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"Evolution has not typically been recognised by linguists as a constraining factor when developing linguistic theories. This book demonstrates that our theories of language must reflect the fact that language has evolved. It critiques a currently dominant framework in the field of linguistics, the Minimalist Program, by showing how it fails to take evolution into account. It approaches the question of the evolution of human language in a novel way by applying findings from the field of evolutionary biology to language. Key properties associated with typically evolving systems are identified in language, and the shortcomings of the Minimalist Program in its outright rejection of these features are exposed. "

"A pioneering new approach to a long-debated topic at the heart of syntax: what are the primitive concepts and operations of syntax? This book argues, appealing in part to the logic of Chomsky's Minimalist Program, that the primitive operations of syntax form relations between words rather than combining words to form constituents. Just three basic relations, definable in terms of inherent selection properties of words, are required in natural language syntax: projection, argument selection, and modification. In the radically simplified account of generative grammar Bowers proposes there are just two interface levels, which interact with our conceptual and sensory systems, and a lexicon from which an infinite number of sentences can be constructed. The theory also provides a natural interpretation of phase theory, enabling a better formulation of many island constraints, as well as providing the basis for a unified approach to ellipsis phenomena"

"This study aims at describing syntactic behavior of congruence and rection in Arabic by examining the syntactic element attached to them. This study also aims at determining types of congruence and rection in Arabic that have not been revealed so far.

Syntactic element that is involved in the process of congruence and rection is the secondary category such as person, number, gender, definiteness, case, mood, and aspect. Both of congruence and rection focused on relation between constituents in one construction. The two term can be distinguished by looking at the category involved.

Congruence focuses on the relation between constituents in one construction that is marked by the appearance of the same category, for example, the category of person, number, and gender play an important role in the relation between a subject and its verbal predicate, while rection focuses on relation that is marked by the appearance of a certain category resulted from the relation between one constituent and another constituent, for example, accusative case in the objective function is a result of relation between an object and its predicate.

This study concludes that in Arabic, congruence and rection can be found at the clause and phrase level."