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"Salah satu target utama pembangunan pertanian terkait dengan globalisasi ekonomi dan penerapan kebijakan liberalisasi perdagangan di sektor pertanian adalah mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi sektor pertanian melalui perdagangan internasional khususnya ekspor dan dengan meningkatnya arus masuk modal asing termasuk melalui PMA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (i) menganalisis pengaruh ekspor, impor, serta PMA terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di sektor pertanian, dan sebaliknya pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi terhadap ekspor, impor dan PMA di sektor pertanian; (ii) menganalisis pengaruh guncangan pada ekspor, impor serta PMA terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di sektor pertanian dan pengaruh guncangan pada PDB terhadap ekspor, impor dan PMA di sektor pertanian. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Vector Autoregression (VAR) dengan data triwulanan tahun 1995-2011.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan dua arah yang positif dan signifikan antara ekspor pertanian dan PDB pertanian. Sedangkan hubungan impor pertanian terhadap PDB pertanian hanya satu arah yang bernilai negatif dan signifikan namun tidak terjadi sebaliknya. Sementara hubungan PDB pertanian dengan PMA pertanian menunjukkan hasil tidak adanya hubungan. Hasil analisis Impulse Response Function (IRF) memperlihatkan bahwa respon PDB pertanian terhadap guncangan pada ekspor pertanian paling besar. Hal sebaliknya juga berlaku terhadap guncangan PDB pertanian yang direspon lebih besar oleh ekspor pertanian dibandingkan impor pertanian. Hasil variance decomposition, juga mendukung hasil IRF dimana dekomposisi varian PDB pertanian terbesar diberikan oleh ekspor pertanian disusul oleh PMA pertanian dan impor pertanian. Dekomposisi varian ekspor pertanian dengan nilai terbesar diberikan oleh ekspor, PDB, PMA dan impor di sektor pertanian. Adapun impor pertanian dan PMA pertanian memberikan pengaruh yang terbesar terhadap perubahan variabel impor pertanian dibandingkan ekspor dan PDB di sektor pertanian. Dekomposisi varian untuk PMA pertanian disumbangkan oleh PMA pertanian dan PDB pertanian dengan nilai tertinggi, kemudian ekspor dan impor di sektor pertanian.

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One of the main targets of agricultural development associated with economic globalization and the implementation of trade liberalization policies in the agricultural sector is to accelerate economic growth in the agricultural sector through export and international trade particularly with the increased inflow of foreign capital, including FDI. This study aimed to: (i) analyze the effect of export, import and FDI in agricultural sector on economic growth in the agricultural sector and likewise the effect of economic growth on export, import and FDI in the agricultural sector and analyzes the effect of shocks on export, import and FDI on economic growth in agricultural sector and the effect of GDP shocks on exports, imports and FDI in the agricultural sector. The method used in this study is Vector Autoregression (VAR) with quarterly data started in 1995 until 2011.

The results showed that there is a two-way positive and significant correlation between agricultural export and agricultural GDP. While the relationship of agricultural import to agricultural GDP is only one way that is negative and significant, but not the other way around. While there is no relationship between the agricultural GDP and agricultural FDI. Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis showed that the response of agricultural GDP due to agricultural export shock is the most. The opposite also applies to agricultural GDP shock responded by a larger agriculture export than agriculture import. The results of variance decomposition also supports the results of IRF. It is showed that the largest agricultural GDP variance decomposition given by export followed FDI and agricultural import. Variance decomposition of agricultural exports shows the greatest value given by export, GDP, FDI and import in the agricultural sector. The import of agriculture and agricultural FDI influences on more changes in agricultural import than export and GDP in the agricultural sector. Decomposition of variance for agricultural FDI is contributed by agricultural GDP with the highest value, then export and import in the agricultural sector."

"Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menelaah pengaruh Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan data tahunan dengan periode penelitian mulai tahun 1980-2013. Penelitian menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Penelitian ini melakukan analisis secara agregat dan sektoral. Penelitian juga mencoba memasukkan variabel repatriasi keuntungan PMA untuk diuji. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) mayoritas memiliki dampak positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, kecuali Penanaman Modal Asing di sektor Pertanian. Ditemukan pula bahwa repatriasi keuntungan PMA, sebagai variabel kontrol berdampak negatif bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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This research aims to analyze effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Indonesian Economic Growth. This research uses time series data by research periods 1980-2013. This research uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. This research does aggregate and sectoral analysis. This research also tries to include FDI profit repatriation as variable to be tested. The results of research shows Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) mostly has positive effect on economic growth, except FDI on Agriculture sector. It is also found that FDI profit repatriation as a control variable has negative effect on economic growth."

"[Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan menganalisisfaktor-faktor penentu dalam penanaman modal asmg(PMA) di Industri minyak dan gas Indonesia, serta dampak yang signifikan terhadap daya saing Indonesia. Aliran FDI telah meningkat secara dramatis dalam dua tahun terakhir. Namun, distribusi FDI sangat tidak merata dan persaingan antar negara untuk menarik investor asing sangatlah tinggi. Model konseptual dan hipotesis penelitian dikembangkan dan kerangka teori yang sudah ada. Data utama dikumpulkan melalui survei berbasiskuantitatif, total 245 responden terlibat dalam penelitian mi yang merupakan karyawan yang bekerja di perusahaan minyak dan gas asing yang beroperasi di Indonesia. Analisis deskriptif disajikan untuk mengeksplorasi kinerja keseluruhan daya saing negara, serta hubungan antar variabel. Untuk meneliti hubungan antara variabel penentu dan daya saing, analisis faktor dilakukan untuk tujuan pengurangan data dan mempertahankan faktor terkuat. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis regresi berganda. Penelitian menunjukkan Pemerintah, Infrastruktur, Lokasi dan Suinber Daya Man usia memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan daya saing Indonesia.

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This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness.;This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness.;This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness., This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness.]"

"Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis hubungan kausalitas dinamis antara perkembangan sektor keuangan, pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penurunan kemiskinan di Indonesia periode 2000Q1 sampai dengan 2010Q4. Dalam penelitian ini, pengukuran perkembangan sektor keuangan menggunakan tiga proksi yaitu rasio uang beredar secara luas (M2) terhadap PDB, rasio kredit sektor swasta terhadap PDB dan rasio total kredit usaha kecil terhadap PDB.Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji kausalitas Granger dan trivariate VECM untuk dapat menjawab tujuan penelitian. Dari hasil studi diperoleh bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi dan perkembangan sektor keuangan mempunyai hubungan jangka panjang dengan penurunan tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia. Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi dan perkembangan sektor keuangan terhadap penurunan tingkat kemiskinan tidak terjadi seketika, tetapi ada time lag yang lama tergantung pada situasi perekonomian di negara yang bersangkutan.Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa perkembangan sektor keuangan menyebabkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mendukung supply leading hypothesis di Indonesia.

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This study aimed to analyze the dynamic causal relationship between financial sector development, economic growth and poverty reduction in Indonesia period 1996Q1 to 2009Q4. In this study, measurement of financial sector development using three proxies, namely the ratio of broad money supply (M2) to GDP, the ratio of private sector credit to GDP and the ratio of total credit for small business to GDP.

The model used in this study is the Granger causality test and trivariate VECM in order to answer the research objectives. From the results of the study found that economic growth and development of the financial sector has a long-term relationship with poverty reduction in Indonesia. Effect of economic growth and development of the financial sector to poverty reduction does not happen instantly, but there is a long lag time depending on the economic situation in the country.This study also finds that development of financial sector development leds to economic growth and support the supply leading hypothesis for Indonesia."

"Peran demokrasi menjadi semakin penting dalam memastikan manfaat investasi langsung asing untuk mendorong pembangunan. Makalah ini mengkaji hubungan antara demokrasi dan FDI, serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penulis menggunakan regresi model data panel dengan menggunakan data dari lima negara ASEAN (ASEAN-5) dan tiga negara Asia Timur selama periode 1997-2019. Hasil empiris penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penanaman modal asing secara statistik mempunyai hubungan yang positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, kebebasan ekonomi di negara tuan rumah tidak berkorelasi dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi karena hasilnya menunjukkan korelasi yang signifikan dan negatif antara demokrasi dan pertumbuhan. Studi ini juga menemukan bahwa dampak FDI terhadap pertumbuhan bergantung pada tingkat demokrasi di negara tuan rumah. Koefisien positif hasil istilah interaksi antara demokrasi dan FDI menunjukkan bahwa FDI berkorelasi positif dengan pertumbuhan di negara demokrasi yang lebih kuat.

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The role of democracy has become increasingly important in ensuring the benefits of foreign direct investment to promote development. This paper investigates the relationship between democracy and FDI, as well as their influence towards economic growth. The author uses panel data model regression using data from five ASEAN countries (ASEAN-5) and three East Asian countries over the period of 1997-2019. The empirical results of this research found that foreign direct investment has statistically positive and significant correlation on economic growth. However, the economic freedom in the host country is not correlated with economic growth as the results show a significant and negative correlation between democracy and growth. This study also found that the impact of FDI on growth is dependent on the democracy level in host country. The positive coefficient in the interaction term results between democracy and FDI indicates that FDI is positively more correlated with growth in stronger democratic countries."

"Tesis ini menggunakan Kerangka Teoretikal Melitz di mana model ini menjelaskan heterogenitas perusahaan dan siginifikansi dari Foreign Direct Investment pada peningkatan kualitas ekspor. FDI akan mempengaruhi harga optimal dan kualitas. Model teoretikal akan diubah menjadi data panel dengan menggunakan data sektor manufaktur Indonesia dari tahun 2011 hingga tahun 2015. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada pengaruh signifikan dari FDI terhadap peningkatan kualitas ekspor yang ditunjukkan melalui peningkatan nilai unit ekspor.

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This paper uses the theoretical framework of Melitz type where the model explains the heterogeneity within the firms and the significance of the inwards Foreign Direct Investment on the improvement of export quality. FDI will affect optimal prices and quality. The theoretical model then transformed into panel data with the industry level data in Indonesias manufacturing sector from 2011 to 2015. The finding estimated is there is a significant impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the quality of commodities exported which is increasing in Foreign Direct Investment increase the export unit value."

"Pemerintah Republik Indonesia menerapkan kebijakan-kebijakan untuk menarik lebih banyak Foreign Direct Investment karena persentase arus masuk FDI terhadap gross domestic product (GDP) relatif rendah dan distribusi arus masuk FDI antar koridor ekonomi tidak merata. Disamping kontribusi langsung dari FDI melalui pembentukan modal, paket FDI dan teknologi dan aset tidak berwujudnya telah berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui spillover effects. Studi ini menguji pengaruh FDI terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia melalui pembentukan modal dan spillover effects atas kehadiran FDI dengan menggunakan regresi fixed effect model dari data panel yang terdiri atas 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2005 sampai dengan 2012. Hasil dari studi menunjukan bahwa arus masuk FDI ke Indonesia menghasilkan pembentukan modal dan spillover effects positif terhadap perusahaan perusahaan domestik. Hasil lebih lanjut menunjukan bahwa spillover effects meningkatkan produktivitas domestik dan menggeser production frontier ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi, yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan GDP per provinsi dan nasional. Pengaruh positif FDI terhadap pertumbuhan GDP dalam studi ini berimplikasi pada perlunya usaha lebih dari pemerintah Indonesia untuk menarik lebih banyak arus masuk FDI.

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The Government of Indonesia implemented policies to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) since the percentage of FDI inflows over gross domestic product (GDP) was relatively low and the distribution among corridor in Indonesia was not prevalent. Besides its direct contribution through capital formation, FDI and its package of technologies and intangible assets has contributed to growth through spillover effects. This study examined the impact of FDI on Indonesia economic growth through capital formation and spillover effects of the presence of FDI using a fixed effect model regression of a panel dataset of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 until 2012.

The results indicate that FDI inflows to Indonesia generate capital augmentation and positive spillover effects to domestic companies. The results further show that the spillover effects increase domestic productivity and shift the production frontier to a higher level, which results in an increase in provincial and national GDP. This finding implies that Indonesia needs extra effort to attract more FDI inflows. "

"ABSTRAKAdanya penanaman modal asing (PMA) tidak hanya memberikan dampak positif terhadap perekonomian tapi juga dampak negatif. Salah satu dampak negatif dari PMA adalah meningkatnya ketimpangan. Ketimpangan pendapatan merupakan salah satu permasalah yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia. Selama periode tahun 2010 sampai dengan 2014, terjadi tren kenaikan ketimpangan yang ditandai dengan naiknya indeks gini dan turunnya kontribusi pengeluaran kelompok masyarakat berpengeluaran rendah. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari 33 provinsi di Indonesia selama periode waktu tahun 2010 sampai dengan 2015 untuk mengukur dampak dari PMA terhadap ketimpangan yang diproksi dengan indeks gini dan kriteria Bank Dunia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa PMA memiliki hubungan dengan ketimpangan. Masuknya PMA yang diikuti dengan adanya transfer teknologi membuat produktivitas tenaga kerja meningkat yanag kemudian akan menaikkan pendapatan tenaga kerja. Hal tersebut kemudian akan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan.

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ABSTRACT Not only bring a positive impact to the economy of a country, foreign direct investment (FDI) also bring a negative impact. One of the negative impact of globalization is inequality. Inequality is one of many problem in Indonesia. From 2010 to 2014 there is a rise in inequality with the rise of gini index and the decrease in the contribution of low income groups. Using the data from 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2010 to 2015 to determine the impact of FDI towards inequality. The result show FDI have impact toward inequality. FDI inflow will be followed by transfer of technology which will increase the workers productivity. That increase in productivity will lead to higher income that will result in increase in inequality."

"Ekspor maupun PMA merupakan pendorong peningkatan output (pertumbuhan ekonomi). Namun ekspor dan PMA Indonesia yang masih banyak dilakukan pada sektor industri pengolahan, dapat menimbulkan dampak buruk salah satunya berupa pencemaran udara dari berbagai jenis polutan yang dikeluarkan oleh aktivitas sektor industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekspor dan PMA industri penyumbang polusi terhadap pencemaran udara di Indonesia menggunakan data 26 kota di Indonesia. Periode pengamatan dilakukan secara bulanan sejak Agustus 2019 hingga Februari 2020 yaitu saat stasiun pemantauan kualitas udara telah memiliki titik pantau di 26 kota. Dari pengolahan data menggunakan metode data panel fixed effect, diperoleh hasil bahwa ekspor dari total pelaku Ekspor di 7 industri penyumbang polutan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap polusi udara O3. Sementara itu aktivitas ekspor di 7 industri dari hasil produksi PMA di wilayah pengamatan tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan pada semua variabel polutan yang diamati. PMA signifikan mempengaruhi polusi PM2,5. Pertumbuhan ekonomi signifikan meningkatkan polusi O3, PM10 dan PM2,5. Adanya aktivitas industri di wilayah dengan pangsa PDRB Industri pengolahan yang tinggi dan memiliki Pelabuhan ekspor utama menunjukkan hubungan yang positif dan signifikan dengan kenaikan polusi CO, PM10 dan PM2,5. Sementara itu kepadatan penduduk tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada dependen variabel. Meskipun rata-rata partikulat O3 serta PM10 masih berada di bawah ambang batas KLHK dan WHO, namun pemantauan tetap perlu ditingkatkan diantaranya melalui pemanfaatan kendaraan umum serta terus menggalakkan ketentuan yang dapat mengakselerasi penggunaan energi ramah lingkungan di sektor industri.

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Exports and FDI are drivers of increased output (economic growth). However, Indonesia's exports and FDI, which are still mostly carried out in the industrial processing sector, can have adverse effects, one of which is air pollution from various types of pollutants released by industrial sector activities. This study aims to determine the influence of exports and FDI of polluting industries on air pollution in Indonesia using data from 26 cities in Indonesia. Our monthly observation begins from August 2019 until February 2020, this is the period when the air quality monitoring stations have already been set up in 26 cities in Indonesia. From data processing using the fixed effect panel data method, the result is that exports from a total of export actors in 7 pollutant contributing industries have a positive and significant effect on O3 air pollution. Meanwhile, export activities in 7 industries from FDI production in the observation area did not show a significant relationship to all the pollutant variables observed. FDI significantly affects PM2.5 pollution. Significant economic growth increases O3, PM10 and PM2.5 pollution. The presence of industrial activity in areas with a high share of GRDP in the manufacturing industry and having major export ports shows a positive and significant relationship with CO, PM10 and PM2.5 pollution. Meanwhile, population density does not have a significant effect on the dependent variable. Even though the average O3 and PM10 particulates are still below the KLHK and WHO thresholds, monitoring still needs to be improved, among others through the use of public transportation and continuing to promote provisions that can accelerate the use of environmentally friendly energy in the industrial sector."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menganalisa peran penanaman modal asing (PMA) dari Korea terhadap perdagangan intra-industri (IIT) Indonesia dan Korea untuk produk manufaktur pada kurun waktu 2000-2013. Menggunakan data tahunan dari World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) pada level produk SITC Rev.3, didekomposisi IIT ke dalam 3 kelompok yaitu horizontal IIT (HIIT), upper vertical IIT (upper VIIT), dan lower vertical IIT (lower VIIT) sesuai Ito dan Okubo (2012). Memanfaatkan data agregasi terkecil, unit value dijadikan proksi pengelompokkan kualitas, hal yang sulit dilakukan dengan agregasi terbesar walaupun yang didapatkan adalah rata-rata harga tahunan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PMA Korea secara positif dan signifikan mempengaruhi indeks IIT. Terkait dengan AKFTA, terjadi peningkatan pada lower VIIT namun penurunan indeks IIT.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis aim to analyze the role of Korea?s Foreign Direct Investment in Indonesia and its effect to the extent of intra-industry trade between Korea and Indonesia on manufacture products during the period 2000-2013. Using World Integrated Trade Solution data at the level of SITC Rev. 3, trade is decomposed into 3 group of quality: horizontal IIT (HIIT), upper vertical IIT (upper VIIT), and lower vertical IIT (lower VIIT) in Ito and Okubo (2012). The results in general shows inter industry trade dominates with share of more than 80% of trade. The decomposition of Grubel-Lloyd index into the three intra-industry groups support the notion that the intra-industry trade rose after ASEAN-Korea Free Trade (AKFTA) particularly for the human capital and technology intensive products. Korea?s FDI inflow to Indonesia also shows a positive impact on IIT index of manufacture sector. We agree that AKFTA may bring more imports to Indonesia leading to increase intra-industry trade in lower vertical group."