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"Latar Belakang: Penyakit Jantung Koroner merupakan penyebab utama kematian di dunia. Bakteri positif Gram dan negatif Gram telah sering diidentifikasi pada bakteremia dan disebut memiliki peran dalam penyakit vascular, termasuk Streptococcus sanguinis yang paling sering diisolasi dari pasien endokarditis dan sering dikaitkan dengan PJK.Tujuan : Menganalisis jumlah Streptococcus sanguinis yang diisolasi dari plak gigi dan saliva subjek non-PJK dan PJK.Metode : Koloni bakteri dari plak gigi dan saliva 16 subjek non-PJK dan 8 subjek PJK ditanam pada agar Mitis salivarius, diekstraksi DNA kemudian dikuantifikasi dengan teknik Real-Time PCR menggunakan primers spesifik 16S rRNA.Hasil : Kuantifikasi Real-Time PCR menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah S. sanguinis antara subjek kelompok non-PJK dan PJK namun uji t tidak berpasangan menunjukkan perbedaannya tidak signifikan.Kesimpulan : Pada subjek yang menjadi sampel penelitian ditemukan kecenderungan jumlah S. sanguinis asal plak gigi subjek PJK lebih tinggi dibandingkan subjek non-PJK dan jumlah S. sanguinis asal saliva subjek non-PJK cenderung lebih tinggi dibanding subjek PJK.

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Background : Coronary Heart Disease is the major cause of death in most countries in the world. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been identified in bacteremia cases and said to have a role in various vascular disease, including Streptococcus sanguinis which is the most often bacteria to be isolated from endocarditis patients and often associated with CHD.Objectives : To analyze the amount of Streptococcus sanguinis isolated from dental plaque and saliva of subjects with and without Coronary Heart Disease.Methods : Bacterial colonies isolated from dental plaque and saliva of 16 subjects without CHD and 8 subjects with CHD are plated in Mitis salivarius agar, DNA are extracted and then quantified with Real-Time PCR technique using 16S rRNA primers.Results : Real-Time PCR quantification shows that there’s a difference amount of S. sanguinis between the two groups of subjects but unpaired t-test shows that the differences are not statistically significant.Conclusion : Subjects from this study shows tendency that the amount of S. sanguinis from dental plaque of CHD subjects is higher than non-CHD subjects and the amount of S. sanguinis from saliva of non-CHD subjects is higher than CHD subjects."

"Latar Belakang : Resesi gingiva penyebab dentin hipersensitif (DH). Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus pada plak menghasilkan asam. Produk asam menyebabkan demineralisasi akar gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis jumlah serta distribusi S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dari plak dan saliva penderita resesi gingiva dengan DH dan non sensitif. Metode: Dari sampel saliva dan plak subjek DH dan non sensitif diperiksa jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus menggunakan real-time PCR dengan SYBR Green. Hasil: Jumlah S. mutans lebih banyak pada plak DH daripada non sensitif, S. sobrinus lebih banyak pada saliva non sensitif. Kesimpulan: Jumlah S. mutans lebih banyak pada plak penderita DH.

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Background : Gingival recession cause of dentine hypersensitivity (DH). Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque will produce of acid. Acid can cause demineralization that involved in hypersensitivity.

Objectives : To analyze the amount and distribution of S. mutans and S. sobrinus from plaque and saliva in patients with DH and non sensitive.

Methods :, S. mutans and S. sobrinus from saliva and plaque samples was quantify by real-time PCR using SYBR Green.

Results : The number of S. mutans is higher in plaque of DH and S. sobrinus is higher in saliva of non sensitive.

Conclusion : Patients with DH had higher level of S. mutans in plaque."

"Salah satu cara pencegahan karies adalah menyikat gigi. Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus memiliki peranan pada terjadinya karies. Daun sirih dalam pasta gigi perlu diuji sebagai pencegah terjadinya karies.Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh pasta gigi daun sirih terhadap jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus.Metode: Jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus dari sampel plak dan saliva dikuantifikasi dengan menggunakan real-time PCR.Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara 3 jam setelah menyikat gigi dengan sebelum menyikat gigi pada Streptococcus mutans di plak.Kesimpulan: Terjadi penurunan jumlah Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus setelah menyikat gigi menggunakan pasta gigi mengandung daun sirih.

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Brushing tooth is one of technique to prevent caries. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus have role in development of caries. Betel leaf ingredient in toothpaste needs to be studied as caries prevention.Aim: To analyze the effect of betel leaf toothpaste against levels of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus.Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus from plaque and saliva samples were quantified by real-time PCR.Result: There was significant difference between before brushing and three hoursafter brushing on amount of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque.Conclusion:The levels of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus showed reductionafter brushing tooth."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Hipersensitif dentin dipengaruhi oleh akumulasi plak padapermukaan gigi dan penetrasi bakteri pada tubulus dentin. Tujuan: Menganalisisproporsi serotipe c Streptococcus mutans dan tingkat keasaman di dalam plakdan saliva penderita resesi gingiva yang hipersensitif dentin dengan penderitaresesi gingiva yang non hipersensitif. Metode: Tiga puluh enam sampel plak dansaliva dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok hipersensitif dan nonhipersensitif. Dilakukan ekstrak DNA sampel, pengukuran pH sampel danevaluasi amplifikasi serotipe c Streptococcus mutans dengan alat Real TimePCR. Hasil: Proporsi serotipe c Streptococcus mutans di dalam plak dansaliva tidak berbeda pada penderita resesi gingiva dengan hipersensitifdentin maupun non hipersensitif, Kesimpulan: Proporsi serotipe cStreptococcus mutans plak dan saliva tidak mempengaruhi hipersensitifdentin.

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ABSTRACTBackground: dentin hypersensitivity is affected by the accumulation of plaqueon the tooth surface and penetration of bacteria in the dentinal tubules.Objective: To analyze the proportion of serotype c Streptococcus mutans and thelevel of acidity in plaque and saliva of patients with hypersensitive dentin andnon hypersensitive. Methods: Thirty-six plaque and saliva samples were dividedinto two groups: the hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive. Extract the sampleDNA, measure the acidity levels and evaluate serotype c Streptococcus mutansamplification with Real Time PCR. Results: The proportion of serotype cStreptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva is not significantly different in thepatients with gingival recession both hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive,Conclusions: The proportion of serotype c Streptococcus mutans in plaque andsaliva are equally well both in hypersensitive and non hypersensitive cases.;Background: dentin hypersensitivity is affected by the accumulation of plaqueon the tooth surface and penetration of bacteria in the dentinal tubules.Objective: To analyze the proportion of serotype c Streptococcus mutans and thelevel of acidity in plaque and saliva of patients with hypersensitive dentin andnon hypersensitive. Methods: Thirty-six plaque and saliva samples were dividedinto two groups: the hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive. Extract the sampleDNA, measure the acidity levels and evaluate serotype c Streptococcus mutansamplification with Real Time PCR. Results: The proportion of serotype cStreptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva is not significantly different in thepatients with gingival recession both hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive,Conclusions: The proportion of serotype c Streptococcus mutans in plaque andsaliva are equally well both in hypersensitive and non hypersensitive cases., Background: dentin hypersensitivity is affected by the accumulation of plaqueon the tooth surface and penetration of bacteria in the dentinal tubules.Objective: To analyze the proportion of serotype c Streptococcus mutans and thelevel of acidity in plaque and saliva of patients with hypersensitive dentin andnon hypersensitive. Methods: Thirty-six plaque and saliva samples were dividedinto two groups: the hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive. Extract the sampleDNA, measure the acidity levels and evaluate serotype c Streptococcus mutansamplification with Real Time PCR. Results: The proportion of serotype cStreptococcus mutans in plaque and saliva is not significantly different in thepatients with gingival recession both hypersensitive and non-hypersensitive,Conclusions: The proportion of serotype c Streptococcus mutans in plaque andsaliva are equally well both in hypersensitive and non hypersensitive cases.]"

"Latar Belakang: Streptococcus sanguinis merupakan bakteri yang sering ditemukan pada penyakit periodontal dan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK). Bakteri ini diduga berperan terhadap kedua penyakit tersebut melalui aliran darah. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan kuantitatif S. sanguinis pada plak gigi dengan status periodontal pada penderita PJK dan non PJK. Metode: 66 pasien PJK dan 40 kontrol diperiksa status periodontal dan diambil sampel plak supragingiva dan kuantitatif S. sanguinis dihitung dengan menggunakan metode real time polymerase chain reaction. Hasil: Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna kuantitatif S. sanguinis antara PJK dan non PJK (p > 0,05). Uji Spearman tidak terdapat hubungan antara kuantitatif S. sanguinis dengan akumulasi plak, perdarahan gingiva, dan kedalaman poket pada penderita PJK dan non PJK (p > 0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan kuantitatif S. sanguinis penderita PJK dan non PJK. Tidak terdapat hubungan kuantitatif S. sanguinis dengan status periodontal antara PJK dan non PJK.

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Background: Streptococcus sanguinis is a common bacteria found in periodontal disease and coronary heart disease (CHD). This bacteria is suspected to have important role in relationship between both diseases through blood streams. Objectives: To analyze quantitative difference of S. sanguinis on dental plaque between CHD and non CHD patients. Methods: 66 CHD and 40 non-CHD patients were examined for periodontal status and supragingival dental plaque were collected. Quantitative Measurement of S. sanguinis was done with RT-PCR. Result: Statistic analyzing using Mann-Whitney test showed there is no significant difference between S. sanguinis of CHD and non CHD (p > 0,05). Spearman test showed there is no correlation between quantitative S. sanguinis with plaque accumulation, gingival bleeding, and pocket depth in CHD and non CHD (p > 0,05). Conclusion: There is no difference between quantitative S. sanguinis in CHD and non CHD patients. There is no correlation between quantitative S. sanguinis with periodontal status in CHD and non CHD p"

"Pandemi Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) terjadi akibat cepatnya penyebaran Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) sehingga membutuhkan uji yang cepat dan tepat. Real-time polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) menggunakan sampel swab nasofaring merupakan standar baku emas, namun sifatnya yang invasif dan tingginya risiko aerosolisasi menjadi kekurangan sampel swab nasofaring. Saliva dinilai dapat menjadi sampel alternatif dalam uji deteksi COVID-19 karena proses koleksi yang tidak invasif, risiko aerosolisasi rendah, serta dapat dilakukan tanpa kontak langsung dengan tenaga kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) mengevaluasi potensi saliva dalam uji deteksi COVID-19 menggunakan metode real-time PCR dan gen deteksi Envelope (E) serta RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2) membandingkan hasil real-time PCR sampel swab nasofaring dengan sampel saliva untuk mendapatkan nilai diagnostik, serta 3) mengetahui pengaruh penyimpanan saliva pada suhu -80°C selama tiga dan enam bulan terhadap nilai cycle threshold (Ct) dari real-time PCR yang dilakukan. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi isolasi RNA dengan QIAamp Viral RNA mini kit, kuantifikasi RNA dengan spektrofotometer, amplifikasi dengan real-time PCR, serta analisis data. Hasil real-time PCR menunjukkan bahwa gen E dan RdRp terdeteksi pada 45 dari 128 sampel dengan rentang nilai Ct 14,953—34,8509 dan rata-rata 24,98. Nilai diagnostik yang dihasilkan berupa nilai sensitivitas sebesar 87,2%, spesifisitas 95,1%, positive predictive value (PPV) 91,1%, dan negative predictive value(NPV) 92,8%. Saliva yang disimpan dalam suhu -80°C menunjukkan nilai Ct yang tidak berbeda secara signifikan setelah 3 dan 6 bulan penyimpanan. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah saliva dapat digunakan sebagai sampel alternatif dalam deteksi COVID-19 dengan metode real-time PCR dan gen deteksi E serta RdRp menggunakan sampel yang disimpan selama 3 dan 6 bulan tanpa buffer di suhu -80°C meskipun belum memenuhi kriteria standar WHO.

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The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred as a result of the rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) thus requiring rapid and appropriate testing. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) using nasopharyngeal swab samples is the gold standard, but its invasive nature and high risk of aerosolization is a shortage of nasopharyngeal swab samples. Saliva is considered to be an alternative sample in the COVID-19 detection test because the collection process is non-invasive, has a low risk of aerosolization, and can be done without direct contact with health workers. Therefore, the aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the potential of saliva in the COVID-19 detection test using the real-time PCR method and the Envelope (E) detection gene and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2) to compare the results of real-time PCR nasopharyngeal swab samples with saliva samples to obtain diagnostic value, and 3) to determine the effect of storing saliva at -80°C for three and six months on the cycle threshold (Ct) value of the real-time PCR performed. The methods used included RNA isolation with the QIAamp Viral RNA mini kit, RNA quantification with a spectrophotometer, amplification with real-time PCR, and data analysis. Real-time PCR results showed that the E and RdRp genes were detected in 45 of 128 samples with a Ct value range of 14.953-34.8509 and an average of 24.98. The resulting diagnostic value was a sensitivity value of 87.2%, a specificity of 95.1%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 91.1%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.8%. Saliva stored at -80°C showed Ct values that were not significantly different after 3 and 6 months of storage. The conclusion of the study is that saliva can be used as an alternative sample in detecting COVID-19 with the real-time PCR method and detecting E and RdRp genes using samples stored for 3 and 6 months without buffer at -80°C even though they do not meet WHO standard criteria."

"Berdasarkan laporan nasional riset kesehatan dasar tahun 2007, prevalensi karies gigi aktif di Indonesia mencapai angka 43,4 %. Propolis adalah bahan herbal yang telah terbukti memiliki efek antibakteri yang baik terhadap S.mutans dan S.sobrinus, bakteri yang erat kaitannya dengan terjadinya karies gigi. Namun belum diketahui efektifitas kandungan propolis dalam pasta gigi terhadap S.mutans dan S.sobrinus yang diisolasi dari saliva dan plak.Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh pasta gigi dengan kandungan propolis 0,5% terhadap kedua bakteri tersebut dengan metode kuantifikasi real-time PCR. Sampel plak dan saliva diambil dari 6 orang subjek pada saat sebelum, sesaat setelah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah pengunaan pasta gigi propolis.Hasil menunjukan penurunan jumlah rerata bakteri S.mutans dan S.sobrinus dari sebelum perlakuan ke sesaat setelah perlakuan pasta gigi propolis, kemudian jumlah bakteri meningkat pada pengambilan sampel 3 jam setelah perlakuan dan 9 jam setelah perlakuan baik pada sampel plak dan saliva.

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Based on basic health national report in 2007, active tooth caries prevalence in Indonesia reached 43,4%. Propolis is a herbal substance which has been proved to have good antibacterial effect toward S.mutans and S.sobrinus, cariogenic bacteria. Nevertheless, propolis efficacy in toothpaste toward S.mutans and S.sobrinus, which are isolated from plaque and saliva, has not been well-studied.This research analyzed efficacy of 0.5% propolis-containing toothpaste toward these two species of bacteria by using real-time PCR quantification method. Both saliva and plaque samples were taken from six subjects at a-while-before, a-while-after, 3-hours-after, and 9-hours-after toothbrushing using propolis toothpaste.The result showed reduction in number of bacteria from before-treatment to a-while-after treatment, later on, the amount of bacteria increased gradually at 3-hour-after and 9-hour-after treatment. This happens to bacteria isolated from both saliva and plaque sample."

"Translokasi bakteri merupakan kejadian yang diinisiasi oleh adanya reaksi inflamasi pada permukaan usus dan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya sepsis. Bifidobacterium anima/is subspesies lactis merupakan salah satu bakteri probiotik yang dapat memberikan efek anti-inflamasi, sehingga dapat menghambat terjadinya translokasi bakteri. Gen dnaK merupakan sekuens penanda yang dapat digunakan untuk deteksi B. anima/is subsp. lactis. Optimasi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan pasangan primer optimal dalam kuantifikasi B. anima/is subsp. lactis dengan metode kuantitatif Real-time PCR. Isolat DNA diisolasi dari sampel feses bayi menggunakan metode fenol-kloroform. Pasangan primer dirancang berdasarkan sekuen gen dnaK B.ani malis subsp.lacti s [ABOTO1000010.1] menggunakan program pri mer3. Optimasi primer dilakukan menggunakan 5 konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu 50/50, 100/100, 300/300, 500/500, dan 1.000/1.000 nM. Konsentrasi optimal pasangan primer F_HN019_dnaK dan R_HN019_dnaK untuk kurva standar adalah 1.000/ 1.000 nM dengan nilai efisiensi 95.397% dan R2 0,998. Konsentrasi pasangan primer 50/50--1.000/1.000 nM dapat digunakan untuk kuantifikasi DNA target dengan kisaran nilai Ct sebesar 16,13--31,89. Konsentrasi primer dan DNA sampel tidak berpengaruh dan berkorelasi terhadap nilai Ct. Konsentrasi sampel DNA target terkecil yang dapat terkuantifikasi dengan baik oleh pasangan primer F_HN019_dnaK dan R_HN019_dnaK 300/ 300 nM sampai dilusi 10-4 Pasangan primer F_HN019_dnaK dan R_HN019_dnaK dapat dikembangkan untuk kuantifikasi B. anima/is subsp. lactis dalam sampel feses bayi pada kejadian sepsis.

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Bacterial translocation is an event that is initiated by the presence of an inflammatory reaction at the surface of the intestine and can lead to sepsis. Bifzdobacterium anima/is subspecies lactis is a probiotic bacterium that can provide anti-inflammatory effect, so as to prevent the occurrence of bacterial translocation. dnaK is a marker gene sequences that can be used for detection of B. anima/is subsp. lactis. Optimization is performed to obtain optimal primer pair in quantifying B. anima/is subsp. lactis by the method of real-time quantitative PCR. Isolate DNA were isolated from infant feces samples using phenol­ chloroform method. Primer pairs designed based on gene sequences B.anima/is subsp.lactis dnaK f ABOTO1000010.11 using primer3 program. The primary optimization is done using 5 different concentrations, namely 50/50, 100/100, 300/300, 500/500, and 1.000/1.000 nM. F HN019 dnaK optimal primer pair concentrations and R HN019 dnaK for standard curve were 1,000 I 1,000 nM with 95,397% efficiency values and R2 0.998. 50/50--1.000/1.000 nM concentration of primer pairs can be used for quantification of the target DNA with a range of Ct values of 16.13 to 31, 89. Primer concentration and DNA samples have no effect and relation with the Ct value. The smallest concentration of the target DNA sample that can be quantified well by F_HN019_dnaK and R HN019 dnaK primer pair 300/300 nM is up to dilution 10-4 R HN019 dnaK F_HN019_dnaK primer pairs can be developed for the quantification of B. anima/is subsp. lactis in fecal samples of infants on the incidence of sepsis."

"Streptococcus mutans dan Streptococcus sobrinus adalah bakteri kariogenik penyebab terjadinya karies. Upaya pencegahan karies dapat dilakukan melalui penyikatan gigi dengan pasta gigi berbahan aktif. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi xylitol terhadap jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva. Metode: Plak dan saliva diambil dalam 4 waktu yaitu sebelum, setelah, 3 jam setelah, dan 9 jam setelah penyikatan gigi dengan dan tanpa pasta gigi xylitol. DNA sampel diekstraksi dengan metode thermal shock. Lalu, dilakukan deteksi dan kuantifikasi sampel menggunakan mesin real-time PCR. Hasil: Rata-rata jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam plak setelah dilakukan penyikatan dengan pasta gigi xylitol menunjukkan penurunan hingga 9 jam setelah sikat gigi. Sedangkan jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam saliva mengalami perubahan jumlah yang tidak pasti. Jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus pada sampel yang diberi perlakuan memiliki jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada sampel kontrol. Kesimpulan: Jumlah S. mutans dan S. sobrinus dalam plak dan saliva yang diberi perlakuan penyikatan gigi menggunakan pasta gigi xylitol mengalami penurunan dibandingkan dengan sampel kontrol. Namun perbedaan ini tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik.

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Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are cariogenic bacteria that cause dental caries. Brushing teeth with toothpaste which contains active ingredients is one of caries prevention.

Objectives: Identifying the effect of using a xylitol-containing toothpaste to the quantities of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in dental plaque and saliva.

Methods: The dental plaque and saliva is collected in before, right after, 3 hours after, and 9 hours after brushing with and without the xylitol-containing toothpaste. The samples DNA are extracted with thermal shock method. Then, the samples are detected and quantified by real-time PCR.

Results: In the dental plaque, the mean quantity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus are decreased until 9 hours after brushing. In saliva, the mean quantity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus changes uncertainly. For all samples, the mean quantity of S. mutans and S. sobrinus are lower than the control group.

Conclusion: The statistics of S. mutans and S. sobrinus are lower compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed between all quantity differences."

"Latar Belakang: Karies merupakan kondisi yang terjadi akibat plak pada permukaangigi yang menetap dan menumpuk dalam jangka waktu yang panjang. Salah satu bakteriearly colonizers biofilm yang berperan besar dalam karies adalah Streptococcus mutans.Bakteri ini telah lama dianggap sebagai agen penting dalam perkembangan karies. Selainbakteri, organisme lain seperti fungi Candida albicans juga dapat membentuk biofilmmulti-/lintas-spesies pada permukaan gigi. C. albicans dan S. mutans diketahui dapatberinteraksi secara sinergis dalam proses terjadinya karies. Saat ini, golden standard obatkumur untuk mencegah dan mengangani karies adalah Chlorhexidine gluconate, namunpenggunaan jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan efek samping lokal dan iritasi mukosa.Propolis merupakan salah satu bahan alami yang dapat menjadi alternatif untukdigunakan dalam produk perawatan mulut karena memiliki sifat antikaries dan antiplak.Tujuan: Menganalisis dampak pemberian obat kumur propolis 5% terhadap kuantitas S.mutans dan C. albicans pada biofilm dual-spesies, in vitro. Metode: Dilakukan ujipembentukan biofilm dual species S. mutans (ATCC 25175) dan C. albicans (ATCC10231) yang dipaparkan obat kumur propolis 5% kemudian diinkubasi selama 24 jam.Uji q-PCR dilakukan untuk melihat jumlah S. mutans dan C. albicans pada biofilm dualspesies.Hasil: Jumlah C. albicans dan S. mutans pada biofilm-dual spesies yangdiberikan perlakuan propolis lebih banyak dibandingkan pada kelompok kontrol yangdiberikan perlakuan aquades. Kesimpulan: Obat kumur propolis 5% tidak memiliki efekpositif yang cukup dalam menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans dan S. mutans padabiofilm dual-spesies.

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Background: Caries is a condition that occurs due to plaque on the tooth surface that

persists and accumulates over a long time. One of the biofilms early colonizers bacteria

that play a major role in caries is Streptococcus mutans. This bacterium has long been

considered an important agent in the development of caries. Apart from bacteria, other

organisms such as Candida albicans can also form multi-/cross-species biofilms. C.

albicans and S. mutans are known to have synergistic interactions in the process of caries

formation. Currently, the golden standard mouthwash for preventing and treating caries

is Chlorhexidine gluconate, but long-term use can cause local side effects and mucosal

irritation. Propolis is one of the natural ingredients that can be an alternative for use in

oral care products because it has anti-caries and anti-plaque properties. Aim: To analyze

the effect of 5% propolis mouthwash on the quantity of S. mutans and C. albicans in dualspecies

biofilms. Methods: Biofilm formation test of dual-species S. mutans (ATCC

25175) and C. albicans (ATCC 10231) was performed which were exposed to 5%

propolis mouthwash and then incubated for 24 hours. RT-PCR test was performed to

analyze the number of S. mutans and C. albicans in dual-species biofilms. Results: The

number of C. albicans and S. mutans in biofilm-dual species treated with propolis was

higher than in the control group treated with distilled water. Conclusion: 5% Propolis

mouthwash did not have enough positive effects on inhibiting the growth of C. albicans

and S. mutans in dual-species biofilms."