singapura.

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Singapore has always left a space for researchers to dive more into multiracialism. The significance of multiculturalism has made multiculturalism itself the bedrock of government rules and policy for defining what it is to be a Singaporean. However, the

representation of multiracialism in Singaporeans identity through social media in cultural studies is still less explored, especially in the realm of Instagram. This study

examines the representation of Singaporean identity through the perspective of multiracialism in cultural studies. The Instagram account Humans of Singapore has

become the subject for this research. This research analyzes six posts taken from the Humans of Singapore Instagram account for data. Contextual analysis was used to

explore different viewpoints of the six posts based on the two categories on how the people that is featured in HoS Instagram account experience or thinks on crossing or

debunking ethnic stereotypes and how the people of todays Singapore react to

government policy concerning national identity while also exploring the sense of

belonging in the Singaporean community. This paper shows that the representation of

todays Singaporeans are: (1) blending culture and emphasizing the sense of

belonging between different ethnicities in Singapore to counter ethnic stereotypes, (2)

resisting or negotiating government policy, by narrating the sense of belonging to

Singapore as a nation and Singaporeans identity."

"In 1938, noting that the bulk of the Indian population formed a landless proletaria and despairing of the ability of the factionalized Indian community to unite in pursuit of common objectives, activist K.A. Neelakanda Ayer forecast that the fate of Indians in Malaya would be to becom Tragic orphans of whom India has forgotten and Malaya looks down upon with contempt...."

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Orang Tengger menarik untuk diteliti karena mereka berbeda dengan masyarakat lain yang hidup di wilayah Provinsi Jawa Timur. Orang Tengger adalah mereka yang sangat patuh menjalankan upacara-upacara adat dan sangat menjunjung tinggi kejujuran. Masalah penelitian dalam disertasi ini adalah orang keturunan Madura lebih memilih identitas utamanya sebagai orang Tengger. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode pengamatan terlibat dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa ethnic boundary atau batas sosial orang Tengger adalah memiliki atribut-atribut seperti sarung, bahasa Tengger, masyarakat petani, dan patuh melaksanakan upacara adat. Orang Tengger adalah mereka yang tinggal di wilayah Tengger, pekerja keras, egaliter, cinta damai dan selalu berbuat baik, patuh pada pemimpin dan patuh menjalankan aturan adat, menjaga ikatan kekeluargaan dan dekat dengan dunia roh. Mereka yang keturunan Madura pada akhirnya melakukan proses ‘menjadi Tengger’ untuk mendapatkan berbagai akses karena hanya orang Tengger yang memiliki legitimasi untuk mendapatkan akses tersebut. Akses-akses yang didapatkan adalah akses identitas sosial, akses pasar, akses modal, akses pengetahuan, akses melalui negosiasi dari relasi sosial lain, akses kehidupan yang lebih baik dan juga termasuk akses otoritas bagi orang Tengger asli. Upaya kuat orang Tengger untuk mempertahankan batas sosial atau ethnic boundary menghasilkan konstruksi sosial yang menggambarkan wilayah Tengger sebagai wilayah sakral yang hanya orang-orang tertentu yang dapat hidup di dalamnya dan merupakan tempat yang aman dan tentram, yang pada akhirnya memberikan orang Tengger otonomi penuh untuk mengelola wilayahnya dengan intervensi minimal dari pihak luar

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Tengger people are interesting to study because they are different from other communities living in the East Java Province. Tengger people are those who are very obedient in carrying out traditional ceremonies and highly uphold honesty. The research problem in  this dissertation is those who are of Madurese descent prefer their main identity as Tengger people. The data collection used the observation method involved and in-depth interviews. The results of the study concluded that the "ethnic boundary" of Tengger people are to have attributes such as sarong, Tengger language, farming community, and obediently carrying out traditional ceremonies. Tengger people are those who live in the Tengger region, are hard-working, egalitarian, peace-loving and always do good, obey the leader and obey the customary rules, maintain family ties and are close to the spirit world. Those who are of Madurese descent eventually carry out the process of 'becoming Tengger' to get various accesses because only Tengger people have the legitimacy to obtain such access. Accesses obtained are access to social identity, market access, access to capital, access to knowledge, access through negotiations from other social relations, access to a better life and also include access to authority for original Tengger people. The Tengger's strong efforts to maintain 'ethnic boundary' resulted in a social construction that depicted the Tengger region as a sacred area that only certain people could live in and is a safe and peaceful place, which then ultimately give Tengger people full autonomy to manage their territory with minimal intervention from outside parties.

 

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