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"Kakao adalah komoditi yang sangat penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Kesuksesan perluasan area kebun kakao dan peningkatan produk dalam dua decade telah meningkatkan pangsa pasar Indonesia di dunia. Tujuan tesis ini adalah untuk menganalisa faktor-faktor yang mempngaruhi ekspor biii kakao Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dalam periodc 1976-2006. Tesis ini mengunakan model persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari dua persamaan, yaitu penawaran dan permintaan ekspor bUi kakao Indonesia. Hasil estimasi model persamaan simultan secara umum mempunyai tanda dan koeiisien yang sesuai dengan teori ekonomi dan penelitian terdahulu.Hasil estimasi model penawaran ekspor biji kakao Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa dua variable penjelas yaitu produksi biii kakao dan ekspor biii kakao tahun sebelumnya secara statistik signifikan pada 5 persen tingkat keyakinan. Disisi lain dua variable tidak signilikan berdasarkan kriteria statistik yaitu harga relative dari harga ekspor dengan harga domestic dan dummy penahanan otomatis. Hasil estimasi model permintaan ekspor biii kakao Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa dua variabel penjelas yaitu Pmduk Domestic Bruto Amerika Serikat dan harga ekspor tahun sebelumnya signilikan pada level 5 pereen. Di lain pihak dua variabel tidak signifikan berdasarkan criteria statistic, yaitu harga relative dari harga ekspor biji kakao Indonesia dengan harga ekspor Pantai Gading serta variabel volume ekspor Pantai Gading ke Amerika Serikat

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Cocoa is a commodity which plays a very important role in Indonesian economy. The successful cocoa area expansion and product increase in two decades have improved Indonesian cocoa market share in the world. The objective of this thesis is to analyze determinant factors which influence Indonesia?s cocoa beans export to the United States of America in the period ot' 1976-2006. This thesis uses simultaneous equation model which consists of two equations, they are supply and demand for export of lndonesia?s cocoa beans.

The result of simultaneous equation model estimation in general has the magnitude and eoeliicient which are suitable with economic theory and previous research. The result of the supply of export for Indonesia?s cocoa beans model estimation shows that two explanatory variables that are cocoa beans production and cocoa beans export on lagged one year are statistically significant at 5 per cent level of confidence. On the other hand two variables are not significant based on statistical criteria; they are relative price of export price with domwtic price and dummy automatic detention. The result of the demand for export estimation for lndonesia?s cocoa bears model shows that two explanatory variabl namely Gross Domestic Product of USA and export price of cocoa beans on one year lag are statistically signilicant at 5 per cent level of confidence. On the contrary two variables are not significant based on statistical criteria; they are relative price of Indonesia?s export price with lvory Coast?s export price and export volume of Ivory Coast to USA."

"[ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan salah satu produsen terbesar komoditas kakao biji di dunia.Hal ini menandakan bahwa kakao biji merupakan salah satu komoditas terpentingbagi Indonesia. Karenanya, pemerintah perlu menjaga stabilitas produksi darikomoditas terserbut. Selanjutnya, peran penting dari komoditas kakao biji ditandaidengan besarnya share ekspor dari komoditas tersebut terhadap total ekspor sektorpertanian Indonesia dan juga peran penting dari komoditas kakao biji terhadapmata pencaharian utama petani kecil di pedesaan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji determinan dari produksi komoditas kakaobiji Indonesia. Secara lebih khusus, penelitian ini mendiskusikan bagaimanafaktor-faktor agronomis, karakteristik petani, dan proses rantai nilai dapatmempengaruhi produksi kakao biji di Indonesia yang dijelaskan melalui metodekualitatif. Selain itu, penilitian ini juga menguji bagaimana pengaruh dari hargaprodusen dan perubahannya, harga dunia, curah hujan, dan inflasi terhadapproduksi komoditas kakao biji Indonesia dengan menggunakan model randomeffect.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor agronomis dapatmempengaruhi produksi kakao biji melalui tingkat curah hujan dan tingkatkelembaban yang memngaruhi pohon kakao. Selanjutnya, karakteristik petani,seperti motif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehar-hari, dapat memengaruhikeputusan petani dalam membudidayakan komoditas kakao biji. Proses rantai nilaimenjelaskan bahwa harga produsen secara langsung mempengaruhi kapasitasproduksi domestic, sedangkan harga internasional secara tidak langsungmempengaruhi kapasitas produksi. Sementara itu, model random effectmenunjukkan bahwa harga produsen, perubahan harga produsen, harga dunia, daninflasi secara signifikan memberikan pengaruh terhadap produksi kakao bijidomestik.

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ABSTRACTCurrently, Indonesia has become one of the major producers of cocoa bean in theworld. Then, it makes cocoa bean as one of the important commodities forIndonesia. Since the crop has become one of the important commodities forIndonesian economy, the government needs to maintain the stability of cocoabean production. The important role of cocoa bean can be shown by the share ofcocoa bean export on Indonesian agricultural export and the livelihood ofsmallholder farmers.This research aims to examine the determinants of Indonesian cocoa beanproduction. Particularly, this research discusses how the agronomics factors,farmers? characteristics, and value chain process can affect the cocoa beanproduction in Indonesia. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss these factors.Furthermore, this research also examines the affect of producer price, change inproducer price, world price, rainfall, and inflation on the cocoa bean production.Random effect model is used to examine the affect of those variables.The result reveals that agronomics factors can affect the production through theimpact of rainfall and humidity on cocoa tree. The farmers? characteristics, i.e. themotive to survive can affect the decision of farmers in cultivating cocoa bean. Thevalue chain process can explain that producer price of cocoa bean can directlyaffect the domestic production, whereas the world price indirectly affects thedomestic production. Meanwhile, the random effect model reveals that change inprice of cocoa bean, producer price of cocoa bean, the world price, and inflationsignificantly affect the domestic production.;Currently, Indonesia has become one of the major producers of cocoa bean in theworld. Then, it makes cocoa bean as one of the important commodities forIndonesia. Since the crop has become one of the important commodities forIndonesian economy, the government needs to maintain the stability of cocoabean production. The important role of cocoa bean can be shown by the share ofcocoa bean export on Indonesian agricultural export and the livelihood ofsmallholder farmers.This research aims to examine the determinants of Indonesian cocoa beanproduction. Particularly, this research discusses how the agronomics factors,farmers’ characteristics, and value chain process can affect the cocoa beanproduction in Indonesia. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss these factors.Furthermore, this research also examines the affect of producer price, change inproducer price, world price, rainfall, and inflation on the cocoa bean production.Random effect model is used to examine the affect of those variables.The result reveals that agronomics factors can affect the production through theimpact of rainfall and humidity on cocoa tree. The farmers’ characteristics, i.e. themotive to survive can affect the decision of farmers in cultivating cocoa bean. Thevalue chain process can explain that producer price of cocoa bean can directlyaffect the domestic production, whereas the world price indirectly affects thedomestic production. Meanwhile, the random effect model reveals that change inprice of cocoa bean, producer price of cocoa bean, the world price, and inflationsignificantly affect the domestic production., Currently, Indonesia has become one of the major producers of cocoa bean in theworld. Then, it makes cocoa bean as one of the important commodities forIndonesia. Since the crop has become one of the important commodities forIndonesian economy, the government needs to maintain the stability of cocoabean production. The important role of cocoa bean can be shown by the share ofcocoa bean export on Indonesian agricultural export and the livelihood ofsmallholder farmers.This research aims to examine the determinants of Indonesian cocoa beanproduction. Particularly, this research discusses how the agronomics factors,farmers’ characteristics, and value chain process can affect the cocoa beanproduction in Indonesia. Qualitative analysis is used to discuss these factors.Furthermore, this research also examines the affect of producer price, change inproducer price, world price, rainfall, and inflation on the cocoa bean production.Random effect model is used to examine the affect of those variables.The result reveals that agronomics factors can affect the production through theimpact of rainfall and humidity on cocoa tree. The farmers’ characteristics, i.e. themotive to survive can affect the decision of farmers in cultivating cocoa bean. Thevalue chain process can explain that producer price of cocoa bean can directlyaffect the domestic production, whereas the world price indirectly affects thedomestic production. Meanwhile, the random effect model reveals that change inprice of cocoa bean, producer price of cocoa bean, the world price, and inflationsignificantly affect the domestic production.]"

"Kadar air biji kakao kering dan kelembaban udara tempat penyimpanan merupakan faktor yang penting dalam penyimpanan bahan pertanian. Masalah teknis yang dihadapi dalam penyimpanan biji kakao kering adalah menjaga kelembaban udara dalam ruang penyimpanan sehingga organisme dan hama tidak merusak biji kakao. Kondisi udara di daerah tropika yang lembab menyebabkan komoditas kakao mudah mengalami kerusakan saat disimpan. Makalah ini mengulas kadar air biji kakao kering hasil perkebunan rakyat, persyaratan penyimpanan biji kakao kering, isotermis sorpsi lembab (ISL) dan berbagai cara penyimpanan biji kakao kering."

"Cocoa butter substitute (CBS) merupakan pengganti lemak kakao. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memformulasi cokelat dark dan cokelat white berbahan CBS. Formulasi cokelat dark dilakukan dengan memvariasikan CBS (25, 30, 35, 40%), gula (39,8; 44,8; 49,8; 54,8%) dan kakao bubuk (10, 20, 30, 40%). Formulasi cokelat white dilakukan dengan memvariasikan CBS (25, 30, 35, 40%), gula (29,8; 34,8; 39,8; 44,8%) dan susu (20, 25, 30, 35%). Cokelat dianalisa kadar air, kadar lemak, titik leleh, komposisi asam lemak, kandungan lemak padat dan uji organoleptik. Kadar air dan titik leleh lemak tidak berbeda nyata pada setiap formula cokelat dark, hal yang sama pada cokelat white. Kadar lemak pada cokelat meningkat seiring peningkatan jumlah CBS dan susu. Semakin banyak CBS meningkatkan asam laurat dan miristat sedangkan asam palmitat, stearat dan oleat menurun. Perbedaan komposisi asam lemak menyebabkan kandungan lemak padat juga berbeda. Formula terbaik pembuatan cokelat dark adalah CBS 40 %, gula 29,8 %, dan kakao bubuk 30 %, sedangkan cokelat white adalah CBS 35%, gula 34,8 %, dan susu 30%. Pada formula-formula tersebut, cokelat disukai oleh panelis."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan produsen biji kakao ketiga terbesar di dunia . Namun kinerja industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia masih rendah sehingga nilai tambah yang tercipta belum optimal. Pengoptimalan nilai tambah dapat dilakukan dengan mengenali faktor-faktor yang menjadi determinannya. Periode pengamatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ingin melihat dampak dari krisis ekonomi 1998. Metode regresi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ordinary least square (OLS). Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengunaan mesin, tenaga kerja merupakan determinan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Sedangkan untuk kapasitas utilisasi, dummy lokasi dan dummy krisis ternyata tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai tambah. Dalam menganalisis, tujuan penelitian ini dicapai dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is the third largest producer of the cocoa seed in the world. But the work ethic in the cocoa processing industry in Indonesia is still not up to par hence there is no value added created. The addition of value can be done by learning about the factors that are its determinants. The time period that is used in this research wants to know about the effect of the economic crisis in 1998. The regression method that is used in this research is the ordinary least square (OLS). From the research it is concluded that machine usage, and labor were the determinant of the kokoa processing industry. As for capacity utilization, dummy location, and dummy crisis were not affecting the addition of value. The purpose of this research was done by qualitative and quantitative methods to complete the analysis."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang faktor-faktor yangdapat menghambat perkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia.Penelitian ini, khususnya, ditujukan untuk menganalisa perkembangan industripengolahan kakao di Indonesia setelah penerapan bea keluar terhadap ekspor bijikakao (bahan baku bagi produk-produk olahan kakao); bagaimana respon dariindustri tersebut dan bagaimana distribusi harga diantara para pelaku dalam rantainilai kakao-coklat di Indonesia.Pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif digunakan dalam analisa penelitian ini.Analisa kualitatif digunakan untuk melihat secara deskriptif pola ekspor kakaoIndonesia, sebagai gambaran dari perkembangan industri pengolahan kakaoIndonesia. Selain itu, metode kualitatif juga digunakan untuk menganalisa rantainilai dari Kakao-Coklat di Indonesia. Analisa deskriptif juga dilakukan terhadaptrend harga biji kakao untuk melihat pembagian harga dan resiko antar pelakudalam rantai nilai kakao Indonesia akibat penerapan bea keluar ekspor biji kakaodan perubahan harga dunia biji kakao. Analisa kuantitatif dilakukan untuk melihatapakah penerapan bea keluar tersebut mempengaruhi perkembangan industripengolahan kakao Indonesia, melalui penawaran ekspor dari produk-produkolahan kakao Indonesia.Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa pasokan biji kakao yang tidak cukup untukpasar domestik, hambatan berupa bea masuk oleh negara-negara EU, danpermasalahan transportasi adalah permasalahan utama yang dapat menghambatperkembangan industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia. Dapat disimpulkan jugabahwa penerapan bea keluar untuk ekspor biji kakao adalah regulasi yang sangatefektif untuk menurunkan ketergantungan terhadap ekspor bahan baku padaekspor produk kakao Indonesia dan mendorong pengolahan domestik kakaodengan peningkatan ekspor produk-produk olahan kakao. Selain itu, penerapanbea keluar dan fluktuasi harga dunia untuk biji kakao dipandang menguntungkanpemerintah dan industri pengolahan kakao, tapi menyebabkan kerugian bagieksporter biji kakao dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap petani. Namun, suatumekanisme penetapan harga yang lebih baik antara petani dan industri sertaefektifitas dari keberadaan asosiasi atau organisasi petani dapat menjadi solusiuntuk membuat petani memperoleh keuntungan dari penerapan bea keluartersebut

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ABSTRACTThis paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition.;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer?s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition;This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer’s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition, This paper aims to answer a question regarding factors that can hinder thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industry. Specifically, the paper isintended to analyze the development of cocoa processing industries in Indonesiadue to the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans (raw material for cocoaprocessing products); how they respond and how the price distribution amongstakeholders.Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in the analysis of this paper. Thequalitative analysis is used to see descriptively the pattern of the Indonesian cocoaexports, as the picture of the development of Indonesian cocoa processingindustry, and analyze the Indonesian cocoa-chocolate value chain, specifically theprocessing of cocoa in domestic market. Descriptive analysis is also done for thetrend of cocoa beans price to see the share of price and risk between stakeholdersin Indonesian cocoa value chain due to the imposition of export tax on cocoabeans and the changes in the world price of cocoa beans. Quantitative analysis isdone to see whether the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans affects thedevelopment of Indonesian cocoa processing industries, through export supply ofthe Indonesian cocoa products.Result of the analysis shows that insufficient supply of cocoa beans for domesticmarket, barriers in the form of import duty by the EU countries, and transportationproblems are the major problems that could hinder the development of Indonesiancocoa processing industry. The analysis also concludes that the introduction ofexport tax on cocoa beans is an effective regulation to decrease the dependence onthe export of raw material of cocoa exports and encourage the domesticprocessing of cocoa beans by increase the export of cocoa processing products. Inaddition, the imposition of the tax and fluctuation on the world price of cocoabeans is evaluated to be benefited for the government and the processors, butcauses loss on the exporters of cocoa beans and gives no effect to the farmers.However, a better price mechanism between the farmers and the processors andthe presence of an effective farmer’s association or organization could be asolution to make the farmers gain benefit of the export tax imposition]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia terhadap ekspor produk kakao olahan dari Indonesia dan Malaysia di jangka panjang. Variabel penelitian yang digunakan adalah volume ekspor produk kakao olahan di Indonesia dan Malaysia, harga biji kakao Indonesia, harga biji kakao internasional, harga rata-rata ekspor kakao olahan di 5 negara kompetitor Indonesia dan Malaysia, volume impor kakao olahan di dunia dan dummy penerapan tarif bea keluar biji kakao Indonesia. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian maka digunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) dan menggunakan bound testing cointegration untuk melihat hubungan kointegrasi dari variabel-variabel yang diteliti. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap meningkatnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia di jangka panjang. Sedangkan bagi Malaysia, pengenaan tarif bea keluar biji kakao di Indonesia, berpengaruh tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap menurunnya volume ekspor kakao olahan Malaysia di jangka panjang.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of Indonesian cocoa beans export tax policy on Indonesia and Malaysia processed cocoa exports in the long term. The research variables are export volume of processed cocoa products in Indonesia and Malaysia, Indonesia price of cocoa beans, world price of cocoa beans, average price of exports of processed cocoa in 5 Indonesia and Malaysia competitor countries, import volume of cocoa in the world and the dummy tariff Export duty of Indonesian cocoa beans. To answer the research objectives method is used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL To answer the research objective, we use Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and using bound testing cointegration for testing the cointegration relationship between the research variables. The results show that in the long run, that the imposition of tariff on cocoa beans in Indonesia has a significant effect on the increase of export volume  of Indonesia processed cocoa but for Malaysia, the imposition of tariffs out of cocoa beans in Indonesia, no significant effect on the declining vol of Malaysias exports of processed cocoa."

"Implementasi kebijakan pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas penyerahan kakao berpengaruh terhadap keberlangsungan operasional industri kakao. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post positivist, jenis penelitian deskriptif, dengan tujuan menganalisis proses dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi. Hasil penelitian dari ketiga faktor menunjukan bahwa implementasi kebijakan pengenaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai atas penyerahan kakao memiliki beberapa permasalahan yaitu luasnya wilayah indonesia, kurangnya sumber daya manusia, dan mengganggu ekonomi industri. Selain itu, dalam proses implementasi memunculkan output kebijakan baru, kepatuhan Pengusaha Kena Pajak menimbulkan penerimaan pajak, dan terganggunya cashflow industri kakao.

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The implementation of Value Added Tax policy for the supplies of cocoa gives impact to the operational activities in that current industry. This research conducted by post positivist approach with descriptive purpose, it is to analyze the implementation process and factors that influance the implementation. The result of this are among the three factors shows the policy impelementation has some problems, there are the wide of area, lack of human resource, and distract economy condition of the industry. Besides, in implementation process issued new policy output, voluntary compliance of taxable person increases tax revenue and disruption of the cocoa industry's cash flow."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat kemampuan bertahan perusahaan pada industri pengolahan kakao Indonesia pada periode 2002-2006, yang merupakan periode dimana kebijakan PPN diterapkan terhadap komoditas kakao. Kebijakan ini diduga merupakan penyebab dari banyaknya perusahaan pengolahan kakao mati, padahal Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kakao terbesar ketiga di dunia. Selain itu penelitian ini juga melihat faktor lain yang mempengaruhi probabilita perusahaan bertahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Survival Model, penulis menggunakan analisa jangka waktu pendek dan panjang dalam kurun waktu 2002-2006 untuk melihat konsistensi model dalam periode waktu yang berbeda. Penelitian ini secara umum sejalan dengan temuan Evans (1987), dan mendukung hipotesa bahwa PPN berpengaruh terhadap banyaknya perusahaan pengolahan kakao yang mati.

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The focus of this study is to observe firm survival in Indonesian cocoa processing industry in 2002-2006, which is the period when tax policy imposed to cocoa commodities. It is hypothesized that the policy lead to the extinct of the cocoa?s processing firm while the fact Indonesia is the 3rd biggest cocoa producing country of the world. Moreover this research is also focusing on the other factors that have impacts on the probability of firm?s survival. This research is using a survival model, the author is using short run period and long run period in 2002-2006 to support model consistency in different time period. Generally, the research agrees Evans (1987) findings and supports the hypothesis that tax policy has impacts on the extinction of numerous cocoa processing firms."

"Dewasa ini telah banyak dilaporkan penelitian tentang pengujian bahan lignoselulosa sebagai sorben penyerap minyak serta modifikasinya untuk meningkatkan kapasitas penyerapannya terhadap minyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari pengaruh perlakuan pendahuluan pada coir kelapa (Cocos nucifera) terhadap kapasitas penyerapan minyak. Perlakuan pendahuluan yang dilakukan adalah perlakuan ektraksi pelarut, perlakuan ekstraksi air, perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu 150 oC dan perlakuan asetilasi.Berdasarkan hasil pengujian menggunakan FTIR, perlakuan ekstraksi pelarut, perlakuan ekstraksi air dan perlakuan pemanasan pada suhu 150 oC selama 17 menit tidak menunjukkan perubahan pada struktur kimia lignoselulosa coir kelapa. Keberhasilan reaksi asetilasi dibuktikan dengan munculnya pita serapan dari vibrasi ulur ikatan C=O ester pada 1753,29 cm-1, vibrasi ulur ikatan ?CO? pada 1224,80 cm-1, dan vibrasi tekuk ikatan CH3 pada 1369,46 cm-1.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan ekstraksi pelarut atau ekstraksi air pada coir kelapa dapat meningkatkan kapasitas penyerapan minyak, sedangkan perlakuan pemanasan pada 150 oC selama 17 menit menurunkan kecenderungan penyerapan sorben terhadap air. Dengan demikian, sorben dengan perlakuan ekstraksi pelarut atau ekstraksi air dapat diaplikasikan secara langsung pada sistem minyak saja, sedangkan pada sistem minyak ? air, diperlukan perlakuan tambahan (pemanasan)."