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"Terjemahan beranotasi terdiri dari terjemahan dan anotasi (catatan). Anotasi diberikan sebagai bentuk pertanggungjawaban penerjemah atas pemilihan padanan dari unsur tertentu yang menimbulkan masalah penerjemahan. Metode penerjemahan yang digunakan adalah metode penerjemahan semantis. Adapun masalah yang kerap kali muncul dalam penerjemahan sastra berkaitan dengan perbedaan budaya. Guna memecahkan masalah itu, saya menerapkan sejumlah prosedur penerjemahan. Kemudian, anotasi saya berikan pada tataran kata, frasa, dan kalimat, dengan berbekal penelusuran dokumen dan pengacuan pada kamus, serta hasil diskusi dengan narasumber dan hasil survei pembaca dalam skala kecil.

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An annotated translation consists of translation and annotations. The annotations are given as the translator's reasoning for choosing the equivalents of certain elements causing translation problems. The translation method applied is the semantic translation method. The problems that often emerge in literary translations are related to cultural differences. In order to solve the problems, I applied several translation procedures. Afterwards, I made annotations at the levels of words, phrases, and sentences, by referring to various websites and dictionaries, along with the results of discussion with an informant and a smallscale survey."

"Apposition in contemporary English is the first full-length treatment of apposition. Derived from the Survey of English Usage Corpus of Written British English, the Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-day American English, and the London-Lund Corpus of Spoken British English, it provides detailed discussion of the linguistic characteristics of apposition and of its usage in various kinds of speech and writing. These include press reportage, fiction, learned writing and spontaneous conversation. Charles Meyer demonstrates the inadequacies of previous studies and argues that apposition is a grammatical relation (like complementation and modification) realized by constructions having particular syntactic, semantic and pragmatic characteristics, of which certain are dominant. Thus, syntactically, apposition is most frequently a relation between two juxtaposed noun phrases having a syntactic function (such as a direct object) promoting end-weight. Semantically, it is typically a relation between two referentially related units, the second of which adds specificity to the interpretation of the first. Pragmatically, different kinds of apposition have different communicative functions."

"Are you looking for a genuine introduction to the linguistics of English that provides a broad overview of the subject, that sustains students’ interest and avoids excessive detail? Introducing English Linguistics accomplishes this goal in two ways. First, unlike traditional texts, it takes a top-down approach to language, beginning with the largest unit of linguistic structure, the text, and working its way down through successively smaller structures (sentences, words, and finally speech sounds). The advantage of presenting language this way is that students are first given the larger picture. they study language in context, and then as the class progresses, they see how the smaller pieces of language are really a consequence of the larger goals of linguistic communication. Second, Introducing English Linguistics does not contain invented examples, as is the case with most comparable texts, but instead takes its sample materials from the major computerized databases of spoken and written English, giving students a more realistic view of language."

"Translation is the activity of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. Transferring is done by going from the form of the source language into the form of the target language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is being transferred and must held constant, but it is the form which is changed.One of the translation activities is to translate the modal expressions of English into Indonesian. The meaning which is carried in the modal expressions of English is transferred into Indonesian. The meaning should be constant. The form may change.Analyzing translation concentrates on the textual equivalent and formal correspondence. If the translation is not equivalent and does not correspond formally and is equivalent but does not correspond formally, there will be shifts. Shifts are the result of translation procedures: transposition and modulation. Transposition will make grammatical shifts such as unit, word-class, structure and intra-system, and modulation will make semantic shills such as point of view and scope of meaning.Modality is the speaker's attitude toward the proposition of his utterance and the event of proposition which is ex-pressed in lexical forms such as words, phrases, or clauses. One of the modalities is epistemic which consists of epistemic possibility and epistemic necessity. Epistemic possibility is expressed in lexical forms such as may, can, perhaps, maybe, it is possible that (English), and mungkin, barangkali, bisa-jadi(Indonesian). Epistemic necessity is expressed in lexical forms such must, should, it is necessary that (English), and harus, mesti, tentu saja, saya yakin (Indonesian). Deontic is another modality. It contains of obligation and permission. Obligation is expressed in lexical forms such as must, should (English), and wajib, mesti, jangan (Indonesian). Permission is expressed in lexical forms such as might, can, could (English), and boleh, dapat, bisa (Indonesian). The other modality is dynamic, that is ability. It is expressed in lexical forms such as can, could, be able to, be capable of (Englsih), and bisa, dapat, ma?npu, sanggup (indonesian).In translation of English modal expressions which are in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua darn Laut, there are some problems. The ones that are found are the differences of unit and word-class of modal expressions, and subcategory of modality. The differences of unit and word-classes will make grammatical shifts unit and word-class shifts, and those of subcategory will make semantic shifts: shifts of point of view and shifts of scope of meaning.The differences of unit between source text and target text cause unit shifts. For example, can as word is translated into boleh jadi as phrase. In other case, the unit differences will also cause semantic shifts : shift of scope of meaning and shift of point of view. Can mean 'bisa' whose scope of meaning is broader than masih bisa because bisa is emphasized by masih. Must which means 'kepastian' is translated into akan masih which means 'Keteramalan'. Kepastian and keteramalan have different point of view. The shifts which occur in translation The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut can be caused by the different systems of English and Indonesian or by the translator. From the number of shifts which are found, especially those which are caused by translator can be concluded that the translation of modal expressions in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut is not good enough."