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"Photovoltaics atau panel surya telah banyak dikembangkan baik dalam bidang keilmuan maupun teknologi terapan. Panel surya memberikan pendekatan baru dalam perancangan bangunan sebagai sumber listrik yang ramah lingkungan. Di Indonesia, penelitian mengenai penggunaan panel surya sebagai teritisan belum pernah dilakukan. Semua penelitian panel surya yang pernah dilakukan mengenai optimasi kinerja panel surya pada atap miring dan kemiringan optimal panel surya pada atap miring dan kemiringan panel surya dengan sistem stand alone. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kinerja panel surya yang optimal sebagai teritisan untuk menekan biaya listrik bangunan.Kinerja yang optimal berarti susunan panel surya yang efektif menghasilkan energi terbesar. Efektivitas panel surya bergantung pada orientasi panel, kemiringan panel, bayangan pada panel, debu pada permukaan panel, dan jarak panel ke inverter. Dimensi bangunan, kondisi sekitar bangunan, dan total area untuk panel surya merupakan data penting yang dimasukkan ke dalam simulasi PVSYST untuk analisis.Engineering center Universitas Indonesia dipilih sebagai studi kasus karena orientasi bangunan utara-selatan, terbebas dari bayangan bangunan sekitar, dan kebutuhan energi listrik di atas 80.000 watt. Bangunan dengan orientasi utara, teritisan tipe horisontal dengan kemiringan panel 25º menghasilkan energi lebih besar daripada orientasi timur, barat, atau selatan, serta teritisan tipe vertikal dengan kemiringan 10º atau 30º.Pengaturan sel surya ada panel tidak ebrgantung pada ruang yang tersedia pada panel itu sendiri. Dengan ukuran 5,75 cm/sel, sel surya bisa digunakan pada semua elemen bangunan, terutama teritisan. Dengan menggunakan simulasi Autocad, panel dimensi 40 cm x 40 cm (36 sel surya) mampu menghasilkan 36% energi dari total kebutuhan energi.36% energi dari total kebutuhan energi berarti engineering center Universitas Indonesia membutuhkan 580 panel surya sebagai teritisan. Pada investasi awal, 580 membutuhkan biaya lebih besar daripada listrik konvensional. Pada tahun 2018, pembayaran listrik konvensional dapat ditekan sebesar 30%.

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Photovoltaics known as solar panel has been well broad in the research activity as well as practical utilization. Installation of the solar panel gives a new approaching to building design as well as it provides clean energy to building. In Indonesia, research about solar panels as sun shading had never been done. All research that have been done are about the optimize performance solar panels in slopped roof and also the optimum tilt for photovoltaics as stand alone system. So that, the main purpose of this research is finding the optimum performance of solar panel as sun shading to reduce building electricity cost.

Optimum performance means the effective solar panels array which produce the most energy. Solar panels effectivity depend on panels, dust on panel's surface, and solar panels distance to inverter. Building dimension, building surrounding condition, and total area for solar panel are significant datas for PVSYST simulation.

Engineering center University of Indonesia was chosen as case study because of the orientation (north and south), free of building shadow and the energy demand more than 80.000 watt. Building with north orientation, horizontal device sun shading with north orientation, and tilt 25º could produce more energy than east, west or south orientation, and also vertical device sun shading with tilt 10º or 30º.

Solar cell arrangement in modul do not depending on the available space of panel itself. Solar cell dimension is 5,75 cm/cell, so that it can be use in all building element, especially sun shading. By using Autocad simulation in solar cell array, solar panel with 36 solar cell in 40 cm x 40 cm solar panel could produce 36% energy of total energy demand.

36% energy of total energy demand mean that engineering center University of Indonesia need 580 solar panels as sunshading. In the beginning investment, 580 solar panel spend more money than conventional electricity (PLN). In the year 2018, conventional electricity payment could be reduce 34% off."

"A House in the Sun describes experiments in solar house heating in American architectural, engineering, political, economic, and corporate contexts from the beginning of World War II until the late 1950s. Solar houses were built across the United States, and also proposed for sites in India, South Africa, and Morocco. These experiments developed parallel to transformations in the discussion of modern architecture, relying on new materials and design ideas for both energy efficiency and claims to cultural relevance. These experiments also developed as part of a wider analysis of the globe as an interconnected geophysical system. Perceived resource limitations in the immediate postwar period led to new understandings of the relationships among energy, technology, and economy. The solar house, both as a charged object in the milieu of suburban expansion, and as a means to raise the standard of living in developing economies, became an important site for social, technological, and design experimentation. A House in the Sun argues that this mid-century solar discourse was one of the first episodes in which resource limitations were seen as an opportunity for design to attain new relevance. Furthermore, discussion of and experimentation in solar technology established both an intellectual framework and a funding structure for the articulation of global environmental concerns in subsequent decades. In presenting evidence of resource tensions at the beginning of the Cold War, the book presents a new perspective on the histories of architecture, technology, and environmentalism, one more fully engaged with geopolitical and geophysical pressures."

"This fully updated Third Edition covers principles of designing buildings that use the sun for heating, wind for cooling, and daylight for natural lighting. Using hundreds of illustrations and companion CD-ROM, this book offers practical strategies that give the designer the tools they need to make energy efficient buildings."

"The planets adalah cerita penjelajahan dan penemuan luar angkasa yang disajikan dengan indah untuk menyingkap rahasia paling dalam dari para tetangga kita di luar angkasa. Pembentukkan dan evolusi pplanet tersingkap bersama dengan sejarah astronomi dan penjelajahan luar angkasanya. Pemahaman kita tentang sistem tata surya telah mengalami perubahan radikal, baik dari sejarah masa lalu maupun yang baru saja terjadi: kita melihat bagaimana teori demi teori telah beranti begitu teknologi dan ilmu pengetahuan menjangkau semakin jauh ke luar angkasa. Rangkaian film ini menangkap keajaban dan kekaguman yang terungkap dalam berbagai planet."

"Penelitian ini didasarkan kebutuhan data intensitas radiasi matahari yang mendorong penggunaan sensor pyranometer yang semakin tinggi. Dalam rangka meningkatkan efisiensi kalibrasi pyranometer, perlu dikembangkan metode kalibrasi yang lebih efisien. Salah satu metode yang mampu memenuhi kebutuhan efektivitas kalibrasi pyranometer adalah Continous Sun Shade Method (CoSSM). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan teknik kalibrasi terbaik sebagai acuan metode kalibrasi pyranometer di Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan di gedung BMKG Kemayoran Jakarta dari tanggal 9 Desember 2022 hingga 5 Februari 2023. Empat unit pyranometer UUT GHI, satu pyrheliometer (DNI), dan satu pyranometer standar dengan pembayang (DHI) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Peneliti mengkombinasikan tiga faktor yaitu perbedaan jeda dengan 30, 60, dan 120 detik, data set dengan 10, 15, dan 20 data, serta data seri dengan 10, 15, dan 20 data. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan tiga tahapan filtrasi menggunakan python dan perhitungan manual. Nilai responsivitas yang dihasilkan kemudian dibandingkan dengan responsivitas kalibrasi di dalam ruangan yang terakreditasi menggunakan Mean Bias Difference . Hasil pengolahan data kalibrasi seharusnya menghasilkan 27 nilai responsivitas, namun hanya 16 teknik yang menghasilkan responsivitas karena kurangnya data akibat filtrasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik dengan jeda 1 menit, 10 data set, dan 20 data seri menghasilkan nilai responsivitas dengan nilai RMSE paling kecil, 0,46. Oleh karena itu, teknik tersebut dapat dijadikan prototipe sistem kalibrasi CoSSM di luar ruangan di Jakarta.

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This research is based on the need for solar radiation intensity data, which has led to an increasing utilization of pyranometer sensors. In order to enhance the efficiency of pyranometer calibration, it is necessary to develop more efficient calibration methods. One of the methods capable of meeting the effectiveness requirements of pyranometer calibration is the Continuous Sun Shade Method (CoSSM). The objective of this study is to identify the best calibration technique as a reference for pyranometer calibration methods in Jakarta. The research was conducted at the BMKG Kemayoran Building in Jakarta from December 9, 2022, to February 5, 2023. Four units of UUT GHI pyranometers, one pyrheliometer (DNI), and one standard pyranometer with shading (DHI) were used in this study. The researcher combined three factors: time interval differences of 30, 60, and 120 seconds, data sets of 10, 15, and 20, and data series of 10, 15, and 20. The obtained data underwent three stages of filtration using Python and manual calculations. The resulting responsiveness values were then compared to the responsiveness of accredited indoor calibration using the Mean Bias Difference method. The calibration data processing was expected to yield 27 responsiveness values, but only 16 techniques produced responsiveness due to data loss caused by filtration. The research results show that the technique with a 1-minute interval, 10 data sets, and 20 data series yields responsivity values with the smallest RMSE value of 0.46. Therefore, this technique can be used as a prototype for the CoSSM outdoor calibration system in Jakarta."