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"ABSTRAKIdentifikasi homolog dan penetapan kadar benzalkonium klorida dalam cairan pembersih lantai telah dikembangkan beserta uji aktivitas antimikroba masing-masing homolognya. Analisis homolog dilakukan menggunakan system kolom C18 dan cyano nitril (CN), hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pemisahan homolog dengan kolom CN lebih baik dari pada C18. Konfirmasi identitas baku benzalkonium klorida dilakukan menggunakan LCMSMS, terdeteksi adanya homolog n-C10, n-C12, n-C14, dan n-C16. Preparasi sample dengan cara ekstraksi dengan beberapa pelarut, menunjukkan bahwa asetonitril dan HCl 2 N-kloroform (1:10) memberikan hasil yang paling optimal. Validasi kedua metode ekstraksi tersebut dilakukan menggunakan KCKT dengan kolom CN 5μm, fasa gerak asetonitril-0,1 M dapar natrium asetat pH 5 (60:40), laju alir 2,0 mL/menit, suhu kolom 40oC, dandetektor UV 236 nm. Hasil validasi metode ekstraksi dengan asetonitril menunjukan RSD presisi = 1,17%, perolehan kembali = 102,51%, dan linieritas r = 0,9997, sedangkan hasil validasi untuk metode ekstraksi dengan HCl 2 N-kloroform (1:10) menunjukkan RSD presisi = 0,47%, perolehan kembali = 85,45%, linieritas r = 0,9999. Pemisahan homolog untuk diuji aktivitas antimikroba dilakukan dengan menampung homolog tunggal dari keluaran kolom KCKT. Hasil uji aktivitas antimikroba homolog tunggal menunjukkan bahwa homolog n-C10 dann-C18 memiliki kemampuan menghambat bakteri E. coli lebih besar, n-C12, n-C14, dan n-C16 memiliki kemampuan menghambat bakteri S. aureus lebih besar, homolog n-C12 dan n-C14 mampu menghambat semua mikroba uji. Homolog benzalkonium klorida yang berada dalam bentuk campurannya memberikan aktivitas antimikroba lebih besar dibandingkan dengan homolog tunggalnya yang telah terpisah.

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ABSTRACTIdentification of homologous and assay of benzalkonium chloride in a liquid floor cleaner has been developed and antimicrobial activity test of each homologous. The analysis were performed using a C18 and cyano nitrile (CN) column system, CN column showed better separation of homologous than the C18 column. Confirmation identity of the compound benzalkonium chloride using LCMSMS detected homologues n-C10, n-C12, n-C14 and n-C16. Sample preparation method by extraction with several solvents, show that acetonitrile and HCl 2 N-chloroform (1:10) gives the optimal results. Validation of extraction methods was performed using HPLC with 5μm CN column, mobile phase acetonitrile-0,1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5 (60:40), flow rate 2.0 mL/min, column temperature of 40oC, and UV detector at 236 nm.Validation results for methods extraction with acetonitrile indicate the precision= 1,17%, recovery = 102.51%, and linearity r = 0.9997. Validation result for method extraction with HCl 2 N-chloroform (1:10) result showed the precision = 0.47%, recovery = 85.45%, and linearity r = 0.9999.Antimicrobial activity test results showed n-C10 and n-C18 has greater ability to inhibit E. coli, n-C12, n-C14 and n-C16 has greater ability to inhibit S.aureus, only n-C12 and n-C14 is able to inhibit all microbial tests. Total homologous of benzalkonium chloride has greater antimicrobial activity than the single homologous."

"Benzalkonium klorida dan glutaraldehid adalah senyawa yang paling sering digunakan untuk zat aktif sediaan desinfektan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh analisis yang selektif, akurat dan lebih cepat benzalkonium klorida dan glutaraldehid pada sediaan desinfektan menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi dengan detektor UV VIS pada panjang gelombang 210 nm untuk panjang gelombang benzalkonium klorida dan 365nm untuk panjang gelombang glutaraldehid. Senyawa glutaraldehid merupakan senyawa yang tidak memiliki gugus kromofor sehingga harus di derivatisasi terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan 2.4-dinitrofenihidrazin DNPH. Fase gerak yang digunakan untuk analisis benzalkonium klorida adalah asetonitril-dapar asetat pH 4 75:25 dengan laju alir 1,2 mL/menit. Fase gerak yang digunakan untuk analisis glutaraldehid adalah asetonitril-air 75:25 dengan laju alir 1,2 mL/menit. Kondisi analisis yang telah dioptimasi kemudian divalidasi mencakup akurasi, presisi, linieritas, selektivitas, batas deteksi, dan batas kuantitasi. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji benzalkonium klorida dan glutaraldehid merupakan metode yang valid dimana diperoleh linearitas untuk benzalkonium klorida y = 4527.9 484.69x dengan koefisien korelasi r = 0,9995 dan nilai LOD = 14,55 ppm ; LOQ = 48.51 ppm. Kemudian untuk glutaraldehid diperoleh linearitas y = 220025 255019x dengan koefisien korelasi r = 0,9995 dan nilai LOD = 0.49 ppm; LOQ = 1,64 ppm. Setelah dihitung dengan menggunkana regresi linier, pada sampel A didapatkan kadar rata-rata benzalkonium klorida yaitu 19,2 dan diperoleh rata-rata perolehan kembali terhadap etiket yaitu 95,09. Sedangkan untuk sampel B didapatkan kadar rata-rata benzalkonium klorida yaitu 9,6 diperoleh rata-rata perolehan kembali terhadap etiket yaitu 96,78, sedangkan untuk glutaraldehid sampel C diperoleh kadar rata-rata glutaraldehid yaitu sebesar 29,8 diperoleh rata-rata perolehan kembali terhadap etiket yaitu 99,80. Kemudian untuk sampel D diperoleh kadar rata-rata glutaraldehid yaitu 14,71 diperoleh rata-rata perolehan kembali terhadap etiket yaitu 98,15.

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Benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde are mostly used compound as active ingredient for desinfectant. The purpose of this research is to obtain a selective, accurate, and faster analysis on benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde in desinfectant, using high performance liquid chromatography with UV VIS detector at wavelength 210 nm for benzalkonium chloride and 365 nm for glutaraldehyde.

Glutaraldehyde is a compound that does not have chromophore group so it has to be derivatized firsr using DNPH. The mobile phase used for glutaraldehyde analysis is acetonitril water 75 25 with flow rate 1.2 mL minute and the mobile phase used for benzalkonium chloride analysis is acetonitril buffer acetat pH 4 75 25 with flow rate 1.2 mL minute.

The optimized analysis condition will then be validated including accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, detection limit, and quantitation limit. The method used for benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde test was a valid method which obtained linearity for benzalkonium chloride y 4527.9 484.69x with correlation coefficient r 0,9995 and LOD 14,55 ppm LOQ 48.51 ppm. Then for glutaraldehid obtained linearity y 220025 255019x with correlation coefficient r 0.9995 and LOD 0.49 ppm LOQ 1.64 ppm.

After calculated by using linear regression, in sample A, the average content of benzalkonium chloride is 19.2 and the average recovery for etiquette is 95.09. As for sample B, the average content of benzalkonium chloride is 9.6 and the average recovery for etiquette is 96.78, whereas for glutaraldehyde sample reached the average glutaraldehyde level of 29.8 and the average recovery for etiquette is 99.80. Then for sample D obtained average glutaraldehid level that is 14,71 and the average recovery for etiquette is 98,15. "

"Tiazol dan Oksazol merupakan senyawa heterosiklik beranggota lima yang mengandung sulfur/oksigen dan nitrogen pada posisi 1 dan 3. Derivat kedua Senyawa ini banyak diaplikasikan dalam bidang farmasi dan kesehatan karena memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis seperti antioksidan, analgesik, antibakteri, antikanker, antiviral, anti alergi, antihipertensi, antiinflamasi, antimalaria, antijamur, dan antipsikotik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa derivat tiazol dan oksazol dalam dua tahap. Tahap awal, prekursor berupa tiourea dan urea direaksikan dengan etil 2-kloro asetoasetat untuk menghasilkan senyawa 1 derivat tiazol dan oksazol. Tahap akhir, senyawa 1 derivat tiazol dan oksazol direaksikan dengan hidrazin hidrat untuk menghasilkan senyawa 2 derivat tiazol dan oksazol. Reaksi awal kedua senyawa derivat tiazol dan oksazol ini didasarkan pada kondensasi Hantzsch. Senyawa derivat tiazol dan oksazol yang terbentuk kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan uji titik leleh, kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), FTIR, UV-Vis, dan GC-MS. Senyawa 1 derivat tiazol yaitu etil 2-amino-4-metil- 1,3-tiazol-5-karboksilat berhasil disintesis dengan massa produk sebesar 2,978 gram dan kemurnian sebesar 100%. Senyawa 1 derivat oksazol yaitu etil 2-amino- 4-metil-1,3-oksazol-5-karboksilat dengan massa produk campuran sebesar 0,8351 gram dan kemurnian sebesar 4,69%. Senyawa 2 derivat tiazol dan oksazol belum berhasil terbentuk dan masih merupakan senyawa 1 derivat tiazol dan oksazol. Aktivitas antioksidan senyawa derivat tiazol dan oksazol diuji dengan metode DPPH dan didapatkan nilai IC50 sebesar 64,75; 80,73; 275,3; 280,39 ppm.

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Thiazole and oxazole are five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur/ oxygen and nitrogen in positions 1 and 3. The derivatives of these two compounds are widely applied in the pharmaceutical and medical fields because they have various biological activities such as antioxidants, analgesics, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-allergic, antihypertensive, anti- inflammatory, antimalarial, antifungal, and antipsychotic. In this study, the syntheses of thiazole and oxazole derivatives are carried out in two stages. Initially, the precursors in the form of thiourea and urea are reacted with ethyl 2-chloro acetoacetate to produce compound 1 of thiazole and oxazole derivatives. Subsequently, compound 1 of thiazole and oxazole derivates are reacted with hydrazine hydrate to produce compound 2 of thiazole and oxazole derivatives. The initial reactions of these two thiazole and oxazole derivatives are based on the Hantzsch condensation. The formations of thiazole and oxazole derivatives are then characterized using melting point, thin layer chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS. Compound 1 of thiazole derivative, ethyl 2-amino-4- methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-carboxylate, was successfully synthesized with mass of 2.978 gram and purity of 100%. Compound 1 of oxazole derivative, ethyl 2-amino- 4-methyl-1,3-oxazol-5-carboxylate, was obtained with mixed mass of 0.8351 gram and purity of 4.69%. Compound 2 of thiazole and oxazole derivatives have not been successfully formed and are still compound 1 of thiazole and oxazole derivatives. The antioxidant activity of thiazole and oxazole derivatives was then tested using DPPH method and their IC50 values are 64.75; 80.73; 275.3; 280.39 ppm."

"Kemampuan asam lemak sebagai antimikroba telah diteliti sejak lama dan diketahui senyawaan amida dari beberapa asam lemak memiliki aktivitas antiproliferatif pada sel kanker. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan sintesis senyawa lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina dan lipoamida palmitat-etanolamina melalui reaksi amidasi langsung dengan mereaksikan masing-masing starting material-nya dengan etanolamina, p-xilena dan gel silika. Produk dilakukan uji bioaktivitas antimikroba dan sitotoksik antikanker dari lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina dan lipoamida palmitat-etanolamina. Lipoamida selanjutnya diidentifikasi dengan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom, diuji titik leleh dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared), dan 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). Rendemen reaksi lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina sebesar 59% dan lipoamida palmitat-etanolamina sebesar 9%. Selanjutnya, struktur produk sudah terkonfirmasi dari hasil karakterisasi dengan FTIR dan 1H-NMR. Pengaruh panjang rantai alkil dari kedua senyawa memiliki peran yang berbeda dari kedua aplikasi uji yang telah dilakukan. Lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina menunjukkan hasil yang lebih tinggi pada uji antimikroba sedangkan lipoamida palmitat-etanolamina pada uji antikanker sifat sitotoksiknya lebih tinggi dibanding lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina. Hasil pengujian bioaktivitas antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina (1000 ppm) lebih aktif dalam respon pembentukan zona hambat yang terbentuk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus sebesar 7,70 dan 6,55 ppm. Uji toksisitas antikanker terhadap sel HeLa menggunakan reagen MTT menghasilkan nilai IC50 dari produk lipoamida dekanoat-etanolamina dan lipoamida palmitat-etanolamina secara berturut sekitar (63.60 µM) dan (44,15 µM).

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The ability of fatty acids as antimicrobials has been studied for a long time. It is known that the amide compounds of several fatty acids have antiproliferative activity in cancer cells. In this research, the synthesis of lipoamide decanoic-ethanolamine and lipoamide palmitic-ethanolamine was carried out through direct amidation reaction by reacting each starting material with ethanolamine, p-xylene, and silica gel. The product was tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic anticancer bioactivity of decanoic-ethanolamine lipoamide and palmitic-ethanolamine lipoamide. Lipoamide was then identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC), purified by column chromatography, tested for melting point, and characterized using FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared), and 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The yield of lipoamide decanoate-ethanolamine was 59% and lipoamide palmitic-ethanolamine was 9%. Furthermore, the product structure has been confirmed from the results of characterization with FTIR and 1H-NMR. The influence of the alkyl chain length of the two compounds has a different role from the two test applications that have been carried out. Lipoamide decanoate-ethanolamine showed higher results in the antimicrobial test while lipoamide palmitic-ethanolamine in the anticancer test had higher cytotoxic properties than lipoamide decanoate-ethanolamine. The results of the antimicrobial bioactivity test showed that decanoic-ethanolamine lipoamide (1000 ppm) was more active in response to the formation of inhibition zones formed against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria of 7.70 and 6.55 ppm. The anticancer toxicity test on HeLa cells using the MTT reagent yielded IC50 values of the decanoic-ethanolamine lipoamide and palmitic-ethanolamine lipoamide products respectively around (63.60 µM) and (44.15 µM)."

"ABSTRAK

Sebagai sebuah sumber makanan yang berasal dari alam, propolis memiliki potensi sebagai anti bakteri, anti virus, anti jamur, dan juga anti parasit. Uji aktivitas antimikroba pada propolis penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi lebih jauh mengenai propolis. Propolis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah sampel - sampel Propolis Apis mellifera dan Propolis Trigona spp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan dari kedua jenis propolis dalam menghambat dan membunuh pertumbuhan bakteri patogen, yaitu Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi,dan Staphylococcus aureus dengan menggunakan metode cakram kertas. Konsentrasi propolis yang digunakan sebesar 300 ppm dan 3000 ppm. Bakteri patogen dibiakkan dan ditanamkan ke dalam Seed Layer. Dari semua data yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kuersetin bukan hanya satu – satunya senyawa yang memiliki potensi sebagai antimikroba dalam propolis, karena ada salah satu sampel dimana konsentrasi yang dimiliki jauh lebih kecil, namun memberikan zona aktivitas antibakteri yang dapat menyaingi konsentrasi sampel yang jauh lebih besar. Dari seluruh sampel, aktivitas paling kuat dihasilkan oleh Propolis Apis mellifera asal Arab. Sementara Bacillus subtilis merupakan bakteri yang paling dihambat pertumbuhannya. Kemudian, sampel Propolis Apis mellifera dari merupakan sampel dengan aktivitas inhibisi terbanyak.

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ABSTRACT

As a food source that comes from nature, propolis has potentials as an antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasite. The antimicrobial activity test in propolis is an essential thing to do to know more about the potential of propolis itself. Types of propolis that used in this research are Apis Mellifera Propolis samples and Trigona spp Propolis samples. The aim of this research is to determine the ability of both types of propolis in inhibiting pathogens bacterial growth., namely Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi,and Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method. The concentration of propolis that used are 300 ppm and 3000 ppm. The pathogen bacterias cultured and implanted into the seed layer. From all the obtained data, it can be concluded that quercetin is not the only compound that has antimicrobial potential, because there is one sample with small concentration that gives an inhibition zone almost as big as another sample with high concentration. From the entire samples, Propolis from Arab is the most potent sample by producing the biggest zone of inhibition. Meanwhile, the growth of Bacillus subtilis is the most inhibited from all sampels. Propolis from China has the highest inhibition activity compared to another samples.

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"Kekhawatiran akan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotika semakin berkembang di dunia kesehatan. Untuk itu diperlukan metode terapi inovatif dalam mengatasi hal tersebut. Bakteriosin, yaitu suatu peptida antimikroba diproduksi oleh bakteri, termasuk bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang telah diketahui mampu menghambat bakteri lain. Lysotaphin, yaitu bakteriosin yang dihasilkan oleh Staphylococcus dan Nisin yang dihasilkan oleh Lactococcus, masing-masing terbukti memiliki kerja sinergis terhadap antibiotik Polimiksin dan enzim Endolisin dari bakteriofage. Weissella confusa MBF8-1 termasuk galur BAL yang diketahui menghasilkan Bacteriocin Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS). Untuk pengembangan bakteriosin sebagai komplemen antibiotik, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan uji aktivitas bakteriosin dari W. confusa MBF8-1 sebagai kombinasi antibiotik dengan pembanding antibiotik tunggal menggunakan metode difusi sumur agar. Antibiotik uji yang digunakan adalah Ampisilin, Tetrasiklin, dan Kanamisin, sedangkan bakteri indikator yang digunakan adalah Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Lactococcus lactis, dan Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Hasil menunjukkan kombinasi fraksi BLIS dari Weissella confusa MBF8-1 dengan Ampisilin meningkatkan zona inhibisi pada empat dari tujuh bakteri indikator uji, yaitu M. luteus, L. lactis, E. coli, dan S. aureus. Efek sinergis terbaik didapatkan dari kombinasi fraksi BLIS dari Weissella confusa MBF8-1 dengan Ampisilin.

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Due to the alarming spread of resistance to antimicrobial agents is growing in the world. To overcome this problem, Innovative therapeutic method are urgently required. Bacteriocins, which is an antimicrobial peptide produced by bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been known to inhibit other bacteria. Lysotaphin from Staphylococcus and nisin from Lactococcus, a another type of bacteriocins, shown to have a synergistic action against Polymyxin and Endolysin, the enzymes of bacteriophage. Weissella confusa MBF8-1 including LAB strains are known to produce bacteriocin Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS). In order to develop bacteriocin as antibiotic complement, we study the bacteriocin activity of BLIS MBF8-1 in combination with antibiotic compare to the antibiotic alone by performing agar well diffusion assay. The antibiotic used in this study were Ampicillin, Tetracycline, and Kanamycin, whilst the indicator bacteria used in this study were Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Lactococcus lactis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The results showed that the combination with Ampicillin increases the diameter of inhibition zone on four out of seven indicator bacteria, that is M. luteus, L. lactis, E. coli, and S. aureus. The best synergistic effect of the combination of Weissella confusa MBF8-1 BLIS fraction is in combination with Ampicillin."

"[ABSTRAKTujuan : Mengevaluasi ada tidaknya perbedaan kualitas air mata pada penderita glaukoma yangmengalami mata kering antara yang diberi tetes mata sodium hialuronat 0,1% mengandung bahanpengawet benzalkonium klorida dan tetes mata sodium hialuronat 0,1% tanpa bahan pengawet.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian prospektif terandomisasi. 30 pasien glaukoma yangmengalami mata kering dirandomisasi ke dalam kedua kelompok. Kelompokpertama,mendapatkan obat tetes mata artificial tear mengandung sodium hialuronat 0,1% denganpengawet benzalkonium klorida, sedangkan kelompok II, mendapatkan obat tetes mata artificialtear mengandung sodium hialuronat 0,1% tanpa pengawet selama 1 bulan. Pemeriksaan Schirmertest, TFBUT, OPI, dan sitologi impresi dilakukan pada kedua kelompok baik sebelum dan sesudah1 bulan penetesan obat tetes mata artificial tear.Results: Nilai median sitologi impresi sel goblet pasca penetesan artificial tear meningkat padakelompok I (118,15-485) dan kelompok II (67.0-200), namun secara statistik tidak ada perbedaanbermakna. Nilai rata ? rata TFBUT pasca penetesan pada kelompok I (14,45±7,85) dan kelompokII (13,91±7,46) meningkat dibandingkan sebelum penetesan, serta secara statitstik memilikiperbedaan yang bermakna. Nilai Schirmer test dan OPI pasca penetesan pada kedua kelompokmengalami peningkatan secara klinis dibandingkan sebelum penetesan, namun tidak terdapatperbedaan bermakna secara statistik.Conclusions : Pemberian artificial tear mengandung sodium hialuronat 0,1% baik denganpengawet maupun tanpa pengawet selama 1 bulan memberikan peningkatan Schirmer test,TFBUT,OPI dan sitologi impresi sel goblet.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the difference of quality of tears between glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops with preservativebenzalconiumchloride and those treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops withoutpreservative.Methods: This is a randomized prospective study. Subjects were 30 glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes, whom later randomized into two groups. Group I was treated with artificial tearseye drops, which contained 0.1% sodium hyaluronat and benzalconium chloride preservative,whereas Group II was treated with artificial tears eye drops, which contained 0.1% sodiumhyaluronat without preservative for one-month duration. Before and after the treatment withartificial tears eyedrops, subjects of both groups were tested with Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, andimpression cytology.Results: The median of goblet cells in impression cytology after treatment with artificial tears eyedrops increased in group I (118, 15 ? 485) and group II (67, 0 ? 200), even though not statisticallysignificant. Mean TFBUT after treatment was also higher in Group I (14.45±7.85) and Group II(13.91±7.46), yet not statistically significant. Schirmer test and OPI results after treatment showeda clinical improvement in both groups, however no statistic result was found to be significant.Conclusions: Treatment with artifical tears eye drops containing 0.1% sodium hyaluronat with orwithout preservative for one month will improve Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, and goblet cellsimpressions cytology result on glaucoma patients suffering from dry eyes.;Objectives: To evaluate the difference of quality of tears between glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops with preservativebenzalconiumchloride and those treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops withoutpreservative.Methods: This is a randomized prospective study. Subjects were 30 glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes, whom later randomized into two groups. Group I was treated with artificial tearseye drops, which contained 0.1% sodium hyaluronat and benzalconium chloride preservative,whereas Group II was treated with artificial tears eye drops, which contained 0.1% sodiumhyaluronat without preservative for one-month duration. Before and after the treatment withartificial tears eyedrops, subjects of both groups were tested with Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, andimpression cytology.Results: The median of goblet cells in impression cytology after treatment with artificial tears eyedrops increased in group I (118, 15 – 485) and group II (67, 0 – 200), even though not statisticallysignificant. Mean TFBUT after treatment was also higher in Group I (14.45±7.85) and Group II(13.91±7.46), yet not statistically significant. Schirmer test and OPI results after treatment showeda clinical improvement in both groups, however no statistic result was found to be significant.Conclusions: Treatment with artifical tears eye drops containing 0.1% sodium hyaluronat with orwithout preservative for one month will improve Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, and goblet cellsimpressions cytology result on glaucoma patients suffering from dry eyes., Objectives: To evaluate the difference of quality of tears between glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops with preservativebenzalconiumchloride and those treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronat eyedrops withoutpreservative.Methods: This is a randomized prospective study. Subjects were 30 glaucoma patients sufferingfrom dry eyes, whom later randomized into two groups. Group I was treated with artificial tearseye drops, which contained 0.1% sodium hyaluronat and benzalconium chloride preservative,whereas Group II was treated with artificial tears eye drops, which contained 0.1% sodiumhyaluronat without preservative for one-month duration. Before and after the treatment withartificial tears eyedrops, subjects of both groups were tested with Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, andimpression cytology.Results: The median of goblet cells in impression cytology after treatment with artificial tears eyedrops increased in group I (118, 15 – 485) and group II (67, 0 – 200), even though not statisticallysignificant. Mean TFBUT after treatment was also higher in Group I (14.45±7.85) and Group II(13.91±7.46), yet not statistically significant. Schirmer test and OPI results after treatment showeda clinical improvement in both groups, however no statistic result was found to be significant.Conclusions: Treatment with artifical tears eye drops containing 0.1% sodium hyaluronat with orwithout preservative for one month will improve Schirmer test, TFBUT, OPI, and goblet cellsimpressions cytology result on glaucoma patients suffering from dry eyes.]"

"Asam risinoleat dalam bentuk ester diketahui dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai emulsifier dan antimikroba. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan sintesis ester asam risinoleat teroksidasi. Proses oksidasi dilakukan dengan oksidator KMnO4 encer dalam suasana basa dan menghasilkan penurunan bilangan iod untuk asam risinoleat komersial dari 7,34 mg/g menjadi 4,63 mg/g. Esterifikasi dilakukan pada asam risinoleat teroksidasi dengan pereaksi gliserol dan etilen glikol serta katalis ZnCl2 dengan rasio molar 3:1, diperoleh persen konversi ester gliserol dan ester etilen glikol sebesar 87,6% dan 82%. Karakterisasi dengan KLT menunjukkan spot pemisahan produk ester dengan nilai Rf pada rentang 0,18-0,87. Karakterisasi dengan FT-IR menunjukkan terdapatnya gugus fungsi OH, C=O dan C-O ester. Produk ester yang diperoleh dapat berperan sebagai emulsifier setelah pengamatan selama 24 jam dengan tipe emulsi air dalam minyak (w/o). Selain itu, dilakukan pula analisis mengenai potensi antimikroba pada produk ester asam risinoleat teroksidasi terhadap bakteri Gram positif Propionibacterium acnes dan Staphylococcus epidermidis menggunakan metode dilusi.

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Ricinoleic acid in the form of an ester is known to be used as an emulsifier and antimicrobial. In this research, the synthesis of oxidized ricinoleic acid ester was carried out. The oxidation process was carried out with a thin oxidizer KMnO₄ in an alkaline solution and resulted in depression of iodine number for commercial ricinoleic acid from 7.34 mg/g to 4.63 mg/g. Esterification was carried out on oxidized ricinoleic acid with glycerol and ethylene glycol as well as ZnCl₂ catalyst with a molar ratio of  3: 1, the percent conversion of glycerol and ethylene glycol esters was 87.6% and 82%. Characterization with TLC showed the spot separation of the ester product with Rf value in the range 0.18-0.87. Characterization with FT-IR shows the functional groups OH, C=O, and C-O esters. The obtained ester product can be an emulsifier after 24 hours of observation with a water-in-oil (w/o) type emulsion. Besides, an analysis of the antimicrobial potential of ricinoleic acid esters was oxidized against Gram-positive bacteria Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the dilution method."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa turunan asam risinoleat teroksidasi dengan asam amino glisin dan fenilalanin. Proses sintesis diawali dengan oksidasi ikatan rangkap membentuk diol menggunakan KMnO4 encer dalam suasana basa, esterifikasi dengan dry metanol dan katalis KOH, dan terakhir amidasi dengan asam amino glisin atau fenilalanin. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan KLT dan FTIR. Hasil FTIR produk menunjukkan adanya pita serapan ulur N-H dan O-H yang overlapping pada bilangan gelombang 3459,23 cm-1 pada lipoamida glisin dan 3467,55 cm-1 pada lipoamida fenilalanin. Selain itu, terdapat puncak serapan medium C-N dan N-H bend masing-masing pada bilangan gelombang 1047,98 cm-1 dan 787,99 cm-1 pada lipoamida glisin serta 1188,02 cm-1 dan 792,84 cm-1 pada lipoamida fenilalanin. Uji Toksisitas BSLT terhadap Artemia Salina L. menghasilkan nilai LC50 dari produk lipoamida glisin dan lipoamida fenilalanin secara berurutan sebesar 1494,73 ppm dan 2193,32 ppm. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan nilai LC50 > 1000, sehingga dapat dikatakan produk yang dihasilkan memiliki toksisitas rendah. Uji aktivitas antimikroba dari kedua produk menghasilkan zona hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli, tapi tidak memberikan zona hambat terhadap bakteri S. aereus. Zona hambat terhadap bakteri E. coli yang dihasilkan yaitu 15 mm untuk lipoamida glisin dan 14 mm untuk lipoamida fenilalanin.

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In this research, the synthesis of oxidized ricinoleic acid derivative compounds with amino acids glycine and phenylalanine was carried out. The synthesis process began with the oxidation of the double bond to form a diol with dilute KMnO4 reagent in an alkaline condition, esterification with dry methanol and KOH catalyst, and finally amidation with the amino acid glycine or phenylalanine. Characterization was carried out using TLC and FTIR. The FTIR spectrum of the product showed that there were overlapping N-H and O-H stretching absorption bands at wave numbers 3459.23 cm-1 for glycine lipoamide and 3467.55 cm-1 for phenylalanine lipoamide. There were also absorption peaks of C-N and N-H bend medium at wave numbers 1047.98 cm-1 and 787.99 cm-1 for glycine lipoamides and 1188.02 cm-1 and 792.84 cm-1 for phenylalanine lipoamides respectively. BSLT Toxicity test against Artemia Salina L. resulted in the LC50 values of the lipoamide products glycine lipoamides and phenylalanine lipoamides 1494.73 ppm and 2193.32 ppm, respectively. These results showed that the value of LC50 > 1000 so it can be said that the resulting product has low toxicity. The antimicrobial activity assay showed that both products inhibited the growth of E. coli but did not inhibit the growth of S. aereus. The inhibition zone formed was 15 mm for glycine lipoamide and 14 mm for phenylalanine lipoamide"

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sintesis senyawa turunan asam risinoleat teroksidasi dengan asam amino glisin dan fenilalanin. Proses sintesis diawali dengan oksidasi ikatan rangkap membentuk diol menggunakan KMnO4 encer dalam suasana basa, esterifikasi dengan dry metanol dan katalis KOH, dan terakhir amidasi dengan asam amino glisin atau fenilalanin. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan KLT dan FTIR. Hasil FTIR produk menunjukkan adanya pita serapan ulur N-H dan O-H yang overlapping pada bilangan gelombang 3459,23 cm-1 pada lipoamida glisin dan 3467,55 cm-1 pada lipoamida fenilalanin. Selain itu, terdapat puncak serapan medium C-N dan N-H bend masing-masing pada bilangan gelombang 1047,98 cm-1 dan 787,99 cm-1 pada lipoamida glisin serta 1188,02 cm-1 dan 792,84 cm-1 pada lipoamida fenilalanin. Uji Toksisitas BSLT terhadap Artemia Salina L. menghasilkan nilai LC50 dari produk lipoamida glisin dan lipoamida fenilalanin secara berurutan sebesar 1494,73 ppm dan 2193,32 ppm. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan nilai LC50 > 1000, sehingga dapat dikatakan produk yang dihasilkan memiliki toksisitas rendah. Uji aktivitas antimikroba dari kedua produk menghasilkan zona hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli, tapi tidak memberikan zona hambat terhadap bakteri S. aereus. Zona hambat terhadap bakteri E. coli yang dihasilkan yaitu 15 mm untuk lipoamida glisin dan 14 mm untuk lipoamida fenilalanin.

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In this research, the synthesis of oxidized ricinoleic acid derivative compounds with amino acids glycine and phenylalanine was carried out. The synthesis process began with the oxidation of the double bond to form a diol with dilute KMnO4 reagent in an alkaline condition, esterification with dry methanol and KOH catalyst, and finally amidation with the amino acid glycine or phenylalanine. Characterization was carried out using TLC and FTIR. The FTIR spectrum of the product showed that there were overlapping N-H and O-H stretching absorption bands at wave numbers 3459.23 cm-1 for glycine lipoamide and 3467.55 cm-1 for phenylalanine lipoamide. There were also absorption peaks of C-N and N-H bend medium at wave numbers 1047.98 cm-1 and 787.99 cm-1 for glycine lipoamides and 1188.02 cm-1 and 792.84 cm-1 for phenylalanine lipoamides respectively. BSLT Toxicity test against Artemia Salina L. resulted in the LC50 values of the lipoamide products glycine lipoamides and phenylalanine lipoamides 1494.73 ppm and 2193.32 ppm, respectively. These results showed that the value of LC50 > 1000 so it can be said that the resulting product has low toxicity. The antimicrobial activity assay showed that both products inhibited the growth of E. coli but did not inhibit the growth of S. aereus. The inhibition zone formed was 15 mm for glycine lipoamide and 14 mm for phenylalanine lipoamide."