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"ABSTRAKMikroenkapsulasi merupakan suatu teknik untuk mengubah bentuk cairan menjadi padatan dengan cara membungkus cairan tersebut dalam suatu bahan penyalut. Minyak nilam merupakan suatu produk aromaterapi yang bersifat sangat mudah menguap pada suhu kamar, sehingga mikroenkapsulasi dapat menjadi suatu pertimbangan agar aplikasinya menjadi lebih praktis, memudahkan dalam penanganannya, dan dapat melindunginya dari pengaruh lingkungan yang merugikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat dan mengkarakterisasi mikrokapsul minyak nilam. Pada penelitian ini, mikrokapsul minyak nilam dibuat dengan metode koaservasi sederhana dan kompleks. Koaservasi sederhana menggunakan gelatin sebagai bahan penyalut dengan variasi rasio antara minyak nilam dan gelatin. Koaservasi kompleks menggunakan bahan penyalut gelatin dan gum akasia dengan dua kelompok variasi, yaitu rasio antara gelatin dan gum akasia serta rasio antara minyak nilam dan bahan penyalut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koaservasi kompleks merupakan metode yang lebih baik untuk enkapsulasi minyak nilam karena menghasilkan nilai efisiensi penjerapan yang lebih tinggi. Mikroenkapsulasi secara koaservasi kompleks dengan perbandingan gelatin dan gum akasia 1:1 menghasilkan efisiensi penjerapan tertinggi, yaitu 18,79% pada perbandingan bahan inti dan penyalut 1:1. Mikroenkapsulasi dapat mengubah minyak nilam menjadi suatu sediaan padat yang diharapkan dapat menjadi bentuk alternatif pengembangan produk aromaterapi.

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ABSTRACTMicroencapsulation is a technique to convert liquids into solid forms by wrapping it into a coating material. Patchouli oil is an aromatherapy product thats highly volatile and will evaporate if left in the open air, so it considered to be encapsulate into a coating material. Thus, the application of patchouli oil as aromatherapy becomes more practical, easier to handle, and can protect them from adverse environmental effects. The purpose of this study were prepared and characterized of patchouli oil microcapsules. In this study, patchouli oil microcapsules were prepared by simple and complex coacervation methods. Simple coacervation was carried out using gelatin as a coating material with variations of the ratio between patchouli oil and gelatin. Complex coacervation was carried out using gelatin and gum acacia as coating materials with two group variations of the ratio gelatin/gum acasia and the ratio patchouli oil/coating materials. The result revealed that complex coacervation was the better method for encapsulation of patchouli oil because it produced the higher encapsulation efficiency than simple coacervation method. Microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation in gelatin/gum acasia ratio 1:1 and patchouli oil/coating materials ratio 1:1 showed the highest encapsulation efficiency was 18.79%. Microencapsulation can be used to convert patchouli oil into solid forms and it might be considered to produce an alternative form of aromatherapy product."

"Mikrokapsul merupakan partikel kecil mengandung zat aktif yang dikelilingi oleh suatu bahan penyalut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat mikrokapsul yang mengandung ketoprofen dengan menggunakan dua metode yaitu koaservasi dan semprot kering kemudian mengkarakterisasi mikrokapsul tersebut. Pragelatinisasi pati singkong (PPS) digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut pada metode koaservasi dan pragelatinisasi pati singkong ftalat (PPSFt) digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut pada metode semprot kering. Mikrokapsul yang diperoleh dari kedua metode tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi meliputi rendemen proses, bentuk dan morfologi, efisiensi penjerapan, distribusi ukuran partikel, indeks mengembang, analisis gugus fungsi, dan profil pelepasan obat. PPSFt yang digunakan memiliki derajat subsitusi sebesar 0.0541 dan larut dalam medium basa. Mikrokapsul yang dibuat dengan metode koaservasi memiliki bentuk yang tidak sferis dan berongga dengan efisiensi penjerapannya sebesar 20.27% ± 1.82. Sementara itu, mikrokapsul yang dibuat dengan metode semprot kering memiliki bentuk yang hampir sferis dengan permukaan cekung dan memiliki efisiensi penjerapannya sebesar 80.22% ± 9.18.Hasil pelepasan obat menunjukkan bahwa selama 8 jam sebesar 8% ketoprofen dilepaskan dalam pH 1.2 dan sebesar 18% dilepaskan dalam pH 7.4 dari mikrokapsul yang dibuat dengan metode koaservasi. Sementara itu, ketoprofen dilepaskan selama 8 jam sebesar 5% dalam pH 1.2 dan 25% dilepaskan dalam pH 7.4 dari mikrokapsul yang dibuat dengan metode semprot kering. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikrokapsul yang dibuat dengan kedua metode tersebut dapat menahan pelepasan obat sehingga berpotensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai sediaan lepas lambat.

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Microcapsules are a small particles containing a core material surrounded by a coating or shell. The aim of this study was to prepare microcapsules containing ketoprofen by coacervation and spray drying methods, and then characterize them. Pregelatinized cassava starch (PCS) and pragelatinized cassava starch phthalate (PCSPh) were used as coating materials in coacervation and spray drying microencapsulation, respectively. The obtained microcapsules were then characterized, including its yield, shape and morphology, drug-loading efficiency, particle size distribution, swelling index, functional group analysis, and drug release profile. The used PCSPh had substitution degree of 0.0541 and dissolved in basic aqueous medium. Microcapsules prepared by coacervation method were a irreguler shaped and hollow surface and the entrapment efficiency was 20.27% ± 1.82. Otherwise, the spray dried microcapsules showed a nearly-spherical-shape with biconcave surface and the entrapment efficiency was 80.22% ± 9.18.

The release study results showed that within 8 hours ketoprofen released from the coacervation microcapsules at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 were 8% and 18%, respectively. Besides, ketoprofen released from spray-dried microcapsules within 8 hours at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 were 5% and 25%, respectively. In conclusion, the microcapsules prepared by both methods could extent the drug released, thus it may be possible to be used for a sustained release device."

"Mikroenkapsulasi merupakan proses penyalutan lapis tipis pada partikel zat yang membutuhkan suatu bahan penyalut dengan karakteristik yang sesuai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat eksipien koproses dari pragelatinisasi pati singkong (PPS) dan polivinil alkohol (PVA) yang digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut pada mikroenkapsulasi askorbil glukosida. Eksipien koproses dari PPS dan PVA dibuat dengan tiga perbandingan PPS:PVA yaitu 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1, kemudian eksipien koproses PPS-PVA yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi. Eksipien koproses PPS-PVA selanjutnya digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut dengan konsentrasi 5% dalam mikroenkapsulasi askorbil glukosida dengan metode semprot kering. Pada penelitian ini dibuat tiga formula larutan penyalut yaitu formula 1 mengunakan eksipien koproses PPS-PVA 1:1, formula 2 mengunakan eksipien koproses PPS-PVA 1:2, dan formula 3 mengunakan eksipien koprosens PPS-PVA 2:1. Perbandingan askorbil glukosida dengan eksipien koproses PPS-PVA dalam formulasi mikrokapsul adalah 1:8. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koproses PPS-PVA yang diperoleh menyerupai granul dengan morfologi permukaan yang kasar, kadar air 10 - 11%, pH 5,7 - 6,29, dan pada menit ke-15 sudah mengembang 4–6 kalinya. Mikrokapsul askorbil glukosida yang dimikroenkapsulasi dengan eksipien koproses PPS-PVA memiliki bentuk bulat dengan permukaan yang halus, dan adapula yang berbentuk kurang bulat dengan permukaan yang cekung. Selain itu, mikrokapsul askorbil glukosida yang dihasilkan memiliki efisiensi penjerapan 88,97%, 94,12% dan 94,21% berturut-turut untuk formula 1, formula 2 dan formula 3. Profil pelepasan askorbil glukosida dari mikrokapsul menunjukkan bahwa askorbil glukosida sudah dilepaskan seluruhnya (100%) pada menit ke-120, 180, dan 90 berturut-turut dari mikrokapsul formula 1, formula 2, dan formula 3. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses PPS-PVA yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penyalut yang baik pada mikroenkapsulasi askorbil glukosida.

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Microencapsulation is a film coating process of substance particles and requires a suitable coating material. The aim of this research was to produce co-processed excipient of pregelatinized cassava starch (PCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which would be applied as coating material in microencapsulation of ascorbyl glucoside. Co-processed excipient of PCS-PVA was prepared in the ratio of PCS to PVA were 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1, then the produced PCS-PVA co-processed excipient was characterized. Moreover, co-processed excipient of PCS-PVA in concentration of 5% was used as coating material for spray dried microencapsulation of ascorbyl glucoside. In this study, three formula of coating solutions were prepared using co-processed excipient of PCS-PVA 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 for formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3, respectively. The ratio of ascorbyl glucoside to co-processed excipient of PCS-PVA in microcapsules formula was 1:8. The results showed that the produced PCS-PVA co-processed excipient was like granules with rough surface morphology, 10-11% water content, pH 5.7 – 6.29 and swelled 4-6 fold during 15 minutes. Ascorbyl glucoside microcapsules which were encapsulated by co-processed excipient of PCS-PVA showed spherical form with smooth surface as well as irregular form with biconcave shape; both of the shapes were in the obtained microcapsules. In addition, entrapment efficiency of ascorbyl glucoside in the microcapsules of formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3 were 88.97%, 94.12% and 94.21%, respectively. Furthermore, release profile of ascorbyl glucoside from the microcapsules showed that ascorbyl glucoside was entirely released 100% from the microcapsules of formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3 at 120, 180 and 90 minutes, respectively. On the whole, it concluded that the co-processed excipient of PCS-PVA could be used as a good coating material for microencapsulation of ascorbyl glucoside."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merubah ekstak biji Jinten hitam dari wujud cair menjadi padat dengan cara mikroenkapsulasi menggunakan metode spray drying. Keuntungan yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan ekstrak kering untuk diformulasi menjadi berbagai sediaan farmasi yang meningkatkan penggunaan dan variabilias produk ekstrak biji Jinten hitam. Metode spray drying dilakukan denganmenambahkan ekstrak biji jinten hitam ke dalam larutan gom arab dan maltodextrin. Evaluasi mikroenkapsulasi ekstrakt meliputi kandungan obat, efisiensi enkapsulasi, sifat aliran, kompresibilitas, angle of repose, kelembaban, distribusi ukuran partikel dan mikrostrukture mikrokapsule. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mikroenkapsulasi biji Jinten hitam dapat diproduksi menggunakan metode spray drying. Efisiensi mikroenkapsulasi terbesar adalah menggunakan konsentrasi penyalut 20 % (gom arab : maltodekstrin = 50 : 50) dan ekstrak biji jinten hitam 30%.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to convert Nigella sativa black seed extract from liquid phase into solid phase by microencapsulation using spray drying method. The benefits hoped from this research are obtaining the dry extract to be formulated into pharmaceutical variable dosage forms in order to increase the usefulness and variability products ofNigella sativa black seed extract. The spray drying method was done by adding Nigella sativa black extract into the gum arabic and maltodextrin solution. The evaluation of microencapsulated extract is including drug content, encapsulation efficiency, flow properties, compressibility, angle of repose, moisture content, particel size distribution and microstructure of microcapsules. The result showed that microencapsulation of Nigella sativa black seed extract can be produced by spray drying method. The highest microencapsulation efficiency is at the coating solution concentration of 20% (gum arabic : maltodextrin = 50 : 50) and Nigella sativa black extract percentage of 30%."

"Tokotrienol merupakan produk nutrasetika yang berwujud cair dan bermanfaat untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol. Mikroenkapsulasi merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengubah bahan aktif berupa cairan menjadi bentuk padat. Pada penelitian ini, tokotrienol yang berwujud cair dikonversi menjadi bentuk serbuk melalui mikroenkapsulasi menggunakan pragelatinisasi pati singkong ftalat (PPSFt) sebagai polimer penyalut. PPSFt dibuat melalui gelatinisasi pati singkong yang dilanjutkan dengan esterifikasi menggunakan asam ftalat anhidrida. PPSFt yang diperoleh kemudian digunakan sebagai polimer penyalut pada mikroenkapsulasi tokotrienol melalui metode semprot kering. Karakterisasi PPSFt yang dilakukan antara lain derajat substitusi, kelarutan dan indeks mengembang di berbagai pH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa derajat substitusi PPSFt adalah 0,0541. Kelarutan PPSFt lebih tinggi dalam medium basa dibandingkan medium asam. PPSFt mengembang 2 kali lipat selama 5 menit. Evaluasi mikrokapsul yang dihasilkan meliputi bentuk dan morfologi, ukuran, efisiensi penjerapan, dan uji pelepasan bahan aktif. Mikrokapsul yang diperoleh berbentuk serbuk bermassa ringan dengan morfologi sferis hingga tak beraturan, memiliki ukuran 1-60 μm, dan efisiensi penjerapan 93-94%. Pelepasan tokotrienol dari mikrokapsul dalam medium fosfat pH 7,4 - etanol 96% (1:1) mencapai 90% selama 2 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tokotrienol dapat dibentuk menjadi serbuk melalui mikroenkapsulasi menggunakan PPSFt sebagai polimer penyalut.

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Tocotrienol is an oily nutraceutical product that has cholesterol-lowering effect. Microencapsulation is an approach to convert an oily liquid substance into a solid powder form. In this study, the liquid tocotrienol was microencapsulated using pregelatinized cassava starch phthalate (PCSPh) as coating polymer, thus the pulverized tocotrienol was obtained. PCSPh was prepared by gelatinization of cassava starch and followed by esterification using phthalic anhydride. The obtained PCSPh was used as coating polymer in two formulas of microcapsules by spray-drying method. PCSPh was characterized in terms of substitution degree, solubility, and swelling index in various pH.The characterization results showed that the substitution degree of PCSPh was 0,0541. In addition, PCSPh was highly soluble in alkaline medium and 2-fold swelled in 5 minutes. Microcapsules were characterized in terms of size, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution profile. The evaluation results showed that microcapsules were white-yellowish powder with spherical-amorf shape and 1-60μm in diameter. The entrapment efficiency of tocotrienol were 93-94%. The release studies in phosphate medium pH 7,4 - ethanol 96% (1:1) showed that 90% of tocotrienol was released from microcapsules during 2 hours. This results revealed that tocotrienol could be pulverized by microencapsulation using PCSPh as coating polymer."

"Propranolol hydrochloride is antihypertension agent that has a short biological half life of 2-6 hours. Microcapsules of propranolol hydrochloride are prepared by solvent evaporation method using ethylcellulose as a wall material with the drugpolymer ratio 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 for sustained release oral delivery. The microcapsules were then evaluated by particle size distribution analysis, shape and morphology (SEM), drug content, and dissolution studies. In vitro dissolution was studied using the dissolution apparatus II (paddle) with chloride buffer (pH 1,2) dan phosphate buffer (pH 6,8) medium. The drug-polymer ratio have an important influence on drug release from microcapsules where the increase of polymer cause the higher drug release inhibition."

"[ABSTRAK Insomnia merupakan ganggguan tidur yang paling sering dikeluhkan. Angka kejadian insomnia dari tahun ke tahun semakin bertambah. Insomnia menyebabkan seseorang mengalami kelelahan, penurunan status kesehatan, bahkan menyebabkan kematian karena kecelakaan. Penanganan kasus insomnia masih difokuskan pada pemberian obat (agen hipnotik) yang terbatas pada terapi jangka pendek karena dapat menimbulkan efek samping yang cukup berbahaya sehingga perlu dicari solusi yang dianggap lebih baik dan lebih aman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian kombinasi minyak atsiri pala (Myristica fragrans) dan kenanga (Cananga odorata) sebagai aromaterapi dalam menurunkan derajat insomnia. Penelitian menggunakan desain eksperimental acak, single-blind dan cross-over pada 26 wanita paruh baya yang dibagi dalam dua grup dengan pemberian aromaterapi secara inhalasi selama 4 minggu (1 minggu tanpa perlakuan, 1 minggu perlakuan pertama, 1 minggu washout dan 1 minggu perlakuan kedua). Hasil diukur menggunakan Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) dan parameter fisik berupa pengukuran tekanan darah (MAP), frekuensi nadi dan frekuensi pernafasan yang akan dibandingkan dengan minyak atsiri lavender sebagai kontrol. Kombinasi pala dan kenanga memiliki perbaikan skor PSQI sebanyak 3,31 poin (p = 0,01) dan lavender sebanyak 2,54 poin (p = 0,30). Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi minyak atsiri pala dan kenanga ternyata lebih berpengaruh dalam menurunkan derajat insomnia pada wanita paruh baya dibandingkan dengan minyak atsiri lavender.ABSTRACT Insomnia is a sleep disruption are most often complained. The incidence of insomnia increased from year to year. Insomnia causes a person to experience fatigue, decreased health status and even cause death due to an accident. The current treatments of choice are drugs (conventional hypnotics agents) that is limited to short-term therapy because it can cause dangerous side effects. It is necessary to find a solution that is considered to be a better and safer. The purpose of this study to see the combination effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and cananga (Cananga odorata) essential oils as aromatherapy in reducing the degree of insomnia. This study used a randomized experimental, single-blind, cross-over design in 26 middle-aged women who were divided into two groups with aromatherapy administration by inhalation for 4 weeks (1 week without treatment, 1 week for the first treatment, 1 week washout and 1 week for the second treatment). Results were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and physical parameters such as the measurement of blood pressure (MAP), heart rate and respiratory rate which will be compared with lavender essential oil as a control. The combination of nutmeg and cananga created an improvement of 3.31 points (p = 0.01) and lavender of 2.54 points (p = 0.30) in PSQI. This study showed that administration of a combination of nutmeg and cananga essential oils were more influential in reducing the degree of insomnia in middle-aged women compared with lavender essential oils.;Insomnia is a sleep disruption are most often complained. The incidence of insomnia increased from year to year. Insomnia causes a person to experience fatigue, decreased health status and even cause death due to an accident. The current treatments of choice are drugs (conventional hypnotics agents) that is limited to short-term therapy because it can cause dangerous side effects. It is necessary to find a solution that is considered to be a better and safer. The purpose of this study to see the combination effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and cananga (Cananga odorata) essential oils as aromatherapy in reducing the degree of insomnia. This study used a randomized experimental, single-blind, cross-over design in 26 middle-aged women who were divided into two groups with aromatherapy administration by inhalation for 4 weeks (1 week without treatment, 1 week for the first treatment, 1 week washout and 1 week for the second treatment). Results were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and physical parameters such as the measurement of blood pressure (MAP), heart rate and respiratory rate which will be compared with lavender essential oil as a control. The combination of nutmeg and cananga created an improvement of 3.31 points (p = 0.01) and lavender of 2.54 points (p = 0.30) in PSQI. This study showed that administration of a combination of nutmeg and cananga essential oils were more influential in reducing the degree of insomnia in middle-aged women compared with lavender essential oils.;Insomnia is a sleep disruption are most often complained. The incidence of insomnia increased from year to year. Insomnia causes a person to experience fatigue, decreased health status and even cause death due to an accident. The current treatments of choice are drugs (conventional hypnotics agents) that is limited to short-term therapy because it can cause dangerous side effects. It is necessary to find a solution that is considered to be a better and safer. The purpose of this study to see the combination effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and cananga (Cananga odorata) essential oils as aromatherapy in reducing the degree of insomnia. This study used a randomized experimental, single-blind, cross-over design in 26 middle-aged women who were divided into two groups with aromatherapy administration by inhalation for 4 weeks (1 week without treatment, 1 week for the first treatment, 1 week washout and 1 week for the second treatment). Results were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and physical parameters such as the measurement of blood pressure (MAP), heart rate and respiratory rate which will be compared with lavender essential oil as a control. The combination of nutmeg and cananga created an improvement of 3.31 points (p = 0.01) and lavender of 2.54 points (p = 0.30) in PSQI. This study showed that administration of a combination of nutmeg and cananga essential oils were more influential in reducing the degree of insomnia in middle-aged women compared with lavender essential oils., Insomnia is a sleep disruption are most often complained. The incidence of insomnia increased from year to year. Insomnia causes a person to experience fatigue, decreased health status and even cause death due to an accident. The current treatments of choice are drugs (conventional hypnotics agents) that is limited to short-term therapy because it can cause dangerous side effects. It is necessary to find a solution that is considered to be a better and safer. The purpose of this study to see the combination effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and cananga (Cananga odorata) essential oils as aromatherapy in reducing the degree of insomnia. This study used a randomized experimental, single-blind, cross-over design in 26 middle-aged women who were divided into two groups with aromatherapy administration by inhalation for 4 weeks (1 week without treatment, 1 week for the first treatment, 1 week washout and 1 week for the second treatment). Results were measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and physical parameters such as the measurement of blood pressure (MAP), heart rate and respiratory rate which will be compared with lavender essential oil as a control. The combination of nutmeg and cananga created an improvement of 3.31 points (p = 0.01) and lavender of 2.54 points (p = 0.30) in PSQI. This study showed that administration of a combination of nutmeg and cananga essential oils were more influential in reducing the degree of insomnia in middle-aged women compared with lavender essential oils.]"