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"Kerugian aliran di dalam pipa terjadi akibat pergesekan antara lapisan fluida yang mempunyai kecepatan rendah dengan lapisan kecepatan yang lebih tinggi (distribusi kecepatan). Aliran tegak lurus sumbu (secondary flow) yang terjadi akan menambah kerugian tekanan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuktikan efek secondary flow yang terjadi pada aliran dalam pipa bulat dan pipa kotak dengan diameter yang sama. Dua buah model propeller bebas yang sama dan identik diletakkan masingmasing pada pipa hisap dan pipa tekan ( keluar). Variasi putaran pompa di ikuti perubahan putaran propeller . Fluida yang di gunakan adalah fluida air murni dengan temperature konstan 27°C. Putaran propeller terjadi akibat aliran yang sejajar sumbu propeller dan secondary flow. Hasil pada putaran propeller pada pipa kotak lebih kecil di bandingkan pada pipa bulat. Secondary flow yang terjadi secara natural pada pipa kotak membuat vortex pada sudut-sudut penampang kotak menahan aliran secondary flow pada sekeliling pipa.

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Pressure drop in pipe flow is caused by friction between the faster fluid velocity layer and slower velocity layer (velocity distribution). Occurred flow perpendicular to the axis of main flow (secondary flow) will contribute to pressure loss.

The objective of this experiment is to prove secondary flow effect which occurred on main flow of circular and rectangular pipe with the same diameter size. Two identical freely rotating propellers were arranged on (inlet) suction pipe and (outlet) exhaust pipe. Variation of pump rotation speed is followed by changes of propeller velocity. Used Fluid is tap water with the constant temperature 27°C.

Propeller rotation is caused by main flow parallel to propeller axis and secondary flow. The angular velocity of propeller in the rectangular pipe flow is less than in the circular pipe flow. Naturally occurred secondary flow in the rectangular pipe create vortex on the edge of rectangular cross section which hold the secondary flow the pipe boundary. "

"Turunan formula Navier-Stokes dipakai untuk menghitung kerugian tekanan aliran dalam pipa. Panjang pipa, diameter pipa, kecepaan fluida, kekasaran permukaan dan koefisien gesek yang mempengaruhi nilai kerugian tekanan. Formula tersebut tidak berlaku pada belokan/cabang pipa, setelah katup, adanya perubahan diameter (unsteady flow), adanya getaran, dll. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat pengaruh panjang aliran hidrodinamik pada pipa masuk (inlet) terhadap nilai kerugian tekanan aliran dalam pipa dan membuktikan keterbatasan penggunaan formula Navier-Stokes. Eksperimen ini menggunakan pipa acrylic berdiameter 12 mm. Variasi panjang pipa masuk terhadap titik pengukur tekanan (pressure tap) yaitu dengan menggeser pipa kecil masuk kedalam pipa uji hingga keadaan fluida mencapai kondisi berkembang penuh. Pada pipa uji dipasang 4 buah pressure tap dengan jarak masing-masing tap 250 mm. Air murni sebagai fluida uji. Debit yang keluar diukur dengan gelas ukur pada periode waktu untuk mendapatkan nilai bilangan Reynolds. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik panjang aliran berkembang penuh untuk aliran laminer adalah rasio L/D = ± 0,05*Re dan pada aliran turbulen yaitu L/D = ± 4,4*Re1/6.

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Differential Navier-stokes formula is used to calculate a pressure loss in a pipe. Pressure loss in pipe influenced by the pipe length, the pipe diameter, the fluid velocity, surface roughness of pipe and friction coefficient. This formula could not be applied to the turning or branch of the pipe, after the valve, pipe in which its diameter has changed (unsteady flow), shock or vibration occurs, etc. The goal of this study is to measure the influence of inlet pipe length to the value of pressure loss in pipe and to proved the limitation in order to use the Navier-Stokes formula. This experiment used acrylic pipe with 12 mm diameter. Variation of inlet pipe length to first pressure tap are 50D, 70D, 100D and 130D. Variation the length of inlet pipe is arranged by put the inlet pipe into the test pipe. On the test pipe are used four pressure taps with 25 cm distance. Displacement the inlet pipe into first pressure tap will be effected to the value of pressure in the manometer.Water as a test fluid. Debit or rate of the flow is measured in period of time to get Reynolds number. The results had showed that the characteristic of fully developed flow lenght for the laminar flow is shown by L/D ratio = 0.05*Re and in turbulent flow L/D ratio = 4.4*Re1/6"

"Silica sand slurry is a multiphase flow that consists of liquid and particle solids. Slurry flow characteristics are affected by particle size, particle distribution, particle concentrate, pipe geometry, flow regime, and viscosity factors. Spiral pipe is one of the solutions to increase drag reduction at a certain velocity and Reynolds number (Re). The aim of this experiment is to figure out the influence of using spiral pipe in increasing drag reduction of silica sand slurry flow. The pipeline used is spiral pipe with a helicial tape with two ratios of pitch per diameter (p/D), i.e. = 4 and 7. The test loop is set up as 3,500 mm (3.5 meters) in length. The size of the particle is 1 mm in diameter. The mean density of the silica sand particles is 2,300 kg/m3. The velocities are set between 1m/second and 5m/second. The percentage of volumetric concentration of solids in slurry (Cw) varies between 20%, 30%, and 50% in weight. Particle concentration, the Reynolds number and ratio of pitch and diameter give significant impact to the drag reduction. At a ratio of pitch/diameter (p/Di) = 7, at a Reynolds number (Re) of 30,000 and at Cw 50% can increase drag reduction to about 33%."

"ABSTRAKRelative Humidity adalah salah satu aspek penting yang harus dikontrol pada system pengkondisian udara.Namun, Penggunaan energy reheat untuk mengontrol Humidity pada system pengkondisian udara secara konvensional memerlukan energy tambahan yang tidak sedikit . Untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, dilakukan penelitian heat pipe pada aplikasi pengkondisian udara yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Pendingin, Departmen Teknik Mesin FTUI. Pada studi ini beberapa aspek yang dikaji adalah besar performance heat pipe dalam meningkatkan Penurunan Humidity, Besar energy untuk Reheat dari Heat pipe, Penurunan Humidity ratio, dan total penghematan energy pengkondisian udara dengan memvariasikan mass flow rate udara dan orientasi heat pipe. Dari studi yang telah dilakukan, Heat pipe dapat berperan meningkatkan pernurunan kelembaban system pengkondisian udara secara konvensional dan Mengurangi energy untuk reheating. Penggunaan Heat pipe dapat meningkatkan penurunan humidity hingga maksimal 6.405% dan minimal 3.12% pada keseluruhan variable pengujian. Penggunaan Heat pipe dapat menghemat energy untuk reheating hingga maksimum 18.2% dan minimum 8.77% pada keseluruhan variable uji. Mass flow rate udara mempengaruhi performance heat pipe dalam precooling dan reheating. Peningkatan mass flow rate meningkatkan preheating dan precooling heat pipe namun disisi lain daya untuk kipas juga meningkat.Performance heat pipe dengan orientasi heat pipe vertical dan evaporator dibawah lebih baik bila dibandingkan dengan orientasi heat pipe horizontal hal ini disebabkan karena laju aliran working fluida dari condenser heat pipe ke evaporator meningkat karena pengaruh gravitasi.

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ABSTRACTRelative Humidity is important aspect that must be controlled in Air Conditioning.however. air conditioning system, must have additional energy reheat to control Humidity in the air conditioning.To improve efficiency, conducted research on the application of heat pipe in air conditioning is performed at the Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Indonesia.In the present study examined several aspect of the performance heat pipe to increasing humidification, energy to reheat form heat pipe and total air conditioning saving energy by varying the air mass flow rate and heat pipe orientations. The studies have been done, heat pipe can be enchanment humdification in convetional air conditioning and reduce energy for reheating.Using heat pipe in conventional air conditioning system can improve humidification minimum at 3.12 % and maximum at 6.405% in the overall test variable. the use of heat pipe can save energy for reheating up to maximum 18.2% and minimum 8.77% on the overall test variable. Air mass flow rate affect the performance of heat pipe in the precooling and reheating. Increase in air mass flow rate increase precooling and reheating heat pipe but on the other hand power of fan also increase. Performance of heat pipe with vertical orientation where evaporator of heat pipe in bottom is more better when compared to the horizontal orientation. this is because the flow rate of working fluid from the condenser of heat pipe to evaporator of heat pipe is increasing by gravity."

"Setiap material pipa memilikki ciri khas unik yang berbeda satu sama lain. Kekasaran permukaan merupakan salah satu dari sifat spesial yang berbeda di setiap bahan pipa. Kekasaran permukaan telah dikenal luas memilikki efek dominan terhadap aliran fluida, terutama aliran dengan nilai jatuh tekan yang tinggi seperti pada aliran minyak sawit mentah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek tersebut pada pipa spiral pentagon untuk mengoptimalkan konsumsi energi dalam transportasi minyak sawit. Dalam penelitian ini, analisis numerik dengan aliran stabil dilakukan dengan menggunakan peranti lunak ANSYS Fluent 19.2. Sebenarnya, analisis numerik dilakukan dengan mensimulasikan aliran melalui pipa spiral pentagon dengan melakukan pendekatan dari persamaan Navier-Stokes. Setelah itu, dilakukan observasi efek dari kekasaran permukaan dan bilangan Reynolds pada pengurangan hambatan menggunakan simulasi. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya kekasaran permukaan dalam pengurangan hambatan sebagai upaya pengurangan konsumsi energi pada transport minyak sawit.

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Every pipe material has unique characteristics that is to say different from others. Surface roughness are counted as one of the specific features in each pipe material. Surface roughness is known to have dominant impacts on a fluid flow, especially flows with high pressure drops such as the flows of crude palm oil (CPO). This study aims at analyzing the impacts observed in a pentagon spiral pipe to optimize energy consumption in CPO transport. In this study, a steady-state numerical analysis is performed in ANSYS-Fluent 19.2 software. Practically, a numerical analysis is conducted by simulating a pentagon spiral pipe using Navier-Stokes equations. Then, the effects of relative roughness and Reynolds number on drag reduction are investigated in the simulation. Looking at results of the simulation, this study highlights the importance of modelling the behavior of surface roughness effects at different temperature levels to discover better drag reduction impacts for improving efficiency in energy consumption for transporting CPO."

"Terdapat tiga macam pipa kalor yang ada saat ini, diantaranya ada pipa kalor konvensional, pipa kalor datar dan pipa kalor melingkar. Pipa kalor melingkar memiliki sistem yang berbeda dari pipa kalor lainnya. Pipa kalor melingkar memiliki pendsitribusian jalur fluida yang terpisah yaitu liquid line dan vapour line. Pada pipa kalor sering kita temukan fenomena dry out yang mana kalor yang masuk terlalu besar. Untuk mengantisipasinya digunakan pompa diafragma untuk mempercepat hasil kondensasi ke evaporator.

Beberapa variasi telah dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya dry out, diantaranya dalah dengan dilakukannya pemvariasian mass flow rate kondensat dan pembebanan input power. Variasi mass flow rate kondensat yang dilakukan adalah 100 ml/min, 150 ml/min, dan 400 ml/min. Dan variasi pembebanan input power dilakukan pada 45 W, 55 W, dan 65 W. Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan fluida kerja aquadest, filling ratio70% dan temperatur set point nyala pompa pada 80oC. Dari pengujian ini didapatkan hasil yang berbeda-beda dengan distribusi temperatur yang berbeda, start-up boling point yang berbeda, serta terjadinya peristiwa dry out pada beberapa variasi percobaan.

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There are three kinds of heat pipe, there are straight heat pipe, vapor chamber, and loop heat pipe. Loop heat pipe has a different system than the others. Loop heat pipe have two line to distribute the working fluid inside the heat pipe, there are Liquid line and vapour line. There was a phenomenon in a heat pipe that made the vapour can?t turn back into liquid because the heat was too high to absorpted. This phenomenon was called Dry-Out. To anticipate it, we used a diaphragm pump to make the condensation faster.

Some variations have been taken to prevent the dry out. Variations of the mass flow rate condensate that have taken are 100 ml/min, 150 ml/min, and 400 ml/min. It also used for the variations of the charging input power. Variations have been taken are 45 W, 55 W, and 65 W. The experiment was carried out with distilled water working fluid, filling ratio70% and the pump temperature set point at 80 ° C. The results of these tests showed different action with different temperature distribution, different start-up boiling point, and also some dry out phenomenons in some variations of the experiment."

"CaCO3 is friendly to both the environment and humans. For this reason, it is suitable to be applied in fluid transportation to enable more efficient flow. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CaCO3 on the flow in a pentagon spiral pipe. The working fluid was circulated into the test pipe with constant pressure by the compressor. The working fluid was produced by mixing pure water with CaCO3 nanoparticles, which have average diameter of 100 nm, in the concentration ratios of 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm. The test pipe was a pentagon spiral pipe with the ratio P/Do 7.1, and a circular pipe with a 4 mm inner diameter was used for comparison. The highest drag reduction (DR) that occurred in the spiral pipe was 35% around Re' 4×104 with nanofluids concentration of 500 ppm, while the highest DR in the circular pipe was of 26% around Re’ 4×104. The results show that increasing the percentage of solid particles affects the properties of the working fluid, such as viscosity, density, pressure drop and DR. The effects of the change in fluid properties were also taken into account. These affect the damping phenomena in the near wall region, which gives friction factor reduction. Another benefit of the spiral pipe is that it prevents the sedimentation of nanoparticles."