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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai wacana rekonsiliasi dalam media dengan memakai kerangka pemikiran kriminologi konstitutif. Penelitian ini melihat pertarungan kekuasaan dalam diskursus anti komunis memegang peran penting untuk menekan upaya rekonsiliasi. Pengkajian terhadap teori kriminologi konstitutif menunjukkan bahwa penormalan terhadap sentimen anti komunisme telah memposisikan korban peristiwa 1965-1966 sebagai pihak yang bersalah. Adanya unsur politik pengetahuan, yang tercermin dalam sejarah nasional dan pemberitaan media, turut mempengaruhi bagaimana opresi terhadap korban bekerja. Pembingkaian wacana rekonsiliasi dari lima media massa yang menjadi subjek penelitian ini menegaskan penggunaan kekuasaan dan pengendalian pengetahuan untuk mempolitisasi sejarah peristiwa 1965-1966. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dilengkapi dengan metode kuantitatif sebagai pendukung argumen. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kemapanan sentimen anti komunis menjadi semacam pengekang bagi proses rekonsiliasi. Pembungkaman usaha-usaha untuk mendobrak kemapanan ini, termasuk upaya rekonsiliasi, merupakan wujud represi terhadap kelompok korban.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis discusses the reconciliation discourse in the media by using constitutive criminology framework. This study saw a power struggle in the anti-communist discourse plays an important role to suppress the reconciliation efforts. Studies on the constitutive theory of criminology shows that the normalization of the anti-communist sentiment has positioned the victims of 1965-1966 as the guilty party. The existence of political elements of knowledge, which is reflected in the national history and the news media, also influence how the oppression of the victims worked. Framing the discourse of reconcilition of the five mass media that is the subject of this study confirms the use of power and control knowledge to politicize historical events of 1965-1966. This study used qualitative methods include quantitative methods as a supporting argument. The results showed that the establishment of anti-communist sentiment turn into a kind of straitjacket for the reconciliation process. Silencing attempts to break this establishment, including the work of reconciliation, is a form of repression against the victim."

"This book canvasses a range of law and policy issues concerning human rights and the environment. Each chapter examines an aspect of the links between environmental law and human rights in substantive and/​or procedural terms, loosely falling into four themes: human rights and the environment in the context of the private sector; analysis of decisions of the European and Inter-American courts in respect of substantive and procedural aspects; human rights and the environment in the Asian region, including the issue of human displacement; and the future direction of human rights and environment law."

"Tindakan upaya paksa yang dilakukan ketika tahap pemeriksaan perkara seringkali disertai dengan kesewenang-wenangan yang mengakibatkan terjadinya pelanggaran HAM. Saat ini upaya hukum yang dapat diajukan oleh pihak yang dirugikan adalah melalui lembaga Praperadilan yang dinilai tidak berjalan secara optimal. RKUHAP mengatur ketentuan terkait lembaga yang berwenang mengawasi jalannya acara pemeriksaan yang diserahkan kepada Hakim Komisaris. Luasnya wewenang yang dimiliki Hakim Komisaris dirasa akan lebih menjamin perlindungan HAM pada tersangka/terdakwa. Namun penggantian lembaga Praperadilan dengan Hakim Komisaris tidak semata akan berjalan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Penelitian ini bermaksud menelaah tiga hal; pertama, pengaturan Hakim Komisaris pada RKUHAP; kedua, peran Hakim Komisaris pada RKUHAP khususnya terkait HAM tersangka/terdakwa; dan ketiga, kendala-kendala yang dapat terjadi dari penerapan Hakim Komisaris. Jenis penelitian ini ialah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan. Jenis data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang didukung dengan data primer berupa wawancara yang diolah serta dianalisis secara deskriptif-kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; pertama, Pengaturan Hakim Komisaris sudah ada dan diatur sejak sebelum Indonesia Merdeka dan kemudian dimasukan kembali pada RKUHAP 1974 hingga 2012; kedua, peran lembaga Hakim Komisaris khususnya terkait perlidungan HAM tersangka/terdakwa dianggap lebih ideal ketimbang Praperadilan karena Hakim Komisaris bersifat aktif dan memiliki wewenang yang lebih luas dan lengkap dalam tahap pra-ajudikasi sehingga berbeda dengan Praperadilan yang hanya bersifat pasif dan represif; dan ketiga, penerapan Hakim Komisaris akan mengalami beberapa kendala berupa kendala normatif (aturan-aturan), kendala kepentingan antar lembaga sistem peradilan pidana, serta kendala geografis yang dimiliki Indonesia.

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Coercive measures taken during the case examination stage are often accompanied by arbitrariness which results in human rights violations. Currently, legal remedies that can be submitted by the aggrieved party are through pretrial institutions which are considered not running optimally. RKUHAP stipulates provisions related to the institution authorized to oversee the proceedings of the examination which is submitted to the Judge Commissioner. It is felt that the breadth of authority possessed by the Commissioner Judge will ensure the protection of human rights for the suspect/defendant. However, the replacement of the Pretrial Institution with the Commissioner Judge will not only run as expected. This research intends to examine three things; first, the setting of the Commissioner Judge in the RKUHAP; second, the role of the Commissioner Judge in the RKUHAP, especially regarding the human rights of the suspect/defendant; and third, the obstacles that can occur from the application of the Commissioner Judge. This type of research is a normative juridical research with a conceptual approach and legislation. The type of data used is secondary data which is supported by primary data in the form of interviews which are processed and analyzed descriptively-qualitatively. The results showed that; first, the arrangement of the Judge Commissioner has existed and was regulated since before Indonesia's independence and was then re-introduced in the 1974 to 2012 RKUHAP; secondly, the role of the Judicial Commissioner, especially regarding the protection of the human rights of suspects/defendants, is considered more ideal than pretrial because the commissioner judge is active and has broader and complete authority in the pre-adjudication stage so that it is different from pretrial which is only passive and repressive; and third, the application of the Judge Commissioner will experience several obstacles in the form of normative constraints (rules), inter-institutional interests of the criminal justice system, as well as geographical constraints that Indonesia has."

"What are human rights? Is there a set of global human rights that every person is entitled to? Should there be? This book takes a look at what human rights are, where they're being violated, and what is being done to enforce them."

"What do equality, dignity and rights mean in a world where eight men own as much wealth as half the world's population? Contesting World Order? Socioeconomic Rights and Global Justice Movements examines how global justice movements have engaged the language of socioeconomic rights to contest global institutional structures and rules responsible for contributing to the persistence of severe poverty. Drawing upon perspectives from critical international relations studies and the activities of global justice movements, this book evaluates the 'counter-hegemonic' potential of socioeconomic rights discourse and its capacity to contribute towards an alternative to the prevailing neo-liberal 'common sense' of global governance."