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"ABSTRAKPada pasien sakit kritis, salah satu faktor yang berhubungan dengan angka mortalitas adalah hilangnya protein tubuh, yang digambarkan dengan imbang nitrogen negatif. Imbang nitrogen negatif merupakan akibat penyakit pasien tanpa diimbangi asupan energi dan protein yang adekuat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dilakukan penelitian ini, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara asupan energi dan imbang nitrogen pasien sakit kritis di Intensive Care Unit (ICU) dewasa Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi potong lintang dengan cara mendapatkan sampel consecutive sampling. Kriteria penerimaan adalah pasien ICU dewasa RSUPNCM Jakarta, laki-laki atau perempuan, berusia 20-79 tahun, dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Kriteria penolakan adalah pasien yang mengalami gangguan fungsi ginjal atau gangguan fungsi hati. Kriteria pengeluaran adalah pasien tidak dapat mengikuti penelitian sampai selesai atau data tidak lengkap. Data penelitian meliputi asupan energi dan nitrogen, nitrogen urea urin (NUU), serta imbang nitrogen dalam 24 jam awal perawatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada 30 subyek penelitian terdapat rerata asupan energi 56,3+33,9 % berdasarkan panduan ESPEN. Rerata asupan nitrogen, NUU dan imbang nitrogen masing-masing adalah 3,8+2,7 g, 8,3+4,4 g, dan -8,5+5,5 g. Terdapat korelasi positif kuat bermakna antara asupan energi dan imbang nitrogen, r=0,6, p<0,01. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah semakin kurang asupan energi, maka imbang nitrogen akan semakin negatif.

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ABSTRACTHigh protein loss is an important factor in critically ill patients mortality, that is indicated by negative nitrogen balance. Negative nitrogen balance is the result of urinary urea nitrogen (UUN), caused by the severity of the disease, compared to energy and protein intake. This study had been completed, which aimed to determine the correlation between energy intake and nitrogen balance of critically ill patients in adults Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Ciptomangunkusumo general hospital. The method of this study was a cross sectional with consecutive sampling. Inclusion criteria were patients admitted to ICU, aged 20-79 years, and agreed to join this study. Exclusion criteria were patients with kidney or liver diseases. Drop out criteria were patiens who did not complete the study or have complete data. Data collected were energy and nitrogen intake, UUN, nitrogen balance during first 24 hours. There were 30 patients who participated in this study. Energy intake mean was 56,3+33,9 %, based on ESPEN guideline. Mean of nitrogen intake, UUN, and nitrogen balance were 3,8+2,7 g, 8,3+4,4 g, and -8,5+5,5 g, respectively. The correlation between energy intake and nitrogen balance was significantly strong positive correlated. The conclusion of this study is the lower energy intake, the more negative nitrogen balance."

"Latar Belakang: Katabolisme pascalaparotomi menyebabkan imbang nitrogen negatif dan diduga tidak dapat dicegah dengan pemberian nutrisi. Nutrisi parenteral dapat meningkatkan faktor anabolisme. Belum diketahui apakah proporsi asupan energi dan protein dari jalur parenteral terhadap asupan total berkorelasi dengan imbang nitrogen pasien pascalaparotomi elektif.Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) pada pasien pascalaparotomi elektif yang memperoleh supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) antara 3 hari pertama pascalaparotomi. Pemeriksaan nitrogen urea urin (NUU) dilakukan terhadap pasien dengan asupan ≥ 12 kkal/kg BB pada hari ketiga pascalaparotomi. Pasien dengan gangguan ginjal dan hati tidak disertakan dalam penelitian.Hasil: Rerata imbang nitrogen hari ketiga pascalaparotomi sebesar -2,8 ± 3,8 g/hari, dengan median asupan energi 19 (12–34) g/kg BB dan protein 0,9 (0,4–1,9) g/kg BB. Proporsi asupan energi dari jalur parenteral sebesar 0,51 ± 0,26 dan protein 0,59 ± 0,28. Tidak ditemukan korelasi signifikan pada proporsi asupan energi dan protein dari jalur parenteral terhadap asupan total dengan imbang nitrogen. Korelasi signifikan ditemukan pada variabel total asupan energi (r = 0,697, p <0,001) dan protein (r = 0,808, p <0,001) dengan imbang nitrogen.Kesimpulan: Pemberian SPN dini penting dalam mencapai total asupan energi dan protein untuk mengimbangi kehilangan nitrogen hari ketiga pascalaparotomi elektif di RSCM meskipun korelasi proporsi asupan nutrisi dengan imbang nitrogen belum tampak pada penelitian ini.

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Background: Post-laparotomy catabolism causes a negative nitrogen balance and is unlikely prevented by nutritional intervention. Parenteral nutrition can increase anabolic factor. It is not known whether the proportion of energy and protein intake from parenteral nutrition to total intake correlates with nitrogen balance in elective post-laparotomy patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in elective post-laparotomy patients who received supplemental parenteral nutrition (SPN) within first 3 days after laparotomy. Urine urea nitrogen (UUN) examination was performed on patients with intake ≥ 12 kcal/kg BW on the third day after laparotomy. Patients with renal and hepatic impairment were excluded. Results: The mean nitrogen balance on the third day post-laparotomy was -2.8 ± 3.8 g/day, with median energy intake of 19 (12–34) g/kg BW and protein 0.9 (0.4– 1.9) g/kg BW. The proportion of energy intake from the parenteral route was 0.51 ± 0.26 and protein was 0.59 ± 0.28. No significant correlation was found in the proportion of energy and protein intake from the parenteral nutrition to total intake with nitrogen balance. Significant correlations were found for total energy intake (r= 0.697, p <0.001) and protein (r= 0.808, p <0.001) with nitrogen balance. Conclusion: Early administration of SPN is important in achieving total energy and protein intake to compensate nitrogen loss on the third day after elective laparotomy although the association between the proportion of nutrition intake and nitrogen balance has not been observed in this study."

"ABSTRAK Imbang nitrogen pada pasien sakit kritis selalu negatif akibat respon stres. Pada lansia perubahan metabolismenya berisiko memperburuk imbang nitrogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui imbang nitrogen dan hubungannya dengan asupan energi dan protein pada lansia sakit kritis dalam 48 jam pertama di ICU. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang, consecutive sampling. Subyek penelitian adalah 26 lansia sakit kritis. Hasil penelitian pada 24 jam I dan II adalah; imbang nitrogen -5,2 (-31,2 − -4,1) g dan -4,5+4,6; asupan energi 78,8+45,0% dan 91,1+50,2% terhadap target; asupan protein 0,57+0,35 g/kgBB/hari dan 0,71+0,37 g/kgBB/hari serta terdapat korelasi positif bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan energi; r=0,6 dan r=0,5 dan korelasi positif bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan protein; r=0,5 dan r=0,4. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara imbang nitrogen dengan asupan energi dan protein pada lansia sakit kritis

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ABSTRAK Nitrogen balance in criticaly ill patients tend to be negative due to stress response. In the elderly patients, the metabolic changes risk to worsening nitrogen balance.The aim of this study is to determine nitrogen balance and its relation with energy and protein intake in critically ill elderly patients within 48 hours in ICU. The study was cross sectional, consecutive sampling on 26 subjects. The nitrogen balances were -5.2 (-31.2 − -4.1) g and -4.5+4.6 g; energy intakes were 78.8+45.0% and 91.1+50.2% target; protein intakes were; 0.57+0.35 g/kgBW/d and 0.71+0.37 g/kgBW/d. There were positive correlation between nitrogen balance and energy intake; r=0.6 and r=0.5, and between nitrogen balance and protein intake; r=0.5 and r=0.4 in 24 hours I and II respectively. The conclusion is there were positive correlation between nitrogen balance with energy and protein intakes."

"Characterizations have been performed on single stage Transversely Excited Nitrogen Laser of Blumlein type. Optical cavity arrangement is varied prior to measurement which shows no significant increase in energy on both configurations of inserting a mirror only and a pair of mirror and a quartz parallel plate. Frequency repetitions respond reveals a small drop in energy at higher frequency i.e. 10 Hz by a factor of 20%. N2 flow rate consideration behaves on the similar way like pressure profile. At higher supply voltage maximum energy is shifted to higher N2 flow rate. A similar tendency occurs on pressure curve but with more pronounced maximum energy. Higher supply voltage would shift maximum energy to higher N2 pressure. Other operating conditions have been kept constant. Beam divergence measurement has given 1,87 mrad on vertical direction and 9,32 mrad on horizontal axis. However, beam cross section experiences a -10° tilt against horizontal reference. This may happen due to a slight twist on main electrodes. Measurements on different date have showed inconsistent results. Major cause is suspected on using different N2 cylinder, replacement on the gauge pressure, and crater creation on HV side spark gap electrode."

"ABSTRACTTwo laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) arranged in series were used to evaluate bioxidadon and nitrogen removal from a synthetic sewage consisting of acetic acid as the carbon source. Microprocessor based timer were used to control various phases in the SBR?s phases. This paper discusses the result of varying recycle ratio, returned mixed liquor, in bioxidation, denitrification and nitrification process in the modified SBR Generally, as the recycle ratio increased if was found to give a better the removal efficiency in terms of organic carbon and total nitrogen removal. The modified SBR, in general. shows promise as an effective treatment alternative to the conventional activated sludge process."

"ABSTRACTThe autofluorescence spectra of human tissues excited with 33'7,1-nm line of pulse nitrogen laser have been measured. The autofluorescence spectra of cancerous tissues consistently exhibit characteristic peaks near E530-nm and 690-nm. which do not appear in the spectra of the corresponding normal tissues. Spectroscopic investigation indicates that the porphyrin compounds localized and retained in cancerous tissues might be responsible for this characteristic autofluorescence. This preliminary result suggests the possibility of employing spectroscopy tool for complementary diagnosis of cancer along with the traditional methods of pathological analysis."

"Tingginya permintaan pengujian kualitas air permukaan di laboratorium komersil menyebabkan adanya antrian. Dengan adanya antrian, maka sampel yang diserahkan memiliki kemungkinan tidak langsung diuji sehingga sampel akan mengalami fase yang dinamakan fase waktu tunggu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan nilai konsentrasi nitrogen selama rentang waktu tunggu. Selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan laju perubahan selama proses nitrifikasi berdasarkan nilai perubahan konsentrasi yang terjadi. Kemudian penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan nilai konsentrasi awal dari setiap parameter yang ada di dalam proses nitrifikasi. Adapun metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui perubahan nilai konsentrasi nitrogen selama waktu tunggu adalah dengan melakukan pengujian laboratorium berdasarkan HACH. Sedangkan penentuan laju perubahan yang terjadi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Solver. Analisis perkiraan nilai konsentrasi awal dilakukan dengan pemodelan yang menggunakan solusi persamaan ODE Linear faktor pengintegrasian. Hasil pengujian laboratorium menunjukan adanya perubahan nilai konsentrasi amonia, nitrit, dan nitrat dari sampel yang didiamkan selama rentang waktu 14 hari dengan kondisi tanpa diawetkan dan dengan diawetkan. Rentang persentase perubahan nilai konsentrasi yang terjadi adalah sebesar 0,4% - 100% untuk amonia, 7% - 300% untuk nitrit, dan 18,2% - 960% untuk nitrat. Nilai laju perubahan amonia secara berurutan adalah 0,74/hari dan 0,4/hari untuk sampel tanpa pengawetan dan dengan pengawetan sedangkan nitrit adalah sebesar 0,05/hari dan 0,08/hari. Nilai error terkecil ada pada hari kedua untuk meperkirakan konsentrasi awal. Nilai konsentrasi amonia, nitrit, dan nitrat dengan kondisi tanpa pengawetan dan dengan pengawetan secara berurutan dengan menggunakan hari kedua sebagai waktu acuan adalah 17,29 dan 13,17 mg/L, 2,84 dan 15,26 mg/L, 0,93 dan 1,46 mg/L

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The high demand for surface water quality testing in commercial laboratories causes queues. With the existence of a queue, the samples submitted have the possibility of not being directly tested so that the sample will experience a phase called the holding time phase. This study aims to analyze changes in the value of nitrogen concentrations during the waiting period. In addition, this study tries to determine the level of change during the nitrification process based on the value of the changes in concentration that occur. Then this study aims to develop the concentration of the initial value of each parameter in the nitrification process. The method used to determine changes in the value of nitrogen concentration during the holding time is by conducting laboratory tests based on HACH. While the rate of change that occurs is done using the Solver method. Analysis of the estimated value of the initial concentration was carried out by modeling using the solution of the Linear integrating factor ODE equation. The results of laboratory tests showed that there was a change in the concentration values of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate from the samples which were left for a period of 14 days with unpreserved and preserved conditions. The proportion of change in concentration value that occured is 0,4% - 100% for ammonia, 7% - 300% for nitrite, and 18,2% - 960% for nitrate. The value of the rate of change of ammonia respectively is 0,74/day and 0,4/day for samples without preservation and with preservation while for nitrite is 0,05/day and 0.08/day. Most of the smallest error value exist on the second day to estimate the initial concentration. The concentration values of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate under the condition of unpreserved and preserved respectively using the second day as a time reference were 17,29 and 13,17 mg/L, 2,84 and 15,26 mg/L, 0,93 and 1,46 mg/L."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui distribusi konsentrasioksigen, nitrogen (nitrat, nitrit, dan amonium) dan P (orthofosfat) di Waduk Saguling dan tinjauan kelayakannya untuk kegiatan perikanan. Lokasi pengambilan contoh ditetapkan sebanyak 5 stasiun pengamatan yaitu : (1) Maroko, (2) Cihaur, (3) Pakuon, (4) Bunder, dan (5) Dam. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April, Juni, Agustus, Oktober dan Desember 2009. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengambilan contoh bertingkat (stratified sampling method) dengan menggunakan Kemmerer Bottle Sampler. Berdasarkan analisis kualitas air di Waduk Saguling didapatkan hasil sebagai berikut: 1. kandungan oksigen berkisar antara 0 ? 7,125 mg/L, kandungan amonia berkisar antara 0,011 ? 14,654 mg/L, kandungan nitrit dan nitrat berturut-turut adalah berkisar antara 0,07 ? 0,353 mg/L, dan antara: 0,03 ? 1,063 mg/L, dan kandungan fosfat berkisar antara 0,04 - 0,43 mg/L. Pada kondisi-kondisi tersebut diatas menunjukkan ketersediaan oksigen masih dapat menunjang kehidupan ikan tetapi tidak dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik, konsentrasi ammonia sudah cukup tinggi dan membahayakan bagi kehidupan ikan, kadar nitrit telah melebihi baku mutu yang disarankan dan merupakan gas beracun bagi ikan, kadar nitrat berada pada kondisi yang sesuai dengan kadar baku yang di sarankan, sedangkan kadar ortofosfat yang tinggi akan mendorong pertumbuhan alga terutama dari kelas Cyanophyceae. Stasiun yang banyak tertekan oleh limbah organik maupun limbah anorganik adalah stasiun Maroko dan Cihaur."

"Pola asupan makanan yang tidak seimbang banyak dijalani kaum remaja saat ini. Hal tersebut menyebabkan ancaman status gizi berlebih semakin mengintai para remaja. Status gizi remaja dapat tercermin melalui pengukuran Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dengan IMT pada remaja usia 15-18 tahun. Penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian potong lintang analitik. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di Jakarta terhadap 75 mahasiswa kedokteran, laki-laki (n=31) dan perempuan (n=44), tingkat 1 tahun 2012 yang diminta untuk menjawab wawancara mengenai asupan hariannya memakai kuisioner Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) semikuantitatif dan menjalani pemeriksaan fisik, berupa tinggi dan berat badan.Dari penelitian ini, hasilnya, yakni sebaran subjek berdasarkan asupan energi , yaitu kurang (24%), cukup (30,7%), lebih (45,3%). Untuk asupan karbohidrat ialah kurang (10,7%), cukup (77,3%), dan lebih (12%). Sementara itu, asupan lemak yang kurang ada 24%, cukup sebanyak 44%, dan lebih sebesar 32%. Terakhir, sebaran subjek berdasarkan asupan protein, yakni kurang (1,3%) dan cukup (98,7%). Tidak ada responden yang asupan proteinnya lebih. Distribusi subjek berdasarkan IMT, yaitu pada laki-laki 9,7% kurang, 61,3% normal, dan 29% lebih sedangkan pada perempuan 90,9% normal dan 9,1% lebih. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini ialah tidak terdapat adanya hubungan (p>0,05) antara asupan energi dan komposisi makronutrien dengan IMT pada remaja usia 15-18 tahun.

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Unbalance pattern of food intake become trend for many young people at this time. This causes overweight and obesity risk threaten the teens. Adolescent nutritonal status can be defined by Body Mass Index (BMI) measurement. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between energy intake and macronutrient composition with BMI in adolescents aged 15-18 years old. Study used cross-sectional analytical study design. Data collection was conducted in Jakarta on 75 first grade medical students, boys (n=31) and girls (n=41), in 2012 who were asked to answer the interview about her daily intake using Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) semiquantitative and underwent a physical examination, such as height and weight.

The results from this study were the respondent distributions of energy intake were less (24%), adequate (30,7%), over normal (45,3%). For carbohydrate intake were less (10,7%), adequate (77,3%), and over normal (12%). Meanwhile, there were 24% respondents with less intake of fat, 44% adequate. and 32% over normal. Last, the distributions of protein intake were less (1,3%) and adequate (98,7%). No respondent with over normal protein intake. Subject distributions of BMI, were in boys 9,7% less, 61,3% normal, and 29% over normal while in girls, 90,9% normal and 9,1% over normal. The conclusion of this study is there is no relationship (p>0,05) between energy intake and macronutrient composition with BMI in adolescents aged 15-18 years old."